Berlin: Two Concepts of Liberty
|
|
- Monica Franklin
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Berlin: Two Concepts of Liberty Isaiah Berlin ( ) Born in Riga, Latvia (then part of the Russian empire), experienced the beginnings of the Russian Revolution with his family in St. Petersburg (Petrograd) Educated at Oxford, under the influence of logical positivism, where he later became Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory (from 1957 until 1967 a chair later held by Charles Taylor) Arguably not all that terribly productive as a scholar, but very influential as a public intellectual e.g., Gerry Cohen, Charles Taylor, Bob Rae, Michael Ignatieff 1
2 Two Concepts of Liberty (1958) Delivered as Berlin s inaugural address as Chichele Professor; ;possibly the most influential lecture in 20 th century political philosophy. Contents: Partly an exercise in the history of ideas, ostensibly an exercise in conceptual analysis, but most explicitly a defense of liberal pluralism. The historical i context t of the lecture the th Cold War, the struggle against fascism clearly influences its content. Negative Liberty: The area (domain) in which we are free from constraints imposed by other people. p The latter qualification is important for Berlin: Like Hobbes, Berlin holds that we must distinguish between freedom and a lack of power 2
3 If my poverty were a kind of disease which prevented me from buying bread as lameness prevents me from running, this inability would not naturally be described as a lack of freedom, least of all political freedom. It is only because I believe that my inability to get a given thing is due to the fact that other human beings have made arrangements whereby I am, whereas others are not, prevented from having enough money with which to pay for it, that I think myself a victim of coercion or slavery. (91, emphasis added) Coercion and Other People Berlin: So, a lack of power counts as a restriction of freedom only insofar as it is the result of arrangements made by other people; coercion is a deliberate interference within the area where I would otherwise be free (90-1). People aren t coerced by poverty, ignorance, etc., unless other people have made it so. On the one hand, this stipulation may seem a bit peculiar: Is a nicotine addict free to not smoke? But perhaps this does make sense of negative freedom in the political domain? Rousseau: the nature of things does not madden us, only ill will does 3
4 Negative Freedom in the Liberal Tradition Human purposes do not automatically harmonize with each other, so at least some restrictions on freedom are necessary (e.g., for the sake of justice, security, happiness). Private/Public Distinction: But there must be at least a minimum area of personal freedom that is inviolable. Otherwise, we degrade or deny our nature (92). Hobbes: A possibly very small minimum (as we ve seen) Mill: As much liberty as possible, consistent with others having the same (as we will see) Political Upshot (for Classical Liberals) Some more or less extensive variation on the nightwatchman a state For libertarians like Nozick (and Locke, Jefferson, early Mill), a good thing. For socialists like Lassalle (and Marx and others not to mention fascists), a sad, objectionable limitation on what the state t could (or should) achieve. 4
5 Preview: The Marketplace of Ideas In fact, for Mill (and market liberalism), a kind of automatic harmony supposedly can emerge precisely when the private realm (area, domain) of personal freedom is left quite wide and effectively protected by law. The Market View: The development of civilization, the pursuit of truth, etc., require a free market of ideas. People must be given considerable freedom to pursue whatever goals of self-development they may choose, else we remain in collective mediocrity (Mill). Berlin: Three Facts 1. Mill assumes that maximal freedom is a necessary condition for the development of independent, non-conformist, truth-seeking persons. But this is at best, empirical love of truth and individualism are also compatible with a highly disciplined community. 2. Contingency: The idea of individual liberty (and of a private domain immune from public control) is a comparatively modern, local idea. 3. Individual liberty does not entail democratic self-government: The answer to the question Who governs me? is logically distinct from the question How far does my government interfere with me? (93) 5
6 Positive Liberty: The condition in which one is free to be one s own master, to be a subject rather than an object; to achieve self-realization. Who governs me? is indeed logically distinct from How far does government interfere with me? But it is in this difference that the great contrast between the concepts of negative and positive liberty consists, (93) One Interpretation: Because I am a rational being, something distinct from the rest of nature, I want to conceive my own goals and projects and to be free to realize them but which projects? Which goals? T.H. Green: If I unreflectively accept whatever goals and desires I happen to have, and am left free to act on them, I may not be my own master but simply a slave to nature (an old idea in philosophy, going back at least to Plato) If I m to avoid this, mastery must be given to my higher self, my real self, my autonomous self or some such thing 6
7 But often, on positive liberty views, my real self is identified with something bigger and/or more powerful or permanent than the individual: My nation, my class, my church, my state. This, Berlin says, is the great danger: Once I take this view, I am in a position to ignore the actual wishes of men or societies, to bully, oppress, torture them in the name, and on behalf of their real selves, in the secure knowledge that t whatever is the true goal of man (happiness, fulfillment of duty, wisdom, a just society, self-fulfillment) must be identical with his freedom the free choice of his true, albeit submerged and inarticulate self. (95) Monstrous Impersonation Concession to reality: In fact, we sometimes may know what is in a person s best interest better than she does. But, says Berlin, this must be kept distinct from claiming/pretending that she chose our preferred action on her behalf and, therefore, is not being coerced. consists in equating what X would choose if he were something that t he is not, or at least not yet, with what X actually seeks and chooses, is at the heart of all political theories of self-realization. (95) 7
8 Enough manipulation with the definition of man, and freedom can be made to mean whatever the manipulator wishes. Recent history has made it only too clear that the issue is not merely academic (95) 8
TWO CONCEPTS OF LIBERTY
TWO CONCEPTS OF LIBERTY Isaiah Berlin Introduction, Polycarp Ikuenobe THE CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER Isaiah Berlin was born in 1909 and died in 1997. His essay Two Concepts of Liberty, which was
More informationPolitical Science 103 Fall, 2018 Dr. Edward S. Cohen INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Political Science 103 Fall, 2018 Dr. Edward S. Cohen INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY This course provides an introduction to some of the basic debates and dilemmas surrounding the nature and aims
More informationPhilosophical Review.
Philosophical Review Review: [untitled] