TABLE OF CONTENTS. Comments on Bibliography and References
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1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE Comments on Bibliography and References xiii xiii CHAPTER I / The Origin and Development of the Lvov- Warsaw School 1 1. The Rise of the Lvov-Warsaw School and the Periods in its Development 2 2. Kazimierz Twardowski and the Lvov Stage 2 3. The Lvov-Warsaw School Between the World Wars 9 4. World War II and the Post-1945 Period The Typical Philosopher ofthe Lvov-Warsaw School 24 PHOTOGRAPHS 27 CHAPTER II / Some Philosophical Views of Kazimierz Twardowski Twardowski and the Philosophical Tradition The Conception of Philosophy Psychologism Twardowski on Language Twardowski on Truth Analysis of the Word 'Nothing' Problems in the Theory of Science The Concept of Reasoning A Priori (Rational, Deductive) versus A Posteriori (Empirical, Inductive) Sciences The Humanities Conclusion 52 CHAPTER III / The Conception of Philosophy in the Lvov- Warsaw School Lukasiewicz 54 Vll
2 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. Kotarbiriski 3. Ajdukiewicz 4. Czezowski 5. Conclusion CHAPTER IV I The Development of Logic in the Lvov- Warsaw School: The Warsaw School of Logic A Concise History of Logic in the Lvov-Warsaw School Sociological Comments on the Warsaw School of Logic General Remarks on the Further Chapters on Logic in the Lvov-Warsaw School 96 CHAPTER V I The Classical Sentential Calculus Lukasiewicz's Parenthesis-Free Symbolism and his Criteria of Construction of Logical Systems The Functionally Complete Classical Sentential Calculus - Axiomatic Approaches Partial Sentential Calculi The Sentential Calculus with Variable Functors laskowski's System of Natural Deduction The Metalogic of the Sentential Calculus Addenda. Concluding Remarks 117 CHAPTER VI I Non-Classical Logics Many-Valued Logics Modal Logic Intuitionistic Logic laskowski's Discursive Logic Concluding Remarks 140 CHAPTER VII I Lesniewski's Systems Introduction Intuitive Formalism Semantic Categories and Constructive Nominalism Some Formal Properties of Lesniewski's Systems Protothetic Ontology Mereology The Controversy over LeSniewski. Conclusion 157
3 T ABLE OF CONTENTS ix CHAPTER VIII / Metamathematics, the Foundations of Mathematics and the Semantic Conception of Truth Metamathematics Tarski's Semantic Theory of Truth. An Introduction The Semantic Theory of Truth. The Formal Aspect The Semantic Theory of Truth. The Philosophical Aspect The General Conception of Semantics 181 CHAPTER IX / History of Logic and Interpretations of Traditional Logic. The Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics History of Logic Interpretations of Traditional Logic The Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics The Warsaw School and the Main Trends in the Philosophy of Mathematics in the 20th Century The Critique of Psychologism Nominalism Logic and Mathematics versus Reality Concluding Remarks 197 CHAPTER X / Logic, Semantics and Cognition: The Epistemology of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz The Conception of Meaning Radical Conventionalism Rejection of Radical Conventionalism Toward Radical Empiricism Semantics, Epistemology, Ontology Concluding Remarks 221 CHAPTER xi/logic, Semantics and the World: The Ontology of Tadeusz Kotarbiriski Genuine and Apparent Names Ontological Reism: The Basic Thesis The Problem of the Interpretation of the Fundamental Thesis of Reism Pansomatism and Radical Realism Reism and Materialism Why Reism? The Troubles of Reism Concluding Remarks 242
4 x TABLE OF CONTENTS APPENDIX TO CHAPTERS x-xi/further Epistemological and Ontological Problems Discussed in the Lvov-Warsaw School Scepticism Foundationalism, Fallibilism, Conventionalism, Truth What Exists? The Mind-Body Problem Time, Space, Causality, and Quantum Theory Conclusion 250 CHAPTER XII / The Philosophy of Language Conceptions of Meaning Ajdukiewicz Kotarbiriski Analytic Sentences Lukasiewicz and Tarski Ajdukiewicz Kokoszyriska Empty Names Concluding Remarks 271 CHAPTER XIII / The Philosophy of Science Reasoning and Its Modes Induction, Probability, and Justification Lukasiewicz; Poznariski and Wundheiler Hosiasson Ajdukiewicz Czezowski Zawirski and Mehlberg Kokoszyriska Concluding Remarks The General Picture of the Scientific Method and Scientific Theories The Ontology of Science and the Methods of Investigating Science Heuresis Justification The Structure of Scientific Theories Theories versus Facts 292
5 T ABLE OF CONTENTS Xl 3.6. The Problem of Unity of Science The Development of Science Concluding Remarks 294 CHAPTER XIV / Once More History and Beyond The Lvov-Warsaw School and Logical Empiricism The Problem of the Unity of the Lvov-Warsaw School The Lvov-Warsaw School or the Lvov School and the Warsaw School? The Importance of the Lvov-Warsaw School 306 NOTES 309 BIBLIOGRAPHY 327 LIST OF THE PHILOSOPHERS OF THE LVOV-WARSAW SCHOOL MENTIONED IN THIS BOOK INDEX OF NAMES INDEX OF SUBJECTS
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