Introduction to Logic. Instructor: Jason Sheley
|
|
|
- Joella Flynn
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Introduction to Logic Instructor: Jason Sheley
2 In this section we will learn: What is the difference between Deduction and Induction? Why use different types of logic? What is a valid argument? Invalid? Sound? What is a strong argument?
3 Deduction and Induction
4 Arguments Factual claim: The claim that there is evidence. Inferential claim: The claim that something follows from this evidence. When we analyze arguments, we look at the inferential claim first, and the factual claim second. That is, we look at the argument structure first and the argument content second.
5 All arguments Deductive Arguments claim to guarantee the truth of the conclusion. Inductive Arguments claim that the conclusion probably follows.
6 All arguments Deductive Arguments claim to guarantee the truth of the conclusion. Inductive Arguments claim that the conclusion probably follows. Valid Invalid
7 Valid Arguments An argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true. The conclusion follows with strict necessity from the premises.
8 Invalid Arguments An argument in which it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true. The conclusion does not follow with strict necessity from the premises.
9 Testing for validity 1. Assume that the premises are true (even when you know they are not). 2. Ask whether the conclusion could be false given 1.
10 Machine analogy: invalidity
11 Fountain analogy: invalidity
12 Buckets of truth Valid
13 Buckets of truth Invalid
14 Testing for validity P1: All television networks are media companies. P2: NBC is a television network. C: Therefore, NBC is a media company. Valid
15 Testing for validity P1: All automakers are computer manufacturers. P2: United Airlines is an automaker. C: Therefore, United Airlines is a computer manufacturer. Valid
16 Testing for validity P1: All banks are financial institutions. P2: Wells Fargo is a financial institution. C: Therefore, Wells Fargo is a bank. Invalid
17 Testing for validity P1: All wines are whiskeys. P2: Ginger ale is a wine. C: Therefore, ginger ale is a whiskey. Valid
18 Table 1-1, p. 46
19 Sound Arguments Sound argument = Valid argument + All true premises Note: In this class, testing for validity is the hard part. But once you re sure you ve got a valid argument, you just need to determine if the premises are true or false -- that gives you soundness.
20 All arguments Deductive Arguments claim to guarantee the truth of the conclusion. Inductive Arguments claim that the conclusion probably follows.
21 Inductive arguments Strong Inductive argument: It is improbable that the conclusion is false given that the premises are true. Weak Inductive argument: The conclusion probably does not follow from the premises, even though it is claimed to.
22 Testing for strength 1. Assume that the premises are true (even when you know they are not). 2. Ask whether the conclusion is probably true.
23 Testing for strength P1: All dinosaur bones to this day have been at least 50 million years old. C: Therefore, probably the next dinosaur bone to be found will be at least 50 million years old. Strong
24 Testing for strength P1: When a lighted match is slowly dunked into water, the flame is snuffed out. P2: Gasoline is a liquid, just like water. C: Therefore, when a lighted match is slowly dunked into gasoline, the flame will be snuffed out. Weak
25 Table 1-2, p. 50
26 Cogent argument Strong argument = + All true and relevant premises
27 Valid or invalid? Sound? Since London is north of Paris and south of Edinburgh, it follows that Paris is south of Edinburgh. Valid. Sound.
28 Valid or invalid? Sound? If George Washington was beheaded, then George Washington died. George Washington died. Therefore, George Washington was beheaded. Invalid; true premises, false conclusion.
29 Valid or invalid? Sound? All leopards with lungs are carnivores. Therefore, all leopards are carnivores. Invalid; true premise, true conclusion.
30 Valid or invalid? Sound? If Senator Hillary Clinton represents California, then she represents a western state. Hillary Clinton does not represent a western state. Therefore, she does not represent California. Sound.
31 Valid or invalid? Sound? Since some fruits are green and some fruits are apples, it follows that some fruits are green apples. Invalid.
32 Quick Quiz Give an example of a statement. Give an example of sentence that is not a statement. Give an example of an argument
Critical Thinking - Wk 3. Instructor: Jason Sheley
Critical Thinking - Wk 3 Instructor: Jason Sheley Quick Quiz Give an example of a statement. Give an example of sentence that is not a statement. Give an example of an argument Validity, Truth, Soundness,
Curtis Solomon What is the difference between a deductive and an inductive argument?
