3: Modals of Obligation and Advice
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1 3: Modals of Obligation and Advice Present obligation and prohibition Obligation is when someone tells you to do something or gives you an order to do something. We can also tell ourselves to do something. We can use must / must not and have to for very strong obligations, like a law and also for weaker obligations like telling someone to do something. You mustn t use your phone when you re driving. (It s the law.) You must stop smoking. (=I m telling you to stop smoking.) I must go home and study. (I m giving myself an instruction or order here.) We can also use have to or have got to, with almost the same meaning. You ve got to stop smoking. I have to go home and study. Must and have (got) to can also be used in non-personal warnings and rules that are based on outside facts, rather than human ideas. The machine must be unplugged before cleaning. The machine has to be unplugged before cleaning. Prohibition = it s not allowed Can (permission) and must (obligation) have very different meanings in the affirmative. But they are quite similar in the negative, when they tell someone not to do something. In fact, US English often uses can t in the same situation that UK English uses mustn t. You mustn t smoke here. You can t smoke here. You mustn t go into the kitchen. You can t go into the kitchen. 1 Modals of Obligation and Advice
2 Sometimes we also use may not or be not allowed to in the same situation. See the section on permission for more about this. There are a few small nuances of meaning here. Mustn t can suggest that it s the speakers opinion, whereas can t and be not allowed to often suggest that there is an outside rule. But we can also use mustn t if we want to say there s some natural reason (not a human rule) why something isn t a good idea. You mustn t touch the oven! Must and have to Some English speakers feel that have to or have got to are talking about an outside authority (like a teacher or the rules). On the other hand, they say that when we use must, we are giving ourselves an internal obligation. However, not every English speaker thinks this and mostly we use must and have to / have got to interchangeably. Speakers of US English are much more likely to choose have to / have got to rather than must in this situation. Past obligation and prohibition Must has no past tense (and we don t use must + have + past participle here that s only for logical necessity) so we use past of have to when we are talking about the past. We have to / must wear a uniform now. We had to wear a uniform, when we were at school. We can also use couldn t or wasn t / weren t allowed to for prohibition in the past, for both general and specific situations. We couldn t smoke at school. Future obligation and prohibition We can use must, have (got) to or will have to for future obligation. We tend to use must or have (got) to rather than will have to if we ve already made the arrangements. 2 Modals of Obligation and Advice
3 You ll have to go to the dentist when we get back from holiday. I ve got to go to the dentist later today. We will have to wear a uniform, when we start school in the autumn. We use won t be allowed to or can t or mustn t for prohibition in the future. You won t be allowed to eat during the film. You mustn t eat during the film. You can t eat during the film. Absence of obligation or necessity Present: Don t have to / haven t got to You don t have to get up early tomorrow. Past: Didn t have to / didn t need to We didn t have to go to bed early when we were children. Our parent let us go to bed whenever we liked. She didn t need to get up early this morning. Some speakers might use needn t have and in that case a few people feel that it has a different meaning from didn t need to. However, using needn t have is quite old-fashioned and most people now use didn t need to for both meanings below. She didn t need to bring her coat. (We don t know if she brought it or not.) She needn t have brought her coat. (She brought it, but it wasn t necessary) Future: We use won t have to / won t need to for lack of obligation in the future, as well as using don t have to and don t need to. You won t need to get up early tomorrow. Sleep as long as you like. You won t have to get up early tomorrow. Sleep as long as you like. 3 Modals of Obligation and Advice
4 You don t have to get up early tomorrow it s Sunday. They don t need to come to the meeting. Strong advice We use must for strong recommendations. You really must read this book! You must see the new film! This can also be used for offers. (See the section on Volition for more about this.) You really must have some more cake! Medium obligation and advice Must can be too strong to say to someone directly. We often use should, which is has a more gentle feeling. Should is used to say what the speaker thinks is a good idea or what the speaker thinks is morally right. It s also used to talk about requirements that come from the outside. Ought to is used in exactly the same way, though it is less common than should. You should go to the dentist. People shouldn t drop litter. They ought to get a new car. When we use should, it s possible that the action won t happen. This isn t true with must. He should help Julie, but he won t. NOT: he must help Julie but he won t. Should can also be used instead of must to make orders or instructions sound more polite. The form should be filled in using black pen. The machine should be turned off before cleaning. 4 Modals of Obligation and Advice
5 Past advice We use should(n t) + have + past participle to talk about something in the past that the speaker thinks was a good idea but that the other person didn t do. This form is hypothetical, because it s imagining something that didn t happen, and is often used to criticise people. You should have gone to bed earlier. (But you didn t) You shouldn t have quit your job. (But you did quit your job.) We can use ought(n t) to + have + past participle in the same way. You ought to have arrived on time. (In fact, you were late.) Be supposed to We use be supposed to to talk about an external rule or obligation. Often, it s the case that the rule or obligation isn t being followed or might not need to be followed. We re supposed to arrive at nine. (It would be great if we arrived at nine. But we re actually going to arrive at 9:30.) You re supposed to be sleeping! Why are you here? Using would for advice I would = I think you should. Often if I were you is either added or implied. I would study a bit harder. (= I think you should study a bit harder.) I would leave an extra hour for the journey. Had better Had better (not) gives advice about the best thing to do in a particular situation. It often has a sense of urgency and can be a warning or a threat. Your dog had better not dig up my rose bushes again! 5 Modals of Obligation and Advice
6 May / might as well We can use might as well or may as well to talk about something that you think is the best idea in the situation, even if you don t really want to do it. There isn t a better idea or choice. The restaurant is closed. We may as well go home. I might as well get a job, now that my business has failed. We can use might + have + past participle for the same meaning in the past. In this case, you didn t do the action it means it would have been the best thing. The restaurant was closed. We might as well have gone home. 6 Modals of Obligation and Advice
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