Knowledge. Internalism and Externalism
|
|
- Meghan Dixon
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Knowledge Internalism and Externalism
2 What is Knowledge? Uncontroversially: Knowledge implies truth S knows that it s Monday > it s Monday Almost as uncontroversially: Knowledge is a kind of belief S knows that it s Monday > S believes that it s Monday
3 Internalism How to distinguish knowledge from other mental states (belief, desire, hope, doubt, etc.)? Internalism: in terms of truth and the character of the state itself and Its relations to other mental states Knowledge = justified true belief
4 Justification Beliefs may be justified: Intrinsically: self-justifying, self-evident Inferentially: following from other justified beliefs Justification is transparent to the knower: if you are justified, you [can] know it KK thesis: if you know, you [can] know that you know
5 Externalism To distinguish knowledge form other mental states, We must invoke relations between mental states and the world Knowledge = true belief formed by a reliable process of belief formation Not necessarily transparent to knower
6 Internalism: Plato Knowledge = true belief? But a belief might be true accidentally Knowledge = justified true belief, belief with an account
7 Justified true belief Theaetetus. That is a distinction, Socrates, which I have heard made by some one else, but I had forgotten it. He said that true opinion, combined with reason, was knowledge, but that the opinion which had no reason was out of the sphere of knowledge; and that things of which there is no rational account are not knowable--such was the singular expression which he used--and that things which have a reason or explanation are knowable.
8 Foundationalism You can know something only if you can justify your belief, that is, explain why it must be true Your explanation must rely on other things you know You must have explanations of them in terms of priori things you know Regress stops: there must be a foundation of basic items ( the given ) known directly
9 Plato s Dilemma for the Given If knowledge rests on a foundation of basic items, do we know them? If not, how can knowledge rest on the unknown? If so, how can they be justified and yet basic?
10 Plato s Argument If knowledge is justified true belief, it has a foundation justifying everything else Items in the foundation are not justified But they are known more directly than anything else So, knowledge is not justified true belief
11 Three Options Coherentism: knowledge has no foundation; there is no given, no level of ultimate justifiers Self-evidence: the given justify themselves Direct realism: sensations can justify knowledge without being knowledge
12 Indian Externalism Two Hindu darshanas, Nyaya (logic) and Vaisesika (particularism), merged around 1000 in the work of Udayana Proponents are Nyayayikas Earliest work: Nyaya-sutra, by Gautama (200)
13 Pramanas Pramana = means (source) of knowledge Perception Inference Analogy Reliable testimony Knowledge is true belief produced by a reliable means of knowledge (pramana)
14 Perception Perception is synthetic, veridical, and definite Sutra 4: Perception is the cognition resulting from sense-object contact [and which is] 'not due to words', 'invariably related' [to the object] and is 'of a definite character'.
15 Analogy We use analogy, especially in knowing language Sutra 6: Comparison is the instrument of the valid knowledge of an object derived through its similarity with another well-known object.
16 Testimony Sutra 7: Verbal testimony is the communication from a 'trustworthy person'. Bhasya: A trustworthy person is the speaker who has the direct knowledge of an object and is motivated by the desire of communicating the object as directly known by him.
17 Inference Sutra 5: Next [is discussed] inference, which is preceded by it [i.e., by perception], and is of three kinds, namely, inferring the effect (i.e. having the antecedent as the probans), inferring the cause (i.e. having the consequent as the probans) and inferring the rule (i.e. where the general law is ascertained by general observation).