Review: What is the difference between a deductive and an inductive argument? What is a valid argument? What is a sound argument? Vs. Arguments inductive argument: argument in which it is improbable that
Introduction to Philosophy Crito. Instructor: Jason Sheley
Introduction to Philosophy Crito Instructor: Jason Sheley Recall again our steps for doing philosophy 1) What is the question? 2) What is the basic answer to the question? 3) What reasons are given for
Example Arguments ID1050 Quantitative & Qualitative Reasoning
Example Arguments ID1050 Quantitative & Qualitative Reasoning First Steps to Analyzing an Argument In the following slides, some simple arguments will be given. The steps to begin analyzing each argument
LOGIC LECTURE #3: DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION. Source: A Concise Introduction to Logic, 11 th Ed. (Patrick Hurley, 2012)
LOGIC LECTURE #3: DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION Source: A Concise Introduction to Logic, 11 th Ed. (Patrick Hurley, 2012) Deductive Vs. Inductive If the conclusion is claimed to follow with strict certainty
Logic: The Science that Evaluates Arguments
Logic: The Science that Evaluates Arguments Logic teaches us to develop a system of methods and principles to use as criteria for evaluating the arguments of others to guide us in constructing arguments
PHI Introduction Lecture 4. An Overview of the Two Branches of Logic
PHI 103 - Introduction Lecture 4 An Overview of the wo Branches of Logic he wo Branches of Logic Argument - at least two statements where one provides logical support for the other. I. Deduction - a conclusion
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. NP-TEL National Programme On Technology Enhanced Learning. Course Title Introduction to Logic
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur NP-TEL National Programme On Technology Enhanced Learning Course Title Introduction to Logic Lecture-06 Strength of Inductive arguments, Counter example method by
Basic Concepts and Skills!
Basic Concepts and Skills! Critical Thinking tests rationales,! i.e., reasons connected to conclusions by justifying or explaining principles! Why do CT?! Answer: Opinions without logical or evidential
Instructor s Manual 1
Instructor s Manual 1 PREFACE This instructor s manual will help instructors prepare to teach logic using the 14th edition of Irving M. Copi, Carl Cohen, and Kenneth McMahon s Introduction to Logic. The
Intro Viewed from a certain angle, philosophy is about what, if anything, we ought to believe.
Overview Philosophy & logic 1.2 What is philosophy? 1.3 nature of philosophy Why philosophy Rules of engagement Punctuality and regularity is of the essence You should be active in class It is good to
PRACTICE EXAM The state of Israel was in a state of mourning today because of the assassination of Yztzak Rabin.
PRACTICE EXAM 1 I. Decide which of the following are arguments. For those that are, identify the premises and conclusions in them by CIRCLING them and labeling them with a P for the premises or a C for
HOW TO ANALYZE AN ARGUMENT
What does it mean to provide an argument for a statement? To provide an argument for a statement is an activity we carry out both in our everyday lives and within the sciences. We provide arguments for
What is a logical argument? What is deductive reasoning? Fundamentals of Academic Writing
What is a logical argument? What is deductive reasoning? Fundamentals of Academic Writing Logical relations Deductive logic Claims to provide conclusive support for the truth of a conclusion Inductive
Test Item File. Full file at
Test Item File 107 CHAPTER 1 Chapter 1: Basic Logical Concepts Multiple Choice 1. In which of the following subjects is reasoning outside the concern of logicians? A) science and medicine B) ethics C)
PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS QUIZ
PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS QUIZ Critical Thinking: Quiz 4 Chapter Three: Argument Evaluation Section I. Indicate whether the following claims (1-10) are either true (A) or false (B). 1. If an arguer precedes
Lecture 1: Validity & Soundness
Lecture 1: Validity & Soundness 1 Goals Today Introduce one of our central topics: validity and soundness, and its connection to one of our primary course goals, namely: learning how to evaluate arguments
Critical Reasoning Skillbuilder Exit Quiz
Critical Reasoning Skillbuilder Exit Quiz 1. Which of the following arguments exhibits a logical flaw? A) Some students have Apple laptops and all Apple laptops have Safari installed as a web browser.
Geometry 2.3.notebook October 02, 2015
Do Now Write the converse of each true statement. If true, combine the statements to write a true biconditional. If the converse is false, give a counterexample. a) If an angle measures 30 o, then it is
Logical Validity and Soundness
Chapter 1 Logical Validity and Soundness Tony Roy This short paper reproduces the first chapter of a text, Symbolic Logic by me. The complete text is available online at http://rocket.csusb.edu/~troy/int-ml.html.
