PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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1 THE DYNAMIC OF ID, EGO AND SUPEREGO OF VICTOR FRANKENSTEIN IN MARY SHELLEY S FRANKENSTEIN AN UNDERGRAGUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By ANTONIUS DANISWORO Student Number: ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2014

2 THE DYNAMIC OF ID, EGO AND SUPEREGO OF VICTOR FRANKENSTEIN IN MARY SHELLEY S FRANKENSTEIN AN UNDERGRAGUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By ANTONIUS DANISWORO Student Number: ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2014 ii

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7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express his gratitude to God, Jesus Christ, for the guidance and blessing, so that I could finish this research and make my parents proud. I realize that during the process of compiling the thesis, I was helped by many parties and being supported morally by many people. Therefore, I would like to use this opportunity to say grace to following people. First of all, I would like to thank Mr. P. Sarwoto, S.S., M.A., Ph.D. as the thesis advisor for helping me with patience during the process of writing this thesis. I also would like to thank Mrs. Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani, M.Hum. as the thesis coadvisor for helping me with patience in correcting the thesis, so that the thesis became better than before. I also do not forget to thank the lecturers of English Literature in Sanata Dharma who shared the knowledge in class or outside class. I also would like to thank my parents, Mr. Dwiyanto and Mrs. Endang for the prayer and the support in boosting the completion of the thesis and all friends who helped me by sharing the experiences and the moral support. Antonius Danisworo vii

8 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE... ii APPROVAL PAGES... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE... iv STATEMENT OF WORK S ORIGINALITY... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS... viii ABSTRACT... ix ABSTRAK...x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study...1 B. Problem Formulation...3 C. Objectives of the Study...3 D. Definition of Terms...4 CHAPTER II. REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Studies...6 B. Review of Related Theories C. Theoretical Framework CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study B. Approach of the Study C. Method of the Study CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS (RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS) A.The Character of Victor Frankenstein B. The dynamic of Id, Ego, and Superego CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY viii

9 ABSTRACT DANISWORO, ANTONIUS. The Dynamic of Id, Ego, and Superego of Victor Frankenstein in Mary Shelley s Frankenstein. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, Each individual has different personality and it can change due to several aspects, such as experiencing a bitter past incident. Human has three types of personality elements, which are id, ego and superego. These elements respectively represent as the unconscious, the conscious and the conscience of human being. The three elements of personality can change, like what is experienced by Victor Frankenstein from Mary Shelley s literature work, Frankenstein. There are two objectives of the study which underlie the analysis. The first objective is to aim the analysis of the characteristic of the main character, Victor Frankenstein, whose mind is always changing due to experiencing various terrible occurrences. The second objective is to analyze on the dynamic levels of personality, ego, superego and id, of Victor Frankenstein. This undergraduate thesis is compiled by applying library research. The sources of the study are the e-book of the novel, some relevant books of literature and psychology, journals, and articles from internet. The approach used in this undergraduate thesis is psychoanalytic criticism because this approach can be used to analysis the conscious and unconscious mind of a character. Based on the analysis, the results of the study are explained as follows. There are various characteristics of Victor Frankenstein. It can be concluded that Frankenstein is a person who has big ambition to reach his goal, and that is to gain knowledge and to build human creature. He is also a passive person whose hobby is having an adventure to see wild nature. The result of the big ambition he has is the wake of hideous creation which he made. The hideous creature kills Frankenstein s family relatives which cause the imbalance of the id, ego, and superego, which lead to the destruction of his family. ix

10 ABSTRAK DANISWORO, ANTONIUS. The Dynamic of Id, Ego, and Superego of Victor Frankenstein in Mary Shelley s Frankenstein. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, Setiap individu memiliki kepribadian yang berbeda dan dapat berubah karena beberapa aspek, seperti mengalami insiden masa lalu yang pahit. Manusia memiliki tiga jenis unsur kepribadian, yaitu id, ego dan superego. Unsur-unsur ini masingmasing mewakili sebagai ketidaksadaran, kesadaran dan hati nurani manusia. Ketiga unsur kepribadian bisa berubah, seperti apa yang dialami oleh Victor Frankenstein. Ada dua tujuan dari studi yang mendasari analisis. Tujuan pertama adalah analisis karakteristik dari karakter utama, Victor Frankenstein, yang pikirannya selalu berubah karena mengalami berbagai kejadian yang mengerikan. Tujuan kedua adalah menganalisa tingkat dinamika kepribadian antara ego, superego dan id, dari Victor Frankenstein. Skripsi ini disusun dengan menerapkan studi kepustakaan. Sumber dari penelitian ini adalah novel e-book, beberapa buku yang relevan dengan sastra dan psikologi, jurnal, dan artikel dari internet. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah kritik psikoanalitik karena pendekatan ini dapat digunakan untuk analisis pikiran sadar dan bawah sadar dari karakter. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, hasil penelitian akan dijelaskan sebagai berikut. Ada berbagai karakteristik Victor Frankenstein. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa Frankenstein adalah orang yang memiliki ambisi besar untuk mencapai tujuannya, dan itu adalah untuk menimba ilmu dan membangun makhluk ciptaannya. Dia juga orang pasif yang mempunyai hobi berpetualang di alam liar. Hasil ambisi besarnya adalah ciptaan mengerikan yang dia buat. Makhluk mengerikan itu membunuh anggota keluarga Frankenstein yang menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan dari id, ego, dan superego, yang menyebabkan kehancuran keluarganya. x