18 Kinds of inference Inferring the effect We know cause (e.g., lightning) We expect effect (e.g., thunder) Inferring the cause We know effect (e.g., thunder) We infer the cause (e.g., lightning) Inferring the rule We know instances and generalize (e.g., lightning causes thunder)
A (Very) Brief Introduction to Epistemology Lecture 2. Palash Sarkar
A (Very) Brief Introduction to Epistemology Lecture 2 Palash Sarkar Applied Statistics Unit Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata India palash@isical.ac.in Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Epistemology 1 /
More informationLogic, Truth & Epistemology. Ross Arnold, Summer 2014 Lakeside institute of Theology
Logic, Truth & Epistemology Ross Arnold, Summer 2014 Lakeside institute of Theology Philosophical Theology 1 (TH5) Aug. 15 Intro to Philosophical Theology; Logic Aug. 22 Truth & Epistemology Aug. 29 Metaphysics
More informationIndian Philosophy Prof. Satya Sundar Sethy Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
Indian Philosophy Prof. Satya Sundar Sethy Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Module No. # 05 Lecture No. # 15 The Nyāya Philosophy Welcome viewers to this
More informationB.A./Alankar First Year
B.A./Alankar First Year Paper I - Indian Logic Paper II - Western Logic Second Year Paper I - Indian Epistemology and Metaphysics Paper II - Western Epistemology and Metaphysics Paper I - Indian Ethics
More informationBoghossian & Harman on the analytic theory of the a priori
Boghossian & Harman on the analytic theory of the a priori PHIL 83104 November 2, 2011 Both Boghossian and Harman address themselves to the question of whether our a priori knowledge can be explained in
More informationReason and Explanation: A Defense of Explanatory Coherentism. BY TED POSTON (Basingstoke,
Reason and Explanation: A Defense of Explanatory Coherentism. BY TED POSTON (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Pp. 208. Price 60.) In this interesting book, Ted Poston delivers an original and
More informationEpistemic Reduction: The Case of Arthāpatti
Epistemic Reduction: The Case of Arthāpatti Dr. Sara L. Uckelman s.l.uckelman@durham.ac.uk @SaraLUckelman PhilSoc 30 Oct 18 Dr. Sara L. Uckelman Epistemic Reduction 30 Oct 18 1 / 31 An introduction into
More informationIndian Philosophy Prof. Satya Sundar Sethy Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
Indian Philosophy Prof. Satya Sundar Sethy Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Module No. # 05 Lecture No. # 20 The Nyaya Philosophy Hi, today we will be
More informationIndian Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Satya Sundar Sethy. Department of Humanities and Social Sciences. Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. Module No.
Indian Philosophy Prof. Dr. Satya Sundar Sethy Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Module No. # 05 Lecture No. # 19 The Nyāya Philosophy. Welcome to the
More informationIndian Philosophy Prof. Satya Sundar Sethy Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
Indian Philosophy Prof. Satya Sundar Sethy Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Module No. # 05 Lecture No. # 23 The Nyaya Philosophy Hello, today we will
More informationPhilosophy 5340 Epistemology. Topic 6: Theories of Justification: Foundationalism versus Coherentism. Part 2: Susan Haack s Foundherentist Approach
Philosophy 5340 Epistemology Topic 6: Theories of Justification: Foundationalism versus Coherentism Part 2: Susan Haack s Foundherentist Approach Susan Haack, "A Foundherentist Theory of Empirical Justification"
More informationIt is not at all wise to draw a watertight
The Causal Relation : Its Acceptance and Denial JOY BHATTACHARYYA It is not at all wise to draw a watertight distinction between Eastern and Western philosophies. The causal relation is a serious problem
More informationCan A Priori Justified Belief Be Extended Through Deduction? It is often assumed that if one deduces some proposition p from some premises
Can A Priori Justified Belief Be Extended Through Deduction? Introduction It is often assumed that if one deduces some proposition p from some premises which one knows a priori, in a series of individually
More informationAyer s linguistic theory of the a priori
Ayer s linguistic theory of the a priori phil 43904 Jeff Speaks December 4, 2007 1 The problem of a priori knowledge....................... 1 2 Necessity and the a priori............................ 2
More informationThe Problem of Induction and Popper s Deductivism
The Problem of Induction and Popper s Deductivism Issues: I. Problem of Induction II. Popper s rejection of induction III. Salmon s critique of deductivism 2 I. The problem of induction 1. Inductive vs.
More information6AANA016 Indian Philosophy: The Orthodox Schools Syllabus Academic year 2012/3
School of Arts & Humanities Department of Philosophy 6AANA016 Indian Philosophy: The Orthodox Schools Syllabus Academic year 2012/3 Basic information Credits: 15 Module Tutor: Dr Will Rasmussen Office:
More informationVarieties of Apriority
S E V E N T H E X C U R S U S Varieties of Apriority T he notions of a priori knowledge and justification play a central role in this work. There are many ways in which one can understand the a priori,
More informationExperience and Foundationalism in Audi s The Architecture of Reason
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research Vol. LXVII, No. 1, July 2003 Experience and Foundationalism in Audi s The Architecture of Reason WALTER SINNOTT-ARMSTRONG Dartmouth College Robert Audi s The Architecture
More informationFrom Transcendental Logic to Transcendental Deduction
From Transcendental Logic to Transcendental Deduction Let me see if I can say a few things to re-cap our first discussion of the Transcendental Logic, and help you get a foothold for what follows. Kant
More informationFoundationalism Vs. Skepticism: The Greater Philosophical Ideology
1. Introduction Ryan C. Smith Philosophy 125W- Final Paper April 24, 2010 Foundationalism Vs. Skepticism: The Greater Philosophical Ideology Throughout this paper, the goal will be to accomplish three
More informationFrom the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
From the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Epistemology Peter D. Klein Philosophical Concept Epistemology is one of the core areas of philosophy. It is concerned with the nature, sources and limits
More informationEpistemology: A Contemporary Introduction to The Theory of Knowledge, by Robert Audi. New York: Routledge, 2011.