INDUCTION. All inductive reasoning is based on an assumption called the UNIFORMITY OF NATURE.
INDUCTION John Stuart Mill wrote the first comprehensive study of inductive logic. Deduction had been studied extensively since ancient times, but induction had to wait until the 19 th century! The cartoon
Chapter 3: Basic Propositional Logic. Based on Harry Gensler s book For CS2209A/B By Dr. Charles Ling;
Chapter 3: Basic Propositional Logic Based on Harry Gensler s book For CS2209A/B By Dr. Charles Ling; cling@csd.uwo.ca The Ultimate Goals Accepting premises (as true), is the conclusion (always) true?
An Introduction to. Formal Logic. Second edition. Peter Smith, February 27, 2019
An Introduction to Formal Logic Second edition Peter Smith February 27, 2019 Peter Smith 2018. Not for re-posting or re-circulation. Comments and corrections please to ps218 at cam dot ac dot uk 1 What
Introduction to Logic
University of Notre Dame Spring, 2017 Arguments Philosophy has two main methods for trying to answer questions: analysis and arguments Logic is the the study of arguments An argument is a set of sentences,
Pastor-teacher Don Hargrove Faith Bible Church September 8, 2011
Pastor-teacher Don Hargrove Faith Bible Church http://www.fbcweb.org/doctrines.html September 8, 2011 Building Mental Muscle & Growing the Mind through Logic Exercises: Lesson 4a The Three Acts of the
Geometry TEST Review Chapter 2 - Logic
Geometry TEST Review Chapter 2 - Logic Name Period Date Symbolic notation: 1. Define the following symbols. a b ~ c d e g a b c d a b c d 2. Consider the following legend: Let p = You love bananas. Let
1.6 Validity and Truth
M01_COPI1396_13_SE_C01.QXD 10/10/07 9:48 PM Page 30 30 CHAPTER 1 Basic Logical Concepts deductive arguments about probabilities themselves, in which the probability of a certain combination of events is
1.5 Deductive and Inductive Arguments
M01_COPI1396_13_SE_C01.QXD 10/10/07 9:48 PM Page 26 26 CHAPTER 1 Basic Logical Concepts 19. All ethnic movements are two-edged swords. Beginning benignly, and sometimes necessary to repair injured collective
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Exam Name SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Draw a Venn diagram for the given sets. In words, explain why you drew one set as a subset of
Reason and Argument. Richard Feldman Second Edition
Reason and Argument Richard Feldman Second Edition Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
Appendix: The Logic Behind the Inferential Test
Appendix: The Logic Behind the Inferential Test In the Introduction, I stated that the basic underlying problem with forensic doctors is so easy to understand that even a twelve-year-old could understand
Phil-004 (Galindo): Spring 14 - Quiz #4
Ch 8: Choose the best categorical claim translation of the claims below. (1pt each) 1. Which is the best translation for this claim: "Every baseball player is an athlete. a. All baseball players are athletes.
! Introduction to the Class! Some Introductory Concepts. Today s Lecture 1/19/10
! Introduction to the Class! Some Introductory Concepts Today s Lecture 1/19/10 Philosophy 230! Introduction to Formal Logic! Ticket # 13823 Adding the Class See me after class to be put on a waiting list.
Directions: For Problems 1-10, determine whether the given statement is either True (A) or False (B).
Critical Thinking Exam 2: Chapter 3 PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS EXAM. Directions: For Problems 1-10, determine whether the given statement is either True (A) or False (B). 1. Valid arguments never have
Inductive Reasoning. Definition. Basing a conclusion on specific examples.