11 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Reading a novel is sometimes the best activity for certain people to spend their free time. Through reading a novel, we can also reflect the contents of the story and make us learn the experience of life. The story in the novel, some when and somehow, can describe the life as we live in the daily life. It is like the novelist conveys the life pattern of the characters, and then the reader can absorb the messages and reflect them into our daily life. The novelist can teach you more about human s life than the psychologist can (Wellek, 1965:30). Like for example we can be taught from the reflection of life from the traumatic event that is expressed by Victor Frankenstein by creating a monstrous creature because he wants to represent the existence of someone he loves, which is his mother. If he finds the secret knowledge of nature, he may help others to make all people immortal. It all starts when he was still teenager; he found a volume of Cornelius Agrippa s work and was interested in it. It is a literature that is filled with something that is related with science which is full of creative imaginative works which arouse Frankenstein s heart. It is supposed to be a fiction work, but Frankenstein wants to make it happen. Before creating a monstrous kind of creature, he wants to construct an elixir of life that can make the dead live again, to learn the secrets of heaven and earth, blinded by the thirst 1

12 2 of knowledge. He restlessly studies until forgetting his beloved family. Even after that, he is ready to take risk when collecting the parts of body that will be used for creating the unnatural creature. He creates a creature from the materials of dead bodies and it is in order to protect someone he loves to keep alive and shall not face the death. He does that unconsciously, without having intention, because he feels he is responsible. In the story, Frankenstein presents the dynamic of personality because of the unwanted events that keep haunting him. It affects his personality to become swinging. For some sort of events he feels the warmth of sun, the lovely summer breeze, a feel like he is the most joyful person in the world. It is also shown a change of personality from elegant, positive, and acts benevolently into someone who is very anxious and always filled with fear even he is in joyful circumstances. Human has three types of personality elements, which are id, ego, and superego. The combination of these three should balance each other to prevent us becoming a person who has mental disorder. Sometimes the id, our unconscious mind, is more powerful than the ego, our consciousness mind. We can manage our personality by knowing more the elements of personalities that exist in our mind. The changing from ego into id, then the superego is showing up, and then back again into ego again can be seen in Frankenstein s personality. This kind of behavior swing often happens in our daily life; therefore it is interesting to study

13 3 this kind of daily occurrence and relating it to the Victor Frankenstein s case. The study of psychoanalytic is needed to know more about why he makes the unnatural creature and why he disgraces his own-made creature. This can be related to the dynamical personality that is shown in the novel. B. Problem Formulation Here are the problems formulated, namely: 1. How is Victor Frankenstein s characteristic described in the novel? 2. How does Victor Frankenstein s character reveal the dynamic of id, ego and superego? C. Objectives of the Study The first objective of the study aims on knowing the character more, in this case the main character, Victor Frankenstein, who is assumed that he has a personality disorder because of past saddening background. The things that he does in the story seems done because of the unconscious mind of the user so that he can make the bad decision into right and anything that is dangerous become safe. The cause of why Victor Frankenstein does that is going to be analyzed further. The second objective of the study aims on the analysis of the dynamic types of personality, ego, superego and id, of Victor Frankenstein, and relating it to his life.

14 4 D. Definition of Term To avoid misunderstanding of certain terms, there are some words that need to be defined. According to The Concise Dictionary of Psychology, Personality is the fusions of all factors that make an individual human being act like normal human being do in common; like thinking, feeling something, behaving and the particular characteristic pattern of these elements that makes every human being different from others. The personality might be hidden and also be expressed to other people. It is also the dynamic nature of an individual which can be perceptible or not to other people. (Statt, 2003:100). It is stated in The Concise Dictionary of Psychology that according to Freud the Ego is a part of the personality that closest to conscious awareness which oversee particles between the unconscious drives of the pleasure seeking id on the one hand and the internalized restrictions of the Superego on the other. Freud views that a psychological disorder whose origins in emotional conflict could be the result of the ego is being unable to maintain harmonious relations with the id and superego because the power of their unconscious drives is too much to cope with (Statt, 2003: 44). It is stated in The Concise Dictionary of Psychology that according to Freud the Id is the deepest unconscious drives which could be related with the biological nature of the body and is one of the three main aspects of the