Book Reviews Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction to The Theory of Knowledge, by Robert Audi. New York: Routledge, 2011. BIBLID [0873-626X (2012) 33; pp. 540-545] Audi s (third) introduction to the
More informationWHAT DOES KRIPKE MEAN BY A PRIORI?
Diametros nr 28 (czerwiec 2011): 1-7 WHAT DOES KRIPKE MEAN BY A PRIORI? Pierre Baumann In Naming and Necessity (1980), Kripke stressed the importance of distinguishing three different pairs of notions:
More informationOf Skepticism with Regard to the Senses. David Hume
Of Skepticism with Regard to the Senses David Hume General Points about Hume's Project The rationalist method used by Descartes cannot provide justification for any substantial, interesting claims about
More informationCLASS #17: CHALLENGES TO POSITIVISM/BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
CLASS #17: CHALLENGES TO POSITIVISM/BEHAVIORAL APPROACH I. Challenges to Confirmation A. The Inductivist Turkey B. Discovery vs. Justification 1. Discovery 2. Justification C. Hume's Problem 1. Inductive
More informationAnumāna as Analogical Reasoning A Critical Analysis
Anumāna as Analogical Reasoning A Critical Analysis HIMANSU SEKHAR SAMAL (Ravenshaw University, Odisha, India) E- Mail: drhimansusekharsamal@gmail.com Abstract: Like most other branches of knowledge, philosophy
More informationIntroduction to Cognitivism; Motivational Externalism; Naturalist Cognitivism
Introduction to Cognitivism; Motivational Externalism; Naturalist Cognitivism Felix Pinkert 103 Ethics: Metaethics, University of Oxford, Hilary Term 2015 Cognitivism, Non-cognitivism, and the Humean Argument
More informationA Priori Bootstrapping
A Priori Bootstrapping Ralph Wedgwood In this essay, I shall explore the problems that are raised by a certain traditional sceptical paradox. My conclusion, at the end of this essay, will be that the most
More information24.01 Classics of Western Philosophy
1 Plan: Kant Lecture #2: How are pure mathematics and pure natural science possible? 1. Review: Problem of Metaphysics 2. Kantian Commitments 3. Pure Mathematics 4. Transcendental Idealism 5. Pure Natural
More informationSymbolic Logic Prof. Chhanda Chakraborti Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Symbolic Logic Prof. Chhanda Chakraborti Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 01 Introduction: What Logic is Kinds of Logic Western and Indian
More informationALTERNATIVE SELF-DEFEAT ARGUMENTS: A REPLY TO MIZRAHI
ALTERNATIVE SELF-DEFEAT ARGUMENTS: A REPLY TO MIZRAHI Michael HUEMER ABSTRACT: I address Moti Mizrahi s objections to my use of the Self-Defeat Argument for Phenomenal Conservatism (PC). Mizrahi contends
More informationGROUP A WESTERN PHILOSOPHY (40 marks)
GROUP A WESTERN PHILOSOPHY (40 marks) Chapter 1 CONCEPT OF PHILOSOPHY (4 marks allotted) MCQ 1X2 = 2 SAQ -- 1X2 = 2 (a) Nature of Philosophy: The word Philosophy is originated from two Greek words Philos
More informationRussell s Problems of Philosophy
Russell s Problems of Philosophy IT S (NOT) ALL IN YOUR HEAD J a n u a r y 1 9 Today : 1. Review Existence & Nature of Matter 2. Russell s case against Idealism 3. Next Lecture 2.0 Review Existence & Nature
More informationUNDERSTANDING, JUSTIFICATION AND THE A PRIORI
DAVID HUNTER UNDERSTANDING, JUSTIFICATION AND THE A PRIORI (Received in revised form 28 November 1995) What I wish to consider here is how understanding something is related to the justification of beliefs
More informationThe Problem of Major Premise in Buddhist Logic
The Problem of Major Premise in Buddhist Logic TANG Mingjun The Institute of Philosophy Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Shanghai, P.R. China Abstract: This paper is a preliminary inquiry into the main