Inductive Reasoning Definition. Basing a conclusion on specific examples. Examples: All crows are black. The sun will rise tomorrow. All Islamic people are terrorists. Gravity: Things fall down. Scientific
Review Deductive Logic. Wk2 Day 2. Critical Thinking Ninjas! Steps: 1.Rephrase as a syllogism. 2.Choose your weapon
Review Deductive Logic Wk2 Day 2 Checking Validity of Deductive Argument Steps: 1.Rephrase as a syllogism Identify premises and conclusion. Look out for unstated premises. Place them in order P(1), P(2),
The antecendent always a expresses a sufficient condition for the consequent
Critical Thinking Lecture Four October 5, 2012 Chapter 3 Deductive Argument Patterns Diagramming Arguments Deductive Argument Patterns - There are some common patterns shared by many deductive arguments
Academic Writing and Logical Thinking
NAGOYA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY WORKSHOPS 2016 Academic Writing and Logical Thinking May 18 ~ June 15, 2016 Instructor: Dr. Paul Lai NAGOYA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY WORKSHOPS 2016 Review All academic writers are required
Chapter 1 Why Study Logic? Answers and Comments
Chapter 1 Why Study Logic? Answers and Comments WARNING! YOU SHOULD NOT LOOK AT THE ANSWERS UNTIL YOU HAVE SUPPLIED YOUR OWN ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES FIRST. Answers: I. True and False 1. False. 2. True.
Three Kinds of Arguments
Chapter 27 Three Kinds of Arguments Arguments in general We ve been focusing on Moleculan-analyzable arguments for several chapters, but now we want to take a step back and look at the big picture, at
Critical Thinking 5.7 Validity in inductive, conductive, and abductive arguments
5.7 Validity in inductive, conductive, and abductive arguments REMEMBER as explained in an earlier section formal language is used for expressing relations in abstract form, based on clear and unambiguous
Lecture 2.1 INTRO TO LOGIC/ ARGUMENTS. Recognize an argument when you see one (in media, articles, people s claims).
TOPIC: You need to be able to: Lecture 2.1 INTRO TO LOGIC/ ARGUMENTS. Recognize an argument when you see one (in media, articles, people s claims). Organize arguments that we read into a proper argument
Beyond Symbolic Logic
Beyond Symbolic Logic 1. The Problem of Incompleteness: Many believe that mathematics can explain *everything*. Gottlob Frege proposed that ALL truths can be captured in terms of mathematical entities;
PHILOSOPHY 102 INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC PRACTICE EXAM 1. W# Section (10 or 11) 4. T F The statements that compose a disjunction are called conjuncts.
PHILOSOPHY 102 INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC PRACTICE EXAM 1 W# Section (10 or 11) 1. True or False (5 points) Directions: Circle the letter next to the best answer. 1. T F All true statements are valid. 2. T
Introduction to Logic
University of Notre Dame Fall, 2015 Arguments Philosophy is difficult. If questions are easy to decide, they usually don t end up in philosophy The easiest way to proceed on difficult questions is to formulate
There are two common forms of deductively valid conditional argument: modus ponens and modus tollens.
INTRODUCTION TO LOGICAL THINKING Lecture 6: Two types of argument and their role in science: Deduction and induction 1. Deductive arguments Arguments that claim to provide logically conclusive grounds
Deduction. Of all the modes of reasoning, deductive arguments have the strongest relationship between the premises
Deduction Deductive arguments, deduction, deductive logic all means the same thing. They are different ways of referring to the same style of reasoning Deduction is just one mode of reasoning, but it is
2. Refutations can be stronger or weaker.
Lecture 8: Refutation Philosophy 130 October 25 & 27, 2016 O Rourke I. Administrative A. Schedule see syllabus as well! B. Questions? II. Refutation A. Arguments are typically used to establish conclusions.
C. Exam #1 comments on difficult spots; if you have questions about this, please let me know. D. Discussion of extra credit opportunities
Lecture 8: Refutation Philosophy 130 March 19 & 24, 2015 O Rourke I. Administrative A. Roll B. Schedule C. Exam #1 comments on difficult spots; if you have questions about this, please let me know D. Discussion
A Primer on Logic Part 1: Preliminaries and Vocabulary. Jason Zarri. 1. An Easy $10.00? a 3 c 2. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
A Primer on Logic Part 1: Preliminaries and Vocabulary Jason Zarri 1. An Easy $10.00? Suppose someone were to bet you $10.00 that you would fail a seemingly simple test of your reasoning skills. Feeling
Philosophy 1100: Introduction to Ethics. Critical Thinking Lecture 1. Background Material for the Exercise on Validity
Philosophy 1100: Introduction to Ethics Critical Thinking Lecture 1 Background Material for the Exercise on Validity Reasons, Arguments, and the Concept of Validity 1. The Concept of Validity Consider
FROM INQUIRY TO ACADEMIC WRITING CHAPTER 8 FROM ETHOS TO LOGOS: APPEALING TO YOUR READERS
FROM INQUIRY TO ACADEMIC WRITING CHAPTER 8 FROM ETHOS TO LOGOS: APPEALING TO YOUR READERS YOUR UNDERSTANDING OF YOUR READERS INFLUENCES HOW YOU SEE A PARTICULAR SITUATION DEFINE AN ISSUE EXPLAIN THE ONGOING
A Brief Introduction to Key Terms
1 A Brief Introduction to Key Terms 5 A Brief Introduction to Key Terms 1.1 Arguments Arguments crop up in conversations, political debates, lectures, editorials, comic strips, novels, television programs,
1. To arrive at the truth we have to reason correctly. 2. Logic is the study of correct reasoning. B. DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
I. LOGIC AND ARGUMENTATION 1 A. LOGIC 1. To arrive at the truth we have to reason correctly. 2. Logic is the study of correct reasoning. 3. It doesn t attempt to determine how people in fact reason. 4.