15 5 personality. The id is dominated by the pleasure principle and causes problems for the ego when its drives are blocked. The id operates based on the pleasure principle, which demands immediate gratification of needs (Statt, 2003: 68). It is also stated in The Concise Dictionary of Psychology that Superego is the affiliation of restrictions which is caused by the id, as reflected in the values and standards of behavior required by society in general and parents in particular. It is literally known as the conscience. It is the equivalent of a conscience in a system of ethics. The superego works to suppress the urges of the id and tries to make the ego behave morally and appearing more (Statt, 2003:129). According to Psychology an Introduction, Personality disorders are disorders which are unchangeable from an individual and inappropriate ways of thinking and behaving which cause distress and conflicts. These disorders are various, and divided into a group of disorders regarded as enduring, inflexible patterns of inner experience and deviating behavior which can cause distress and impairment (Morris, 1988:546).

16 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies There are some related studies that could help this study that are taken from many perspectives. Kas Hayes in his article Similarities between Author and Creation in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein points out that there is relation between Mary Shelley s past life and the character of Victor Frankenstein. Both of them suffer from the bitter past experience in their life when they are still in average years. It is about the lack of affection of the absence of a mother. Mary Shelley loses her mother when she is in her growing phase, and at that time, she still needs the presence of a mother. So, she writes Frankenstein to show her feeling: In her famous novel about a man and his creation, much of Godwin's (soon to be Shelley) unconscious transformation through adolescence is visible. Notably she infuses "the creature" with some of her own adolescent issues. In some ways, Frankenstein is a glorified journal entry; allowing Shelley to write about some of her personal issues as she navigated that difficult line between being 'Godwin the adolescent' and 'Shelley the adult'. Through the creature, she discusses the loss of her mother, the estrangement of her father and the generally dysfunctional life of her biological family. Shelley's parents were well-known writers of their day: Mary Wollstonecraft considered a "radical feminist" writer (Smith 4) and William Godwin, the "father of philosophical anarchism" (Kreis). Wollstonecraft died eleven days after giving birth and although Shelley did not have her mother's presence as a child (Hayes, 2008). 6

17 7 From the event happening in the past, the writer unconsciously defines the story line of Frankenstein as the story of her life. In Freudian work, there is terminology called dream work. That is the process by which real events or desires are transformed into dream images. Thus the characters, motivation, and events are represented in literary way and reconstructing the abstract ideas or feeling into concrete images. In Barry s book, it is stated that: Dreams are just like literature; do not usually make explicit statements. Both tend to communicate obliquely or indirectly, avoiding direct or open statement and representing meanings through concrete embodiments of time, place, or person (Barry, 2002: 98). From the quotation above we can see that the writer s past event may affect the storyline of a literature she made, based on what she felt at that time. So, when writing the literature, the idea of character Frankenstein and his creature may represent the people in real life. Anthony F. Badalamenti in his journal says that Shelley s novel served as a waking expression of unconscious feeling of past event in relation of her husband, Percy Shelley. Badalamenti relates the past story of Mary Shelley to the novel Frankenstein and it results that there are similar names, stories and places that are rewritten in the novel. Decoding is the chief tool used in this attempt to divine Mary Shelley's motives. It is a means of finding the unconscious meanings hidden by substitution, a defense used to consciously express an emotionally charged but unconscious issue that would be unbearable were its real meaning open to conscious view. The idea of substitution, or encoding, is more

18 8 current and more exact. Encoding brings some relief of a cathartic nature but rarely resolves under lying issues. It is a familiar of poets, authors and the gifted in general, most of whom tend to use it unconsciously, just as Mary Shelley did. Mary Shelley's story was a substitute expression of deeply troubling feelings of hurt arising from Percy Shelley's many violations of their relationship. Unable to deal with them consciously and being very young, indeed a teenager, at the time she wrote the story, she unconsciously encoded her pain and her rage in her novel. Thus, the monster is here decoded as what Percy did to the love between himself and Mary (Badalamenti, 2006: 420). Anthony researched the history of Mary Shelley s past event to the novel and found out some similarities. For example, in the novel, the opening scene is in the North Pole, and Percy, Shelley s husband at that time, wished to see the poles unfrozen. The main character in the novel is Victor Frankenstein; Percy Shelley s favorite pseudonym in early life was Victor. Victor Frankenstein s favorite sister is named Elizabeth; Percy Shelley s favorite sister was named Elizabeth, and both were family favorites. So, the point is he sought the history of Mary Shelley to make the research why she created the novel Frankenstein. Dadik Prasetya Aribowo in his undergraduate thesis The Personality Disorders of The Characters as The Result of The Dissatisfaction of Life in Mary Shelley s Frankenstein concludes that Frankenstein s curiosity of something makes him feel dissatisfied, and in this case are the curiosity of knowledge and making a creature that he wants but instead becomes a monstrous thing: Frankenstein s thirst of knowledge takes place in the first part when he comes to the feeling of dissatisfaction. He wants to improve himself hardly to obtain more understanding. Frankenstein wants to grab