More informationPrécis of Empiricism and Experience. Anil Gupta University of Pittsburgh
Précis of Empiricism and Experience Anil Gupta University of Pittsburgh My principal aim in the book is to understand the logical relationship of experience to knowledge. Say that I look out of my window
More informationReview of Steven D. Hales Book: Relativism and the Foundations of Philosophy
Review of Steven D. Hales Book: Relativism and the Foundations of Philosophy Manhal Hamdo Ph.D. Student, Department of Philosophy, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Email manhalhamadu@gmail.com Abstract:
More informationJohn Locke. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
John Locke An Essay Concerning Human Understanding From Rationalism to Empiricism Empiricism vs. Rationalism Empiricism: All knowledge ultimately rests upon sense experience. All justification (our reasons
More informationCARTESIANISM, NEO-REIDIANISM, AND THE A PRIORI: REPLY TO PUST
CARTESIANISM, NEO-REIDIANISM, AND THE A PRIORI: REPLY TO PUST Gregory STOUTENBURG ABSTRACT: Joel Pust has recently challenged the Thomas Reid-inspired argument against the reliability of the a priori defended
More informationPhilosophy Epistemology. Topic 3 - Skepticism
Michael Huemer on Skepticism Philosophy 3340 - Epistemology Topic 3 - Skepticism Chapter II. The Lure of Radical Skepticism 1. Mike Huemer defines radical skepticism as follows: Philosophical skeptics
More informationKant Lecture 4 Review Synthetic a priori knowledge
Kant Lecture 4 Review Synthetic a priori knowledge Statements involving necessity or strict universality could never be known on the basis of sense experience, and are thus known (if known at all) a priori.
More informationTransition: From A priori To Anselm
Transition: From A priori To Anselm A PRIORI KNOWLEDGE: Philosophy and Sense Experience We said: Philosophical questions cannot be answered solely by appeal to sense experience. If we can answer a question
More informationIndian Philosophy Paper-I
1 Total Question -30+20+30+35+35=150 Indian Philosophy Paper-I 1.Describe the Carvaka position that perception is the only means of knowledge. 5 2.What are the conditions for Testimony, to be a valid source
More informationGlossary (for Constructing the World)
Glossary (for Constructing the World) David J. Chalmers A priori: S is apriori iff S can be known with justification independent of experience (or: if there is an a priori warrant for believing S ). A
More informationHume. Hume the Empiricist. Judgments about the World. Impressions as Content of the Mind. The Problem of Induction & Knowledge of the External World
Hume Hume the Empiricist The Problem of Induction & Knowledge of the External World As an empiricist, Hume thinks that all knowledge of the world comes from sense experience If all we can know comes from
More informationAyer and Quine on the a priori
Ayer and Quine on the a priori November 23, 2004 1 The problem of a priori knowledge Ayer s book is a defense of a thoroughgoing empiricism, not only about what is required for a belief to be justified
More informationLecture 4. Before beginning the present lecture, I should give the solution to the homework problem
1 Lecture 4 Before beginning the present lecture, I should give the solution to the homework problem posed in the last lecture: how, within the framework of coordinated content, might we define the notion
More informationPerceptual Justification and the Phenomenology of Experience. Jorg DhiptaWillhoft UCL Submitted for the Degree of PhD
Perceptual Justification and the Phenomenology of Experience Jorg DhiptaWillhoft UCL Submitted for the Degree of PhD 1 I, Jorg Dhipta Willhoft, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own.
More informationEpistemological Foundations for Koons Cosmological Argument?
