Announcements. Quiz #4. Review, see me before the Final Exam for help. Average? High Score? BUT, everyone will get +1pt!
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1 Announcements Quiz #4 Review, see me before the Final Exam for help. Average? 37/50, 74% High Score? 45 BUT, everyone will get +1pt! #47 was graded incorrectly. Answer should be C.
2 Critical Thinking Ninjas! Inductive Arguments -Day 2 1. Inductive Syllogisms (General to Specific) Review 3. Arguments from Analogy 2. Inductive Generalization (Specific to General)
3 Critical Thinking Ninjas! Review: Inductive Arguments: 1. Inductive Syllogisms The most are Argument (From general specific) Example: Most De Anza students are good looking. Quasimodo is a De Anza student. Quasimodo is good looking. The more most means the stronger the argument. 31
4 Critical Thinking Ninjas! Review: Inductive Arguments 2. Inductive Generalization The based on the sample What do these statements Argument have in common? (From specific general) Drink Galindoweiser! Scientific studies with ordinary folks show that it will make people lose weight better. We are 10% sure that by using Galindex people will lose at 10lbs +/- 10lbs within the first week. We are pretty sure that by using Galindex people will lose approximately 10lbs within the first week. They are making a generalized statement ( feature ) about a population, based on a 32 sample.
5 Inductive Arguments: Critical Thinking Ninjas! 3. Arguments from Analogy What do these statements have in common? Her mom is really nice. I ll bet her dad is, too! I passed P.E without studying. So I ll be okay if I don t study for Phil 004. X is like Y. So, what s true for X is true for Y. (Where X & Y are the terms of the analogy.) 33
6 Critical Thinking Ninjas! Inductive Arguments: 3. Arguments from Analogy How can we evaluate the strength of an argument from analogy? I passed P.E without studying. So I ll be okay if I don t study for Phil 004. The more similar the terms of the analogy are, the stronger the argument. Safer to stick with modest confidence levels: I passed P.E without studying. So there s a chance I ll be okay if I don t study for Phil
7 Critical Thinking Ninjas! Inductive Arguments: 3. Arguments from Analogy She s terrible at tennis, so I doubt she d be great at racquetball. Terms: 1. Her ability in tennis. 2. Her ability in racquetball Confidence Level Indicator: I doubt she d be great. What s a similarity between the terms? Lots can be said here Good Argument? Not a perfect analogy, but the confidence level seems right. 35
8 Critical Thinking Ninjas! Inductive Arguments: 3. Arguments from Analogy That guy will make an AWFUL dog owner. Just look at how he treats his kids! Terms: 1. Kids. 2. Dogs Confidence Level Indicator: will What s a similarity between the terms? Lots can be said here Good Argument? Both experience pain. It s reasonable, but confidence indicator 36 is a bit high.
9 Inductive Arguments: Critical Thinking Ninjas! 3. Arguments from Analogy Warren takes good care of his personal appearance. Let s ask him to house sit for us while we are in Europe. Terms: 1. Warren s treatment of his appearance. 2. His treatment of their house. Confidence Level Indicator: Pretty high since no indicator mentioned. What s a similarity between the terms? Lots can be said here Good Argument? No. Terms not very similar. 37
10 Critical Thinking Ninjas! Inductive Arguments: 3. Arguments from Analogy Lysol kills germs, so it might make a great deodorant. Terms: 1. Lysol s ability to kill germs. 2. Lysol s ability as a deodorant. Confidence Level Indicator: It might make is relatively cautious. What s a similarity between the terms? Lots can be said here Good Argument? Doesn t matter how cautious the indicator is in this case. Analogy is just not 38 strong enough.