19 9 everything in his hands. What Frankenstein actually does is a reflection toward what happen to us. It is the nature of man that the more he gets the more he wants. Therefore, this kind of waiting is endless and can never be satisfied (Dadik, 2003: 61). From the two related studies, both of them take the same object and that is about the mental disorder of the character, but in this research, the writer wants to acknowledge more about the relation between the dynamic of ego, id and superego in psychoanalysis that happen to Victor Frankenstein. The first two studies focuses on the connection of the author and the main character, Frankenstein, in creating this literary work. The story life of Mary Shelley is almost similar to the story of Frankenstein, they both lose their mother. She had experienced the loss of a child that might be represented in the novel. They are also close to the family mostly to the father (because the mother is dead). The similarities of the author and Frankenstein could be assumed as it is the reason why Shelley creates the novel, they share a same agony. There are also names of characters, places, also trace of events which are almost connected to the storyline of the novel she created. There is no exact truth if the characters or the personalities of the characters in the novel were made up randomly, or as she like, but there might be connection between her story life and the storyline. She put her feelings towards the novel and unconsciously delivered the messages into it. So, it could be said that the dynamic personality of Victor Frankenstein is the

20 10 effect from the dynamic occurrences that happened in the past which involve Mary Shelley s nearby into the story. The second study only focuses on the personality disorders that are seen on Frankenstein and the creature. It explains the over desire of Frankenstein to build the creature, and for the creature itself, the writer explains more to his unclear reason why he is being created. This is actually almost the same as the focus of my research, but the difference is he is only stating the sequence of the story but not dividing it to which category should the personality be placed. B. Review of Related Theories There are some theories that are related to support the analysis. 1. Theories on Character According to M.H Abrams, the character is a distinctive type of person. It is to make differences to other characters and then characters itself are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work. All characters usually have different character to create the story more colorful: Characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it the dialogue and from what they do the action. The grounds in the characters' temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called their motivation (Abrams, 1999: 32).

21 11 Laurence Perrine, in his book Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense, divides characters into two types, namely: a. Static character. She/he is the one who does not undergo and change. At the end, he or she is still the same as in the beginning of the story. b. Dynamic character. She/he is the one who is modified by actions and experience and one objective of the work in which the character appears to reveal the consequences of those actions. The character undergoes a permanent change can be a large or small one: it may be for better or for worse (1978: 70). 2. Theories on Characterization According to Abrams, characterizing is establishing the distinctive characters of the persons in the narrative, and there are two methods to characterize, they are by showing and telling. In showing, (also called "the dramatic method"), the author simply presents the characters talking and acting and leaves the reader to infer the motives and dispositions that lie behind what they say and do. The author may show not only external speech and actions, but also a character's inner thoughts, feelings, and responsiveness to events; for a highly developed mode of such inner showing, see stream of consciousness. In telling, the author intervenes authoritatively in order to describe, and often to evaluate, the motives and dispositional qualities of the characters (1999: 33).

22 12 Besides that theory, according to Murphy in Understanding Unseen (1972: ), it is mentioned that there are attempts to acknowledge characteristics and behavior of characters, to make the characters become understandable to the reader. The first attempt to describe the characteristics and the behavior of characters is through personal description. The author can describe the person s appearance and clothes. Then the second attempt, we can acknowledge the character s description as seen by others. The author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another. The third attempt is through a speech or conversation. The author can give us an insight into the character through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving the clue of his character. The fourth attempt is by knowing from the thought the character has in mind. The author gives us the description of characteristic from what the character s thinking. The last attempt is by knowing the past life of the character. By letting the reader learn something about a person s past life the author can give us a clue the shape of his character.

