INSIGHTS HISTORY BONUS TEST

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1 1. Consider the following statements 1. Dayanand Saraswati gave a utopian explanation for chaturvarna and sought to maintain it on the basis of virtue 2. Narayan Guru gave the slogan - no religion, no caste and no God for mankind. Solution: a) Ranade, Dayanand and Vivekananda denounced the existing system of caste in no uncertain terms. While the reform movements generally stood for its abolition, Dayanand gave a utopian explanation for chaturvarna (four-fold varna division of Hindu society) and sought to maintain it on the basis of virtue. He deserves to be a Brahman who has acquired the best knowledge and character, and an ignorant person is fit to be classed as a shudra, he argued. Understandably the most virulent opposition to caste came from lower caste movements. Jyotiba Phule and Narayana Guru were two unrelenting critics of the caste system and its consequences. A conversation between Gandhiji and Narayana Guru is significant. Gandhiji, in an obvious reference to Chaturvarna and the inherent differences in quality between man and man, observed that all leaves of the same tree are not identical in shape and texture. To this Narayana Guru pointed out that the difference is only superficial, but not in essence: the juice of all leaves of a particular tree would be the same in content. It was he who gave the call one religion, one caste and one God for mankind which one of his disciples, Sahadaran Ayyapan, changed into no religion, no caste and no God for mankind. 2. Consider the following statements 1. The foundation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 was a sudden and historical event 2. The British were suspicious of the INC from the very beginning itself INSIGHTS Page 1

2 Solution: b) The foundation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 was not a sudden event, or a historical accident. It was the culmination of a process of political awakening that had its beginnings in the 1860s and 1870s and took a major leap forward in the late 1870s and early 1880s. The year 1885 marked a turning point in this process, for that was the year the political Indians, the modem intellectuals interested in politics, who no longer saw themselves as spokesmen of narrow group interests, but as representatives of national interest vis-a-vis foreign rule, as a national party, saw their efforts bear fruit. The all-india nationalist body that they brought into being was to be the platform, the organizer, the headquarters, the symbol of the new national spirit and politics. British officialdom, too, was not slow in reading the new messages that were being conveyed through the nationalist political activity leading to the founding of the Congress, and watched them with suspicion, and a sense of foreboding. As this political activity gathered force, the prospect of disloyalty, sedition and Irish-type agitations began to haunt the Government. 3. The Paramahansa Mandali and the Prarthana Samaj were first established in which province? a. Bengal b. Maharashtra c. Madras of the above Solution: b) The spirit of reform embraced almost the whole of India beginning with the efforts of Raja Rammohan Roy in Bengal leading to the formation of the Brahmo Samaj in Apart from the Brahmo Samaj, which has branches in several parts of the country, the Paramahansa Mandali and the Prarthana Samaj in Maharashtra and the Arya Samaj in Punjab and North India were some of the prominent movements among the Hindus. 4. Anand Mohan Bose is remembered for 1. Founding the British Indian Association of Bengal 2. For founding Sadharan Brahmo Samaj INSIGHTS Page 2

3 Which of the above is/are incorrect? Solution: a) The younger nationalists of Bengal, led by Surendranath Banerjea and Anand Mohan Bose, founded the Indian Association in On May 15, 1878 he, along with Shibnath Shastri, Sib Chandra Deb, Umesh Chandra Dutta and others founded the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj. He was elected its first president. 5. Which one of the following was not an objective of the Indian National Congress in its initial years? a. To weld Indians into a nation, to create an Indian people b. To create a common political platform or programme for the countrymen for their political activities c. To create a common all-india national-political leadership d. To gain independence from the British Solution: d) In the initial years, independence from the British was not an agenda for INC. 6. Consider the following statements 1. From the beginning, the Congress was organized in the form of a Parliament. 2. The proceedings of the Congress sessions were conducted democratically Which of the above is/are incorrect? Solution: d) From the beginning, the Congress was organized in the form of a Parliament. In fact, the word Congress was borrowed from North American history to connote an assembly of the people. The proceedings of the Congress sessions were conducted INSIGHTS Page 3