11 Critical Thinking Ninjas! Inductive Arguments: 3. Arguments from Analogy Some BIG Implications: Learning from History: Depends on how analogous past events are with present events.. Appeal to Precedent in Law: If cases sufficiently analogous to earlier case, it must be decided the same. Ethics: Sufficiently analogous groups/individuals should be treated the same (siblings, coworkers, gender equality, racism, 39 etc )
12 Inductive Arguments: Critical Thinking Ninjas! Group Exercise Exercise: (1-5), 10-5 (all), 10-6 (1-5), 10-7 (1-5), (1-3), (all) 41
13 Review Ch #2 What type of inductive argument is this? Costco charges less than Walmart for comparable items. I ve shopped there for years. a. Inductive syllogism b. Inductive generalization c. Inductive analogy
14 Review Ch What type of inductive argument is this? Yamaha makes great motorcycles. I ll bet their pianos are pretty good, too. a. Inductive syllogism b. Inductive generalization c. Inductive analogy
15 Review Ch #3 What type of inductive argument is this? Alvidlikes the president; after all, he s a Democrat. a. Inductive syllogism b. Inductive generalization c. Inductive analogy BTW: What s the unstated premise? Most Democrats like the president.
16 Review Ch #5 What type of inductive argument is this? Professor Stooleris a tough grader; he teaches physics. a. Inductive syllogism b. Inductive generalization c. Inductive analogy BTW: What s the unstated premise?
17 Review Ch #9 What is the samplein the following inductive argument? The young people around here sure are crazy! Did you see those two dudes drag racing? a. Young people around here b. Being crazy c. Two dudes drag racing d. Drag racing e. Sure are
18 Review Ch #9 What is the populationin the following inductive argument? The young people around here sure are crazy! Did you see those two dudes drag racing? a. Young people around here b. Being crazy c. Those two dudes d. Drag racing e. Sure are
19 Review Ch #9 What is the featurein the following inductive argument? The young people around here sure are crazy! Did you see those two dudes drag racing? a. Young people around here b. Being crazy c. Those two dudes d. Drag racing e. Sure are
20 Review Ch #9 What would make this a stronger argument? The young people around here sure are crazy! Did you see those two dudes drag racing? a. If he saw 1 young dude racing instead of 2 b. If he saw 3 young dudes racing instead of 3 c. If he saw 1 young dude, 1 middle-aged person, and 1 older person racing. d. If he saw 3 older people racing.
21 Review Ch #9 If he wanted to make the conclusion that most people around here are crazy, which of the following would make this a stronger argument? Most people around here sure are crazy! Did you see those two dudes drag racing? a. If he saw 1 young dude racing instead of 2 b. If he saw 3 young dudes racing instead of 2 c. If he saw 1 young dude, 1 middle-aged person, and 1 older person racing. d. If he saw 3 older people racing.
22 Review Ch #11 Which of the following is a termof the analog? Let s get a Whirlpool washing machine. Their dishwashers are great! a. Washing machines are like Dishwashers b. They re great. c. They re both home appliances. d. Dishwashers
23 Review Ch #11 Which of the following is a similaritybetween the terms of the analog? Let s get a Whirlpool washing machine. Their dishwashers are great! a. Washing machines are like Dishwashers b. They re great. c. They re both home appliances. d. Dishwashers
24 Analyzing an Argument 1. What s the main issue? 2. What conclusion is made? 3. What are the reasons for believing the conclusion? (premises) 4. What is the quality of the argument? What kind of reasoning: deductive or inductive? Depending on which, you can determine how to evaluate the quality of the reasoning (valid/strong, or invalid/weak) 5. Are the premises true? 6. Beware of rhetoric and especially fallacies. 53
25 Writing a Counter Argument 1. State the issue and the conclusion you are disagreeing with. May be many ways to interpret the issue/conclusion of an argument. 2. Then explain what is your rational in disagreeing with the conclusion. Invalid or week argument? Incorrect or unbelievable premises? Fallacies used? 54
26 Analyzing an Argument What is/are the arguments for drinking bottled water? Is rhetoric used instead? Aquafina commercial 55
27 Analyzing an Argument What is/are the arguments for drinking bottled water? Is rhetoric used? Aquafina Commercial Issue: Whether or not you should drink more Aquafina (or bottled water in general)? Conclusion: Yes you should. Argument: P1. The more Aquafina you drink, the happier your body feels. UP2. All drinks that makes your body happier are liquids you should drink more of.. C. Therefore, you should drink more Aquafina. Would an argument for drinking more bottled water be better than one for drinking more Aquafina?