23 13 3. Psychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic criticism is a literary criticism which involves the techniques and the process of psychoanalysis in interpreting components in literature. Psychoanalysis itself is a form of therapy which is used to cure mental disorder by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious element in mind. By using this method in literary work, we can understand the characteristic of a character in a literary work. The method of doing this is by getting through inside the mind of a character and after letting the character talk freely or express the story, the repressed fears and conflicts which are causing the problem will all appear and be brought to conscious mind and being faced by the character instead of still buried under the unconscious part of the mind. The theories are developed by the figure that is famous when we discuss about psychoanalytic criticism, Sigmund Freud ( ) (Barry, 2002: 96). English letter students learn the theme, the development of characters in great literature using psychoanalytic criticism. Therefore, psychoanalytic criticism is allowed to be used in this research. According to Barry, psychoanalytic critics give central importance, in literary interpretation, to the distinction between the conscious and unconscious mind:

24 14 They pay close attention to unconscious motives and feelings, whether these be (a) those of the author, or (b) those of the characters depicted in the world. They demonstrate the presence in the literary work of classic psychoanalytic symptoms, conditions and phases of emotional and sexual development in infants (Barry, 2002: 105). When analyzing through Psychoanalytic criticism, it is not separable if not imputing the id, ego, and superego, the three types of personality like what is concluded by Freud. He also found the idea of self defense mechanisms of a human being, some ways to devote our physic energy from anxieties. Later on, the writer discusses them more about what id, ego, superego and defense mechanisms are. a. The Id, Ego, and Superego In Freud s work, it is maintained that our personality consists of the ego, super-ego and the id. These types of personality roughly are represented as consciousness, conscience, and unconsciousness. According to Freud that is stated in Theories of Personalities by Jess Feist and Gregory Feist, id is the most primitive personality in mind and its purpose is to satisfy the basic desires, so that we can call id as pleasure principle. In short, id is an element of personality which is primitive, chaotic, and related to part of unconscious mind. It is also unchangeable, containing amorality, illogical, disarranging, and full of propulsion energy but outflowing the energy just to satisfy the desire of pleasure principle (Feist, 2009: 28).

25 15 While ego, is the element of personality which is connected to reality. Ego is being tamed by reality principle, which is invoked to replace id s pleasure principle. Ego is the decision maker of things because ego can work in the conscious, unconscious and not conscious, so ego is over the id and superego. In short, ego, as the most top area of personality is in charge to control the demand from id while considering the moral value from superego (Feist, 2009: 29). Superego represents the aspect of moral and idealism from personality which is controlled by moralistic and idealistic principles. Superego is developed from ego, and like ego, it has its own source energy. However, what makes it different from ego in one condition is it does not have connection to the outside world so that the demand of superego becomes not realistic without the participation of ego (Feist, 2009: 30). According to psychology expert, Kendra Cherry, the id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive behaviors. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality and the ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality. The ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world.

26 16 From Barry s book, it is stated that superego could be described as a condition when we are very aware, so that we could think clearly and we could differentiate which is good or bad. The three of them should balance each other, if not; the patient could fearly having mental disorder (Barry, 2002: 97). b. Defense Mechanism There are several psychic procedures by ego whose function is to lessen or even avoid something that will bother our mind. One of the terms might be called as transference, it is a situation whereby the character under analysis redirects the emotions recalled towards someone or something to release the tension which is buried, thus, the resentment felt towards a tragedy might be reactivated but directed against something else. This might be seen as defense mechanism, that is, as psychic procedures for avoiding painful admissions or recognitions. Another one of them is dream work, the process by which real events or desires are transformed into dream images. These include: displacement, whereby one person or event is represented by another which in some way linked or associated with it, perhaps because of a similar sounding word, or by some form of symbolic substitution. Thus, characters, motivation and events are represented in dreams in very literary way, involving the translation, by the dream work, or abstract ideas or feelings into concrete images (Barry, 2002: 98).

27 17 The desire to do something or to have something is as big as the dream work itself. The dream work grows bigger following the bitter past event he/she gets in the past. It links a substitution and could lead into the unbalanced personality which id dominates more than two others. In Freud s theory there are several defense mechanisms that are often revealed by an individual. The first time, he just develops the basic concept of each mechanism, and then later, descriptions of many defense mechanisms are developed more by his daughter and followers. If it has been mentioned that transference is one division of defense mechanism, some partial of defense mechanism will be reviewed in following sections. In his book, Jerry Burger states that repression is the most important of the defense mechanism. Repression is an active effort by the ego to push the threatening material, such as the bad drives from id, out of conscious or keeping out that drives from ever reaching consciousness. For example, one night a boy sees his father physically assaulting his mother. When later asked about the experience, the boy insists he has never seen anything at all like that. He may not be lying. Instead, he buries the horrifying scene that he sees to be told to others and therefore simply repressed it out of conscious. Freud says that each of us uses this kind of mechanism, for we all have material in our unconscious mind we would rather not bring into awareness. Using repression with a large number of powerful thoughts drains the large amount of energy. And also, strong ego is also