4 democratically, issues being decided through debate and discussion and occasionally through voting. It was, in fact, the Congress, and not the bureaucratic and authoritarian colonial state, as some writers wrongly argue, which indigenized, popularized and rooted parliamentary democracy in India. 7. Who said the following words? Let us not forget that we are at a stage of the country s progress when our achievements are bound to be small, and our disappointments frequent and trying. That is the place which it has pleased Providence to assign to us in this struggle, and our responsibility is ended when we have done the work which belongs to that place. Solution: a) a. G.K. Gokhale b. M.G. Ranade c. Dadabhai Naoroji d. Surendranath Banerjea Let us not forget that we are at a stage of the country s progress when our achievements are bound to be small, and our disappointments frequent and trying. That is the place which it has pleased Providence to assign to us in this struggle, and our responsibility is ended when we have done the work which belongs to that place. It will, no doubt, be given to our countrymen of future generations to serve India by their successes; we, of the present generation, must be content to serve her mainly by our failures. For, hard though it be, out of those failures the strength will come which in the end will accomplish great tasks. 8. The Rehnumai Mazdeyasan Sabha was a religious reforms movement of which of the following community? a. Parsi b. Jews c. Muslims of the above Solution: c) 9. With reference to social reforms movements of early nineteenth century, consider the following statements 1. The idea of otherworldliness and salvation were not a part of the leaders agenda 2. Many leaders didn t believe in the existence of the god INSIGHTS Page 4

5 3. Their belief was that eligion was to be reformed to reform the society a. 1 and 2 Only b. 2 and 3 Only c. 1 and 3 Only d. All Solution: d) Although religious reformation was a major concern of these movements, none of them were exclusively religious in character. Strongly humanist in inspiration, the idea of otherworldliness and salvation were not a part of their agenda; instead their attention was focused on worldly existence. Raja Rammohan Roy was prepared to concede the possible existence of the other world mainly due to its utilitarian value. Akshay Kumar Dutt and Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar were agnostics who refused to be drawn into any discussion on supernatural questions. Asked about the existence of God, Vidyasagar quipped that he had no time to think about God, since there was much to be done on earth. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Vivekananda emphasized the secular use of religion and used spirituality to take cognizance of the material conditions of human existence. Given the inter-connection between religious beliefs and social practices, religious reformation was a necessary pre -requisite for social reform. The Hindu meets his religion at every turn. In eating, in drinking, moving, sitting, standing, he is to adhere to sacred rules, to depart from which is sin and impiety. Similarly, the social life of the Muslims was strongly influenced by religious tenets. Religion was the dominant ideology of the times and it was not possible to undertake any social action without coming to grips with it. 10. With reference to the development of railways during the British period, consider the following statements 1. It ushered commercial revolution benefiting Britain, not industrial revolution in India 2. Expenditure on railways was seen as Indian subsidy to British industries INSIGHTS Page 5

6 Solution: c) The early nationalists pointed out that the railways had not been coordinated with India s industrial needs. They had therefore, ushered in a commercial and not an industrial revolution which enabled imported foreign goods to undersell domestic industrial products. Moreover, they said that the benefits of railway construction in terms of encouragement to the steel and machine industry and to capital investment what today we would call backward and forward linkages had been reaped by Britain and not India. In fact, remarked G.V. Joshi, expenditure on railways should be seen as Indian subsidy to British industries. Or, as Tilak put it, it was like decorating another s wife. 11. Consider the following statements 1. Akshay Kumar Dutt held that all natural and social phenomena could be analyzed and understood by purely mechanical processes 2. The Brahmo Samaj ridiculed the infallibility of the Vedas Solution: a) Two important intellectual criteria which informed the reform movements were rationalism and religious universalism. Social relevance was judged by a rationalist critique. It is difficult to match the uncompromising rationalism of the early Raja Rammohan Roy or Akshay Kumar Dutt. Rejecting supernatural explanations, Raja Rammohan Roy affirmed the principle of causality linking the whole phenomenal universe. To him demonstrability was the sole criterion of truth. In proclaiming that rationalism is our only preceptor, Akshay Kumar went a step further. All natural and social phenomena, he held, could be analyzed and understood by purely mechanical processes. This perspective not only enabled them to adopt a rational approach to tradition but also to evaluate the contemporary socio-religious practices from the standpoint of social utility and to replace faith with rationality. In the Brahmo Samaj, it led to the repudiation of the infallibility of the Vedas, and in the Aligarh Movement, to the reconciliation of the teachings of Islam with the needs of the modern age. Holding that religious tenets were not immutable, Syed Ahmed Khan emphasized the role of religion in the progress of society: if religion did not INSIGHTS Page 6