Epistemological Foundations for Koons Cosmological Argument? Koons (2008) argues for the very surprising conclusion that any exception to the principle of general causation [i.e., the principle that everything
More informationCONTENTS A SYSTEM OF LOGIC
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION NOTE ON THE TEXT. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY XV xlix I /' ~, r ' o>
More informationfoundationalism and coherentism are responses to it. I will then prove that, although
1 In this paper I will explain what the Agrippan Trilemma is and explain they ways that foundationalism and coherentism are responses to it. I will then prove that, although foundationalism and coherentism
More informationGrounding and Analyticity. David Chalmers
Grounding and Analyticity David Chalmers Interlevel Metaphysics Interlevel metaphysics: how the macro relates to the micro how nonfundamental levels relate to fundamental levels Grounding Triumphalism
More informationMODEL PAPER 2018 Philosophy XA- PHL(OPT) - A FullMarks: 100 Time : Three hours 15 Minutes
MODEL PAPER 2018 Philosophy SET- I XA- PHL(OPT) - A FullMarks: 100 Time : Three hours 15 Minutes Instructions : This Paper Consists two Sections, Section-I & Section-II, Section-I Consists Group-A and
More informationThe Unbearable Lightness of Theory of Knowledge:
The Unbearable Lightness of Theory of Knowledge: Desert Mountain High School s Summer Reading in five easy steps! STEP ONE: Read these five pages important background about basic TOK concepts: Knowing
More information! Jumping ahead 2000 years:! Consider the theory of the self.! What am I? What certain knowledge do I have?! Key figure: René Descartes.
! Jumping ahead 2000 years:! Consider the theory of the self.! What am I? What certain knowledge do I have?! What is the relation between that knowledge and that given in the sciences?! Key figure: René
More informationSelections from Aristotle s Prior Analytics 41a21 41b5
Lesson Seventeen The Conditional Syllogism Selections from Aristotle s Prior Analytics 41a21 41b5 It is clear then that the ostensive syllogisms are effected by means of the aforesaid figures; these considerations
More informationSystematizing Nyāya. Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University. Bridgewater State University
Bridgewater State University Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Philosophy Faculty Publications Philosophy Department 2013 Systematizing Nyāya Matthew R. Dasti Bridgewater State University,
More informationAspects of Western Philosophy Dr. Sreekumar Nellickappilly Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
Aspects of Western Philosophy Dr. Sreekumar Nellickappilly Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Module - 21 Lecture - 21 Kant Forms of sensibility Categories
More informationCHRISTIANITY AND THE NATURE OF SCIENCE J.P. MORELAND
CHRISTIANITY AND THE NATURE OF SCIENCE J.P. MORELAND I. Five Alleged Problems with Theology and Science A. Allegedly, science shows there is no need to postulate a god. 1. Ancients used to think that you
More informationKant and his Successors
Kant and his Successors G. J. Mattey Winter, 2011 / Philosophy 151 The Sorry State of Metaphysics Kant s Critique of Pure Reason (1781) was an attempt to put metaphysics on a scientific basis. Metaphysics
More informationHave you ever sought God? Do you have any idea of God? Do you believe that God exist?
St. Anselm s Ontological Argument for the Existence of God Rex Jasper V. Jumawan Fr. Dexter Veloso Introduction Have you ever sought God? Do you have any idea of God? Do you believe that God exist? Throughout
More informationPast Lives - How To Prove Them
Past Lives - How To Prove Them by Ven Fedor Stracke Happy Monks Publication Happy Monks Publication Compiled by Fedor Stracke based on various sources. Fedor Stracke Table of Contents Past Lives - How
More informationIntroduction to Philosophy PHL 221, York College Revised, Spring 2017
Introduction to Philosophy PHL 221, York College Revised, Spring 2017 Beginnings of Philosophy: Overview of Course (1) The Origins of Philosophy and Relativism Knowledge Are you a self? Ethics: What is
More informationLearning and the Necessity of Non-Conceptual Content in Sellars Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind *
Learning and the Necessity of Non-Conceptual Content in Sellars Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind * David Forman The University of Nevada, Las Vegas ABSTRACT: For Sellars, the possibility of empirical
More informationI guess I m just a good-old-fashioned internalist. A prominent position in philosophy of religion today is that religious experience can
Internalism and Properly Basic Belief Matthew Davidson (CSUSB) and Gordon Barnes (SUNY Brockport) mld@csusb.edu gbarnes@brockport.edu In this paper we set out and defend a view on which properly basic
More informationThe Oxford Handbook of Epistemology