28 18 needed, or else the battle of reaching stable personality can be lost (Burger, 2010: 47). Repression hides the drives by id and throws them in the part of unconscious mind. And then what will happen to the drives next? Freud assures that the drives will still maintain in unconscious mind. Then, this drives sometimes will urge to go back to conscious mind within the same shift until it creates anxiety which cannot be controlled by that individual. After that, the drives will be expressed out by that individual into different types of outcome. It could be a positive outcome or negative outcome that will result other people harmed. The pressure by the unwanted drives also could be distributed into dream, mistaken utterance, or even other defense mechanism (Feist, 2009: 35). The next mechanism is called sublimation. It is to be said as the most mature and the most productive way to fade anxiety. Many psychoanalysts often refer sublimation as the only truly successful defense mechanism. When using sublimation, the ego distributes the threatening unconscious drives into culturally and socially acceptable actions. For example, the aggressive id drives can be sublimated into playing hockey or football. Sublimation is the channel of repression which modifies the socially unacceptable drives and also anxiety into creativity. The sublimation work is really productive because the id is allowed to express its aggression while ego does not have to use energy to hold back the impulse, and athlete is admired for playing aggressive in sport (Burger, 2010: 47).

29 19 C. Theoretical Framework To answer the two questions stated in the first chapter, the writer use several theories to support them. There are three theories that will be used to support the analysis. Firstly, the writer uses the theory of character and characterization by M.H. Abrams. This theory is used to analyze the main character. Secondly, the writer uses theory of characterization by M.J. Murphy. This theory is applied in order to understand the main character deeper from the novel. Thirdly, the writer uses the theory of element of personality by Freud. This theory is used to analyze the relation of the personality s character and the events that happens in the story, mostly the daily life. This third theory is used to answer the question number two that is stated in problem formulation by inserting the correlation between the connection of Frankenstein s characteristics and the id, ego, and superego which sometimes the ego dominates the others and so on. Later it is also described what kind of defense mechanisms are used by Frankenstein.

30 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study The object of the study is the famous British novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. The first edition was published in London in 1818, but here I use the e- book version that is taken from an internet site ( Frankenstein.pdf) on March The ebook has 277 pages and divided into 24 chapters. Since the novel was very famous and until now is still well-known, there are some film series and adaptations had been made based on this horror novel. This story influenced many people to create films of new version of Frankenstein that have a connection to the story. There is a movie adaptation made in year 1994 named Mary Shelley s Frankenstein that is considered as the most faithful film adaptation from the novel. Frankenstein talks about a human that is having knowledge to build a monstrous creature due to his dynamic personality. He builds the creature from the wreckage and corpse, so that the creature looks very ugly and makes it banished by the society. Some human-life aspects can be found in this story such 20

31 21 as happiness, sorrow, defenselessness and so on. These dynamic expressions are part of the story that is interesting to be analyzed. B. Approach of Study The approach that is used for this research is psychoanalytic approach. The writer uses this approach because this approach is the most suitable and proper in order to answer the problem formulation. Psychoanalytic criticism is a form of literary criticism which uses some of the techniques of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature. Psychoanalysis itself is a form of therapy which aims to cure mental disorder by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious element in mind (Barry, 2002: 96). Furthermore, Barry expounds that the classic method of doing this is by getting through inside the mind of the patient so by letting the patient talk freely or express the story (2002: 96). After that, in such way the repressed fears and conflicts which are causing the problems all appear and be brought to the conscious mind and being faced by the patient instead of still buried inside of the unconsciousness part of the mind. The theories are developed by the figure that is famous when we discuss about psychoanalytic criticism, Sigmund Freud.

32 22 This approach is suitable and proper for this research because by using psychoanalytic criticism, the writer can analyze and investigate the conscious and unconscious element in mind of a character. It is useful for studying the psychological element of a character in the novel which can cause the swing of the conflicts. C. Method of Study The method of this study is library research. The primary source of the study was the e-book from novel entitled Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley. The secondary sources, such as some relevant books on psychology and literature, criticism and articles from internet were also used as secondary source. This method allows several steps to analyze this research. The first step was reading the novel and focusing on the main character of the novel. While reading the through pages, the writer also read some books, articles, and criticism related to the topic. The writer used the sources from internet for gaining information. The second step was starting to answer the problem formulation and that was by applying the approach and the theories that were taken from studies. The third and final step was drawing a conclusion based on the answer and the analysis from problem formulation.