7 keep pace with and meet the demands of the time. It would get fossilized as in the case of Islam in India. 12. He held very advanced ideas about marriage and family: courtship before marriage, partnership and equality as the basis of married life and divorce by both law and custom. The above statement refers to a. Akshay Kumar Dutt b. Rajaram Mohun Roy c. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar d. Gopal Han Deshmukh Solution: a) The perspectives on reform were not always influenced by religious Considerations. A rational and secular outlook was very much evident in Posing an alternative to prevalent social practices. In advocating widow marriage and opposing polygamy and child marriage, Akshay Kumar was not concerned about religious sanction or whether they existed in the pa His arguments were mainly based on their effects of Society. Instead of depending on the scriptures, he cited medical Opinion against Child marriage. He held very advanced ideas about marriage and family: courtship before marriage, partnership and equality as the basis of married life and divorce by both law and custom. In Maharashtra, as compared to other regions, there was less dependence on religion as an aid to social reform. To Gopal Han Deshmukh, popularly known as Lokahitavadi whether social reforms had the sanction of religion was immaterial. If religion did not sanction these, he advocated that religion itself should be changed as it was made by man and what was laid down, in the scriptures need not necessarily be of contemporary relevance. 13. Consider the following statements 1. Raja Rammohan Roy considered Muslim lawyers to be more honest than their Hindu counterparts 2. Vidyasagar did not discriminate against Muslims in his humanitarian activities 3. To Bankim, dharma rather than religious belonging was the criterion for determining superiority. Which of the above is/are incorrect? a. 1 and 2 Only b. 2 and 3 Only c. 1 and 3 Only INSIGHTS Page 7

8 Solution: d) The universalist perspective was not a purely philosophic concern; it strongly influenced the political and social outlook of the time, till religious particularism gained ground in the second half of the nineteenth century. For instance, Raja Rammohan Roy considered Muslim lawyers to be more honest than their Hindu counterparts and Vidyasagar did not discriminate against Muslims in his humanitarian activities. Even to Bankim, who is credited with a Hindu outlook, dharma rather than religious belonging was the criterion for determining superiority. 14. Lex Loci Act passed by the British in 1850 was about a. It gave legal right to all Hindu s to inherit property b. It provided the right to inherit ancestral property to Hindu converts to Christianity c. It gave right to Hindu women to inherit property of the above Solution: b) The Act proposed in 1845 and passed in 1850 provided the right to inherit ancestral property to Hindu converts to Christianity. 15. Consider the following statements 1. Leaders like Gokhale and Ranade identified that the colonialism operated through the more disguised and complex mechanism of free trade and foreign capital investment 2. Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, taught an entire generation of Indians the value of modem industrial development 3. Prithwis Chandra Ray was an eminent critic of the British exploitation of India a. 1 and 3 Only b. 2 and 3 Only c. 1 and 3 Only d. All Solution: d) INSIGHTS Page 8