Oxford Scholarship Online You are looking at 1-10 of 21 items for: booktitle : handbook phimet The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology Paul K. Moser (ed.) Item type: book DOI: 10.1093/0195130057.001.0001 This
More informationSelf-Evidence and A Priori Moral Knowledge
Self-Evidence and A Priori Moral Knowledge Colorado State University BIBLID [0873-626X (2012) 33; pp. 459-467] Abstract According to rationalists about moral knowledge, some moral truths are knowable a
More informationAyer on the argument from illusion
Ayer on the argument from illusion Jeff Speaks Philosophy 370 October 5, 2004 1 The objects of experience.............................. 1 2 The argument from illusion............................. 2 2.1
More informationJustified Inference. Ralph Wedgwood
Justified Inference Ralph Wedgwood In this essay, I shall propose a general conception of the kind of inference that counts as justified or rational. This conception involves a version of the idea that
More informationContent Externalism and the Internalism/ Externalism Debate in Justification Theory
Content Externalism and the Internalism/ Externalism Debate in Justification Theory Hamid Vahid While recent debates over content externalism have been mainly concerned with whether it undermines the traditional
More informationspring 05 topics in philosophy of mind session 7
24.500 spring 05 topics in philosophy of mind session 7 teatime self-knowledge 24.500 S05 1 plan self-blindness, one more time Peacocke & Co. immunity to error through misidentification: Shoemaker s self-reference
More informationSKEPTICISM, ABDUCTIVISM, AND THE EXPLANATORY GAP. Ram Neta University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Philosophical Issues, 14, Epistemology, 2004 SKEPTICISM, ABDUCTIVISM, AND THE EXPLANATORY GAP Ram Neta University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill I. Introduction:The Skeptical Problem and its Proposed Abductivist
More informationRationalism of a moderate variety has recently enjoyed the renewed interest of
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR RATIONALISM? [PENULTIMATE DRAFT] Joel Pust University of Delaware 1. Introduction Rationalism of a moderate variety has recently enjoyed the renewed interest of epistemologists.
More informationDo we have knowledge of the external world?
Do we have knowledge of the external world? This book discusses the skeptical arguments presented in Descartes' Meditations 1 and 2, as well as how Descartes attempts to refute skepticism by building our
More informationKnowledge and Authority
Knowledge and Authority Epistemic authority Formally, epistemic authority is often expressed using expert principles, e.g. If you know that an expert believes P, then you should believe P The rough idea
More informationThe British Empiricism
The British Empiricism Locke, Berkeley and Hume copyleft: nicolazuin.2018 nowxhere.wordpress.com The terrible heritage of Descartes: Skepticism, Empiricism, Rationalism The problem originates from the
More informationKNOWLEDGE ON AFFECTIVE TRUST. Arnon Keren
Abstracta SPECIAL ISSUE VI, pp. 33 46, 2012 KNOWLEDGE ON AFFECTIVE TRUST Arnon Keren Epistemologists of testimony widely agree on the fact that our reliance on other people's testimony is extensive. However,
More information5.1 The principle of Phenomenal Conservatism
5 Moral Knowledge In the last three chapters, we have seen that moral claims are assertions about a class of irreducible, objective properties, which cannot be known on the basis of observation. How, if
More informationWhat is knowledge? How do good beliefs get made?
What is knowledge? How do good beliefs get made? We are users of our cognitive systems Our cognitive (belief-producing) systems (e.g. perception, memory and inference) largely run automatically. We find
More informationEmpiricism. HZT4U1 - Mr. Wittmann - Unit 3 - Lecture 3
Empiricism HZT4U1 - Mr. Wittmann - Unit 3 - Lecture 3 What can give us more sure knowledge than our senses? How else can we distinguish between the true & the false? -Lucretius The Dream by Henri Rousseau
More informationDoes Deduction really rest on a more secure epistemological footing than Induction?
Does Deduction really rest on a more secure epistemological footing than Induction? We argue that, if deduction is taken to at least include classical logic (CL, henceforth), justifying CL - and thus deduction
More informationSTUBBORN SYSTEMS: TWO NEW MULTIPLE COHERENT SYSTEMS OBJECTIONS FOR COHERENTIST MORAL REALISM. A Thesis ROSS T. COLEBROOK
STUBBORN SYSTEMS: TWO NEW MULTIPLE COHERENT SYSTEMS OBJECTIONS FOR COHERENTIST MORAL REALISM A Thesis by ROSS T. COLEBROOK Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial
More informationChapter 18 David Hume: Theory of Knowledge
Key Words Chapter 18 David Hume: Theory of Knowledge Empiricism, skepticism, personal identity, necessary connection, causal connection, induction, impressions, ideas. DAVID HUME (1711-76) is one of the
More informationWorld without Design: The Ontological Consequences of Natural- ism , by Michael C. Rea.