33 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS A. The Character of Victor Frankenstein In order to understand the second problem formulation well, it is important to know the characteristics of Victor Frankenstein. The writer analyzes the characteristics of Victor Frankenstein to help the reader understand the points of the future discussion. The theory that is used to analyze the characteristic of the character is from Murphy s theory in his book Understanding Unseen. The writer uses personal description, character as seen by others speech, the thought the character has in mind and past life to analyze the character. Firstly Victor Frankenstein is the major character in the novel Frankenstein who has various characteristics. He also comes from the famous and rich family, because his father is really well known in town. Since he is young, he gets a lot of affection and love from his parents. That is why he is very close to his parents, mostly the mother: I was their play thing and their idol, and something better their child, the innocent and helpless creature bestowed on them by heaven, whom to bring up to good, and whose future lot it was in their hands to direct to happiness or misery, according as they fulfilled their duties towards me. I was so guided by a silken cord that all seemed but one train of enjoyment to me. My mother had much desired to have a daughter, but I continued their single offspring (I: 27). 23

34 24 Besides his condition that is comfortable, Victor Frankenstein is a man who is born in an educated family. Victor Frankenstein has is seen as a lovable son for his parents since he was young, so his parents put some faith and hope to their only child. Their parents want to lead him to be the same as theirs, so, when he was still young, he was taught of many things about being good to society. Mostly parents want to have a child whose personality and attitude are good as his parents, or even better. The ancestors of Victor had been for many years counselors and parts in a government. His father is respected by all for his integrity and his attention to public services. His mother comes from unfortunate family, so then, remembering what she had suffered before married, she feels a big concern towards the poor. His mother is full of tenderness that always spreads love to her surroundings. Because of Frankenstein's family is full of love, he is absorbed by their attitude then becomes like them. With this deep consciousness of what they owed towards the being to which they had given life, added to the active spirit of tenderness that animated both, it may be imagined that while during every hour of my infant life I received a lesson of patience, of charity, and of self control, I was so guided by a silken cord that all seemed but one train of enjoyment to me (I: 27). Besides that, Victor is also very attracted to study and have an ability to learn something new around him since he is five. Once he has a desire to learn or do something, he will undergo them passionately. He is focusing just in specific study he enjoys, but ignoring the ones he dislikes:

35 25 My temper was sometimes violent, and my passions vehement; but by some law in my temperature they were turned not towards childish pursuits but to an eager desire to learn, and not to learn all things indiscriminately. I confess that neither the structure of languages, nor the code of governments, nor the politics of various states possessed attractions for me. It was the secrets of heaven and earth that I desired to learn; and whether it was the outward substance of things or the inner spirit of nature and the mysterious soul of man that occupied me, still my inquiries were directed to the metaphysical, or in its highest sense, the physical secrets of the world (II:32-33). In some ways, it could be said that he is an irresponsible person. He has the ability and knowledge from his professor who is majoring in natural philosophy to make the dead body comes to be alive again by the power electric shock or the process of galvanization. It can be said that he could make the dead live again. He tries to make one using the unnatural components and after he finishes it, he just runs away because of scared of the outlook of the creature: The miserable monster whom I had created. He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me. His jaws opened, and he muttered some inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks. He might have spoken, but I did not hear; one hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escaped and rushed downstairs. Oh! No mortal could support the horror of that countenance. A mummy again endued with animation could not be so hideous as that wretch. I had gazed on him while unfinished; he was ugly then (V: 59-60). He leaves the hideous creature in his apartment, without explaining who he is, and why he is created back into live. But then, this kind of personality will make his story becomes a horror and sorrowful. The death of his brother, William, becomes unavoidable. The brother had been strangled and the accused

36 26 leaves a hand mark print on the neck and the hand print is the size of gigantic person. And the wrongly accused murderer is be the babysitter of the victim, Justine, who is really close and be considered as part of his family. The irresponsible Frankenstein leaves horrifying memory because of what he has done. He can also be seen as a passive person after knowing about what he says in mind. After the death of William, he could tell the truth of what is really going on, to help the accused Justine. Instead, he just feels terrified and does nothing but is regretful. It could lessen the number of victim that his fiend creature causes. The story tells that Justine is being slandered by the fiend to revenge irresponsible Frankenstein. It would be nice to add the death of Frankenstein family member for being ignorant. It seems that Frankenstein is fearful to tell the real truth, but the ego represses it that he is not being fearful and creating a reason why he does not want to tell about his creation. His idea is if he tells the reality to everyone, no one will believe and he will be presumed as insane. But, it is worth to try, and the juries decision might be different of death sentence. However, he is just being silent and accepting the tragedy: I had no fear, therefore, that any circumstantial evidence could be brought forward strong enough to convict her. My tale was not one to announce publicly; its astounding horror would be looked upon as madness by the vulgar (VII: 88).