I think, therefore I am. - Rene Descartes
CRITICAL THINKING Sitting on top of your shoulders is one of the finest computers on the earth. But, like any other muscle in your body, it needs to be exercised to work its best. That exercise is called
Christ-Centered Critical Thinking. Lesson 6: Evaluating Thinking
Christ-Centered Critical Thinking Lesson 6: Evaluating Thinking 1 In this lesson we will learn: To evaluate our thinking and the thinking of others using the Intellectual Standards Two approaches to evaluating
PHILOSOPHER S TOOL KIT 1. ARGUMENTS PROFESSOR JULIE YOO 1.1 DEDUCTIVE VS INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
PHILOSOPHER S TOOL KIT PROFESSOR JULIE YOO 1. Arguments 1.1 Deductive vs Induction Arguments 1.2 Common Deductive Argument Forms 1.3 Common Inductive Argument Forms 1.4 Deduction: Validity and Soundness
C. Problem set #1 due today, now, on the desk. B. More of an art than a science the key things are: 4.
Lecture 4: The Language of Argument Philosophy 130 September 22 and 27, 2016 O Rourke & Gibson I. Administrative A. Questions? B. Read Ch. 3 & pp. 90-94 C. Problem set #1 due today, now, on the desk II.
Introducing Our New Faculty
Dr. Isidoro Talavera Franklin University, Philosophy Ph.D. in Philosophy - Vanderbilt University M.A. in Philosophy - Vanderbilt University M.A. in Philosophy - University of Missouri M.S.E. in Math Education
!Validity!Soundness. Today s Lecture 1//21/10
!Validity!Soundness Today s Lecture 1//21/10 Announcements -- The syllabus (pdf) and Tuesday s lecture are posted on-line. See www.csun.edu/~jdblair/ -- Homework: Exercise 1.1: Part A (odds), Part C (odds).
Norva Y S Lo Produced by Norva Y S Lo Edited by Andrew Brennan
CRITICAL THINKING Norva Y S Lo Produced by Norva Y S Lo Edited by Andrew Brennan LECTURE 4! Nondeductive Success: Statistical Syllogism, Inductive Generalization, Analogical Argument Summary In this week
Academic Writing and Logical Thinking
NAGOYA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY WORKSHOPS 2017 Academic Writing and Logical Thinking May 17 ~ June 14, 2017 Instructor: Dr. Paul Lai NAGOYA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY WORKSHOPS 2016 Review Being Clear Having a Truth
Tutorial A02: Validity and Soundness By: Jonathan Chan
A02.1 Definition of validity Tutorial A02: Validity and Soundness By: One desirable feature of arguments is that the conclusion should follow from the premises. But what does it mean? Consider these two
Practice Test Three Spring True or False True = A, False = B
Practice Test Three Spring 2015 True or False True = A, False = B 1. A sound argument is a valid deductive argument with true premisses. 2. A conclusion is a statement of support. 3. An easy way to determine
HW3- Sets & Arguments (solutions) Due: Tuesday April 5, 2011
HW #3-SOLUTIONS Topics: Sets, categorical propositions, Venn diagrams, analyzing arguments, and critical thinking Please show your work and clearly indicate your answer. Although you are welcome to compare
Deduction by Daniel Bonevac. Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Logic
Deduction by Daniel Bonevac Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Logic Logic defined Logic is the study of correct reasoning. Informal logic is the attempt to represent correct reasoning using the natural language
1/19/2011. Concept. Analysis
Analysis Breaking down an idea, concept, theory, etc. into its most basic parts in order to get a better understanding of its structure. This is necessary to evaluate the merits of the claim properly (is
Introduction to Philosophy
Introduction to Philosophy Philosophy 110W Russell Marcus Hamilton College, Fall 2013 Class 1 - Introduction to Introduction to Philosophy My name is Russell. My office is 202 College Hill Road, Room 210.