Book reviews World without Design: The Ontological Consequences of Naturalism, by Michael C. Rea. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004, viii + 245 pp., $24.95. This is a splendid book. Its ideas are bold and
More informationLecture 4.2 Aquinas Phil Religion TOPIC: Aquinas Cosmological Arguments for the existence of God. Critiques of Aquinas arguments.
TOPIC: Lecture 4.2 Aquinas Phil Religion Aquinas Cosmological Arguments for the existence of God. Critiques of Aquinas arguments. KEY TERMS/ GOALS: Cosmological argument. The problem of Infinite Regress.
More informationNATURALISED JURISPRUDENCE
NATURALISED JURISPRUDENCE NATURALISM a philosophical view according to which philosophy is not a distinct mode of inquiry with its own problems and its own special body of (possible) knowledge philosophy
More informationReligious Experience. Well, it feels real
Religious Experience Well, it feels real St. Teresa of Avila/Jesus 1515-1582 Non-visual experience I was at prayer on a festival of the glorious Saint Peter when I saw Christ at my side or, to put it better,
More informationThe Problem of the External World
The Problem of the External World External World Skepticism Consider this painting by Rene Magritte: Is there a tree outside? External World Skepticism Many people have thought that humans are like this
More informationPhil Notes #9: The Infinite Regress Problem
Phil. 3340 Notes #9: The Infinite Regress Problem I. The Infinite Regress Problem: Introduction Basic Ideas: Sometimes we believe things for reasons. This is one (alleged) way a belief can be justified.
More information1/12. The A Paralogisms
1/12 The A Paralogisms The character of the Paralogisms is described early in the chapter. Kant describes them as being syllogisms which contain no empirical premises and states that in them we conclude
More informationRethinking Knowledge: The Heuristic View
http://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319532363 Carlo Cellucci Rethinking Knowledge: The Heuristic View 1 Preface From its very beginning, philosophy has been viewed as aimed at knowledge and methods to
More informationSUPPOSITIONAL REASONING AND PERCEPTUAL JUSTIFICATION
SUPPOSITIONAL REASONING AND PERCEPTUAL JUSTIFICATION Stewart COHEN ABSTRACT: James Van Cleve raises some objections to my attempt to solve the bootstrapping problem for what I call basic justification
More informationUnit Four: Epistemology
1 Intro to Phil 2301 Unit Four: Epistemology Dr. Naugle And is it not shameless when we do not know what knowledge is, to be explaining the verb to know? The truth is, Theaetetus, that we have long been
More informationIs Klein an infinitist about doxastic justification?
Philos Stud (2007) 134:19 24 DOI 10.1007/s11098-006-9016-5 ORIGINAL PAPER Is Klein an infinitist about doxastic justification? Michael Bergmann Published online: 7 March 2007 Ó Springer Science+Business
More informationThe Extended Mind. But, what if the mind is like that? That is, what if the mind extends beyond the brain?
The Extended Mind 1. The Extended Body: We often have no problem accepting that the body can be augmented or extended in certain ways. For instance, it is not so far-fetched to think of someone s prosthetic
More informationLewis quoted Haldane: The Human Quest for Knowledge
The Human Quest for Knowledge the horrid doubt always arises whether the convictions of man s mind, which has been developed from the mind of the lower animals, are of any value or at all trustworthy.
More informationAn Inferentialist Conception of the A Priori. Ralph Wedgwood
An Inferentialist Conception of the A Priori Ralph Wedgwood When philosophers explain the distinction between the a priori and the a posteriori, they usually characterize the a priori negatively, as involving
More information1/7. The Postulates of Empirical Thought
1/7 The Postulates of Empirical Thought This week we are focusing on the final section of the Analytic of Principles in which Kant schematizes the last set of categories. This set of categories are what
More informationIn Defense of Radical Empiricism. Joseph Benjamin Riegel. Chapel Hill 2006
In Defense of Radical Empiricism Joseph Benjamin Riegel A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
More informationBasic Concepts and Skills!
Basic Concepts and Skills! Critical Thinking tests rationales,! i.e., reasons connected to conclusions by justifying or explaining principles! Why do CT?! Answer: Opinions without logical or evidential
More information