37 27 As the result of being passive, he, again, feels sorry to himself for what he does, which is nothing: And I the cause! A thousand times rather would I have confessed myself guilty of the crime ascribed to Justine, but I was absent when it was committed, and such declaration would have been considered as the ravings of madman and would not have exculpated her who suffer through me (VIII: 90). When the trial is ongoing, the witnesses can report what they witness and many stories show up with different version of each person and different opinion about Justine. Some people prove that she is guilty because there is evidence. At the time, it is given a time for witnesses to tell what happen and may also defend the accused. Frankenstein just stays still and be passive, only hearing other witnesses speak while he knows everything that happened. After the time of witnesses giving explanation is over, he just keeps regretting of what he has done while cursing his creation: I believed in her innocence; I knew it. Could the demon who had (I did not for a minute doubt) murdered my brother also in his hellish sport have betrayed the innocent to death and ignominy? I could not sustain the horror of my situation, and when I perceived that the popular voice and the countenance of the judges had already condemned my unhappy victim, I rushed out of the court in agony. The tortures of the accused did not equal mine; she was sustained by innocence, but the fangs of remorse tore my bosom and would not forgo their hold (VIII: 95). According to Murphy, we can acknowledge a person s characteristic through the explanation of past events. Victor Frankenstein also can be described as adventurous person. He enjoys going on an adventures from he was child and

38 28 until old, he still goes to many places, even goes to dangerous places that rarely person visit. He enjoys travelling around the world and sightseeing the wild nature, the green of grass field, the dazzling sunshine, even the thunderous sound of ice avalanches. He tends to repress the pressure he has by travelling. After the death of Justine, he finds himself so desperate. He has sorry feeling of what has happened and also anger or even hold grudge to the fiend he created. Therefore, he represses it through travelling to Chamounix summit, a place which he had come to when he was young: Sometimes I could cope with the sullen despair that overwhelmed me, but sometimes the whirlwind passion of my soul drove me to seek by bodily exercise and by change of place, some relief from my intolerable sensations. It was during an access of this kind that I suddenly left my home, and bending my steps towards the near alpine valleys, sought in the magnificence, the eternity of such scenes, to forget myself and my ephemeral, because human, sorrows. My wanderings were directed towards the valley of Chamounix which I had visited it frequently during my boyhood (IX: 106). He also could be described as an ambitious person. There are two significant times when he is persistently ambitious, it is when he creates the creature and after his creation murders the people he loves. He does not care of what happen to him, about his health, about his life, he has to get what he wants. Even before his last breath, he still holds grudge against the fiend he creates and wants to hunt it until death. If he could not finish the task he makes, he will not forgive himself. He wants to hunt his creation so that he can revenge the death of his beloved family. It can be said also that he is unforgiving. Nobody will not let the murderer of the family goes free.

39 29 Do so, if you will; but I will not. You may give up your purpose, but mine is assigned by heaven, and I dare not. I am weak, but surely the spirits who assist my vengeance will endow me with sufficient strength (XXIV: 268). B. The Dynamic of Id, Ego, and Superego By relating to the theory of psychoanalysis, the writer could elaborate that the author describes the character of Victor Frankenstein dynamically. There are swings of personality that can be related to Freud s theory of psychoanalysis. The interaction of id, ego and superego is the process of the dynamic of personality. The personality element id is strong when he unaware makes the creature. Id is a division state of mind whose the main purpose is to fulfill the principle of pleasure. Victor Frankenstein wants to create a creature that is almost exactly the same as his mother who died long ago because of scarlet fever. Same in here is not the same as his mother physically, but the same behavior. The excuse of Victor Frankenstein for creating this creature is because he wants somebody to represent his mother s existence. The passionate taste when he studies the science of natural philosophy makes him ignore and neglect all the environments, like his family and Elizabeth, the next to be the wife. The obsession to build something like this is the sign of mental disorder that Victor Frankenstein has. Victor Frankenstein, the creator, has a traumatic problem in seeking the represent of the mother he loves that died.

40 30 As quoted in the novel from Mary Shelley, Frankenstein: She died calmly, and her countenance expressed affection even in death. I need not describe the feelings of those whose dearest ties are rent by that most irreparable evil, the void that presents itself to the soul, and the despair that is exhibited on the countenance. It is so long before the mind can persuade itself that she whom we saw every day and whose very existence appeared a part of our own can have departed forever that the brightness of a beloved eye can have been extinguished and the sound of a voice so familiar and dear to the ear can be hushed, never more to be heard. These are the reflections of the first days; but when the lapse of time proves the reality of the evil, then the actual bitterness of grief commences (III: 40). We can see that he still loves his mother from what he says and he cannot let it happen. Even though day passes, he still has an imagination of his mother in mind; it could probably happen because he is very close to the family, moreover to his mother. After his mother dies, he wants to use his knowledge to prevent or evade the death of the rest of the family or someone he loves, so that, he will not feel a loss again in the future: I expressed myself in measured terms, with the modesty and deference due from a youth to his instructor, without letting escape (inexperience in life would have made me ashamed) any of the enthusiasm which stimulated my intended labors. I requested his advice concerning the books I ought to procure (III: 47). He also has background and characteristics that are different from other person. He likes to study a lot while his friends play outside joyfully. When he grows up he attends the college and finds that has the same mind and interest, that is unnatural science, so that he keeps following and following his lecturer and