Reading and Evaluating Arguments
Reading and Evaluating Arguments Learning Objectives: To recognize the elements of an argument To recognize types of arguments To evaluate arguments To recognize errors in logical reasoning An argument
2.3. Failed proofs and counterexamples
2.3. Failed proofs and counterexamples 2.3.0. Overview Derivations can also be used to tell when a claim of entailment does not follow from the principles for conjunction. 2.3.1. When enough is enough
Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications, 6th edition Extra Examples
Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications, 6th edition Extra Examples Section 1.1 Propositional Logic Page references correspond to locations of Extra Examples icons in the textbook. p.2, icon at
To better understand VALIDITY, we now turn to the topic of logical form.
LOGIC GUIDE 2 To better understand VALIDITY, we now turn to the topic of logical form. LOGICAL FORM The logical form of a statement or argument is the skeleton, or structure. If you retain only the words
Philosophy 5340 Epistemology Topic 4: Skepticism. Part 1: The Scope of Skepticism and Two Main Types of Skeptical Argument
1. The Scope of Skepticism Philosophy 5340 Epistemology Topic 4: Skepticism Part 1: The Scope of Skepticism and Two Main Types of Skeptical Argument The scope of skeptical challenges can vary in a number
Logic Book Part 1! by Skylar Ruloff!
Logic Book Part 1 by Skylar Ruloff Contents Introduction 3 I Validity and Soundness 4 II Argument Forms 10 III Counterexamples and Categorical Statements 15 IV Strength and Cogency 21 2 Introduction This
Lecture 4: Deductive Validity
Lecture 4: Deductive Validity Right, I m told we can start. Hello everyone, and hello everyone on the podcast. This week we re going to do deductive validity. Last week we looked at all these things: have
Critical Thinking is:
Logic: Day 1 Critical Thinking is: Thinking clearly and following rules of logic and rationality It s not being argumentative just for the sake of arguing Academics disagree about which departments do
Argumentation Module: Philosophy Lesson 7 What do we mean by argument? (Two meanings for the word.) A quarrel or a dispute, expressing a difference
1 2 3 4 5 6 Argumentation Module: Philosophy Lesson 7 What do we mean by argument? (Two meanings for the word.) A quarrel or a dispute, expressing a difference of opinion. Often heated. A statement of
MATH1061/MATH7861 Discrete Mathematics Semester 2, Lecture 5 Valid and Invalid Arguments. Learning Goals
MAH1061/MAH7861 Discrete Mathematics Semester 2, 2016 Learning Goals 1. Understand the meaning of necessary and sufficient conditions (carried over from Wednesday). 2. Understand the difference between
A rule that guarantees the right solution to a problem. Usually by using a formula. They work but are sometimes impractical.
Trial and Error Characterized by repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success, or until the agent stops trying. Typically good for problems where you have multiple chances to get the correct
Worksheet Exercise 1.1. Logic Questions
Worksheet Exercise 1.1. Logic Questions Date Study questions. These questions do not have easy answers. (But that doesn't mean that they have no answers.) Just think about these issues. There is no particular
Logic for Computer Science - Week 1 Introduction to Informal Logic
Logic for Computer Science - Week 1 Introduction to Informal Logic Ștefan Ciobâcă November 30, 2017 1 Propositions A proposition is a statement that can be true or false. Propositions are sometimes called
Statements, Arguments, Validity. Philosophy and Logic Unit 1, Sections 1.1, 1.2
Statements, Arguments, Validity Philosophy and Logic Unit 1, Sections 1.1, 1.2 Mayor Willy Brown on proposition 209: There is still rank discrimination in this country. If there is rank discrimination,
CHAPTER FOUR ARGUMENTS & INFERENCES. The Basics of Argument
Don t raise your voice; improve your argument. (Desmond Tutu) CHAPTER FOUR ARGUMENTS & INFERENCES THE CONTENT AND PURPOSE OF CHAPTER FOUR When doing philosophy, we define terms and analyze arguments. We
A R G U M E N T S I N A C T I O N
ARGUMENTS IN ACTION Descriptions: creates a textual/verbal account of what something is, was, or could be (shape, size, colour, etc.) Used to give you or your audience a mental picture of the world around
Announcements. Quiz #4. Review, see me before the Final Exam for help. Average? High Score? BUT, everyone will get +1pt!