9 Three names stand out among the large number of Indians who initiated and carried out the economic analysis of British rule during the years The tallest of the three was Dadabhai Naoroji, known in the pre-gandhian era as the Grand Old Man of India. Born in 1825, he became a successful businessman but devoted his entire life and wealth to the creation of a national movement in India. His near contemporary Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, taught an entire generation of Indians the value of modem industrial development. Romesh Chandra Dutt, a retired ICS officer, published The Economic History of India at the beginning of the 20th century in which he examined in minute detail the entire economic record of colonial rule since These three leaders along with G.V. Joshi, G. Subramaniya lyer, G.K. Gokhale, Prithwis Chandra Ray and hundreds of other political workers and journalists analysed every aspect of the economy and subjected the entire range of economic issues and colonial economic policies to minute scrutiny. They raised basic questions regarding the nature and purpose of British rule. Eventually, they were able to trace the process of the colonialization of the Indian economy and conclude that colonialism was the main obstacle to India s economic development. 16. The book Indian Famines: Their Causes and Remedies is written by a. G. Subramaniya lyer b. G.V. Joshi c. Prithwis Chandra Ray d. G.K.Gokhale Solution: c) 946&first=1&last=89&barcode= Consider the following statements 1. Early nationalists were against foreign capital because they saw it as an unmitigated evil which did not develop a country but exploited and impoverished it. 2. Interestingly, John Stuart Mill and Alfred Marshall had argued that foreign capital was needed for India to develop INSIGHTS Page 9

10 Solution: a) Nearly all the early nationalists were clear on one question: However great the need of India for industrialization, it had to be based on Indian capital and not foreign capital. Ever since the1840s, British economists, statesman and officials had seen the investment of foreign capital, along with law and order, as the major instrument for the development of India. John Stuart Mill and Alfred Marshall had put forward this view in their economic treatises. In 1899, Lord Curzon, the Viceroy, said that foreign capital was a sine qua non to the national advancement of India. The early nationalists disagreed vehemently with this view. They saw foreign capital as an unmitigated evil which did not develop a country but exploited and impoverished it. Or, as Dadabhai Naoroji popularly put it, foreign capital represented the despoilation and exploitation of Indian resources. Similarly, the editor of the Hindustan Review and Kayastha Samachar described the use of foreign capital as a system of international depradation. 18. Which of the following were the demands of nationalists in the initial days of freedom struggle 1. No reduction of import duties on textile import 2. No expansion in Afghanistan or Burma, 3. The right to bear arms, 4. Higher expenditure on famine relief, 5. The right of Indian judges to try Europeans in criminal cases Choose the correct answer using the codes below a. 1,2,3 and 5 b. 2,3,4 and 5 c. 1,2,4 and 5 d. All Solution: d) On the surface, the nationalist Indian demands of those years no reduction of import duties on textile import no expansion in Afghanistan or Burma, the right to bear arms, freedom of the Press, reduction of military expenditure, higher expenditure on famine relief, Indianization of the civil services, the right of Indians to join the semi-military volunteer corps, the right of Indian judges to try Europeans in criminal cases, the appeal to British voters to vote for a party which would listen INSIGHTS Page 10

11 to Indians look rather mild, especially when considered separately. But these were demands which a colonial regime could not easily concede, for that would undermine its hegemony over the colonial people. 19. With reference to the Ilbert Bill, consider the following statements 1. Indian nationalists protested in against the Bill 2. This Bill was successfully thwarted by the Europeans. Solution: b) A major agitation was organized during 1883 in favour of the Ilbert Bill which would enable Indian magistrates to try Europeans. This Bill was successfully thwarted by the Europeans. Ilbert Bill, in the history of India, a controversial measure proposed in 1883 that sought to allow senior Indian magistrates to preside over cases involving British subjects in India. The bill, severely weakened by compromise, was enacted by the Indian Legislative Council on Jan. 25, The bitter controversy surrounding the measure deepened antagonism between British and Indians and was a prelude to the formation of the Indian National Congress the following year. 20. Regarding the nature of socio-religious movements of the nineteenth century, consider the following statements 1. They frequently referred to a golden past to make realize people that no malaise existed then 2. The call for ban of Sati system was based on scriptural support Solution: c) INSIGHTS Page 11

12 INSIGHTS Page 12

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