28 Analyzing an Argument What is/are the arguments for drinking bottled water? Is rhetoric used? Bottled Water Nestle Pure life -I 57
29 Analyzing an Argument What is/are the arguments for drinking bottled water? Is rhetoric used? Issue: Bottled Water Nestle Pure Life -I Whether or not you should drink more Nestle Pure Life water (or bottled water in general)? Conclusion: Yes you should. Argument #1: P1. Nothing hydrates like Nestle Pure Life. UP2. You should drink liquids that hydrate you best. C. Therefore, you should drink more Nestle Pure Life. Would an argument for drinking more bottled water be better than one for drinking more Nestle Pure 58 Life?
30 Analyzing an Argument What is/are the arguments for drinking bottled water? Is rhetoric used? Issue: Bottled Water Nestle Pure life -I Whether or not you should drink more Nestle Pure Life water (or bottled water in general)? Conclusion: Yes you should. Argument #2: P1. Nestle Pure Life tastes good (clean, crisp). UP2. You should drink liquids that taste good. C. Therefore, you should drink more Nestle Pure Life. Would an argument for drinking more bottled water be better than one for drinking more Nestle Pure 59 Life?
31 Analyzing an Argument What is/are the arguments for drinking bottled water? Is rhetoric used? Bottled Water Nestle Pure life II 60
32 Analyzing an Argument What is/are the arguments for drinking bottled water? Is rhetoric used? Issue: Bottled Water Nestle Pure life -II Whether or not you should replace a sugared beverage a day with an NPL bottle of water (or bottled water in general)? Conclusion: Yes you should. Argument #2: P1. Replacing one sugared beverage a day with a NPL bottle of water, you can cut 50,000 calories a year from your diet. UP2. You should do things that help you cut 50,000 calories a year from your diet. C. Therefore, you should replace one sugared beverage a day with NPL. 61
33 Analyzing an Argument What is the argument for drinking tap instead of bottled water? The Truth about Bottled Water Penn andteller
34 Analyzing an Argument The argument as Penn & Teller see it: P1: Bottled water is cleaner. 1/3 violate health standards and contain bacteria, arsenic, etc. So not cleaner. P2: Bottled water is safer. Bottled water is not regulated as well as tap water. Less regulators, and in-state bottled water not even regulated. P3: Bottled water tastes better. Studies show that people prefer taste of tap water. P4: Bottled water is fresher. Bottled water is often not from exotic mountains and glaciers, but comes from municipal sources in ordinary cities like LA and towns in Iowa. How would you critique Penn & Teller s argument?
35 Analyzing an Argument & Providing a Counter Penn & Teller s strategy: Doesn t question the reasoning. Questions the premises for drinking bottled water over tap. Issue (can be phrased in different ways): Should we drink tap water instead of bottled water? Is tap water better than bottled water? Conclusion (given the above phrasing): Yes
36 Analyzing an Argument & Providing a Counter Deductive Version Argument(given the 2 nd phrasing of the issue above): P1. Tap water is cleaner, safer, tastes better, etc., than bottled water. UP2. All water that is cleaner safer, tastes better, etc., than bottled water is better water than bottled water. C. Therefore tap water is water that is better than bottled water. Simplified for Analysis: P1. All A are B P2. All B are C C. All A are C
37 Analyzing an Argument & Providing a Counter Inductive Versions Argument(given the 2 nd phrasing of the issue above): P1. Tap water is cleaner, safer, tastes better, etc., than bottled water. UP2. Most water that is cleaner safer, tastes better, etc., than bottled water is better water than bottled water. C. Therefore tap water is water that is better than bottled water. Becomes an inductive syllogism. Most are argument.
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