Announcements Quiz #4 Review, see me before the Final Exam for help. Average? 37/50, 74% High Score? 45 BUT, everyone will get +1pt! #47 was graded incorrectly. Answer should be C. Critical Thinking Ninjas!
BASIC CONCEPTS OF LOGIC
1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LOGIC 1. What is Logic?... 2 2. Inferences and Arguments... 2 3. Deductive Logic versus Inductive Logic... 5 4. Statements versus Propositions... 6 5. Form versus Content... 7 6. Preliminary
Chapter 2: Two Types of Reasoning
Chapter 2: Two Types of Reasoning In chapter 1, I mentioned deductive and inductive arguments. This chapter goes into more depth on deductive reasoning in particular, but also provides a contrast with
Moon s Day, March 23: Elementary Reasoning
Moon s Day, March 23: Elementary Reasoning EQ: What are INDUCTIVE and DEDUCTIVE arguments? Welcome! Gather pen/cil, paper, wits! Lecture/Discussion: Inductive vs. Deductive Activity/Homework: Inductive
Evaluating Arguments
Govier: A Practical Study of Argument 1 Evaluating Arguments Chapter 4 begins an important discussion on how to evaluate arguments. The basics on how to evaluate arguments are presented in this chapter
Richard L. W. Clarke, Notes REASONING
1 REASONING Reasoning is, broadly speaking, the cognitive process of establishing reasons to justify beliefs, conclusions, actions or feelings. It also refers, more specifically, to the act or process
Informalizing Formal Logic
Informalizing Formal Logic Antonis Kakas Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Cyprus antonis@ucy.ac.cy Abstract. This paper discusses how the basic notions of formal logic can be expressed
Introduction to Analyzing and Evaluating Arguments
Introduction to Analyzing and Evaluating Arguments 1. HOW TO ANALYZE AN ARGUMENT Example 1. Socrates must be mortal. After all, all humans are mortal, and Socrates is a human. What does the author of this
A. Problem set #3 it has been posted and is due Tuesday, 15 November
Lecture 9: Propositional Logic I Philosophy 130 1 & 3 November 2016 O Rourke & Gibson I. Administrative A. Problem set #3 it has been posted and is due Tuesday, 15 November B. I am working on the group
Lecture 3 Arguments Jim Pryor What is an Argument? Jim Pryor Vocabulary Describing Arguments
Lecture 3 Arguments Jim Pryor What is an Argument? Jim Pryor Vocabulary Describing Arguments 1 Agenda 1. What is an Argument? 2. Evaluating Arguments 3. Validity 4. Soundness 5. Persuasive Arguments 6.
Academic argument does not mean conflict or competition; an argument is a set of reasons which support, or lead to, a conclusion.
ACADEMIC SKILLS THINKING CRITICALLY In the everyday sense of the word, critical has negative connotations. But at University, Critical Thinking is a positive process of understanding different points of
PHILOSOPHY ESSAY ADVICE
PHILOSOPHY ESSAY ADVICE One: What ought to be the primary objective of your essay? The primary objective of your essay is not simply to present information or arguments, but to put forward a cogent argument
BASIC CONCEPTS OF LOGIC
BASIC CONCEPTS OF LOGIC 1. What is Logic?...2 2. Inferences and Arguments...2 3. Deductive Logic versus Inductive Logic...5 4. Statements versus Propositions...6 5. Form versus Content...7 6. Preliminary
5.6.1 Formal validity in categorical deductive arguments
Deductive arguments are commonly used in various kinds of academic writing. In order to be able to perform a critique of deductive arguments, we will need to understand their basic structure. As will be
Phil. 103: Introduction to Logic The Structure of Arguments
Phil. 103: Introduction to Logic The Structure of Arguments Spring 2005 c 2005 GFDL 1 Diagramming Arguments Directions: First, indicate whether the passages quoted below are arguments. If a passage is
Answers to Practice Problems 6.5
Answers to Practice Problems 6.5 1. This philosopher coined the term abductive reasoning. a. Karl Popper b. Charles Sanders Peirce c. Aristotle d. G. W. F. Hegel 2. Sherlock Holmes is often said to be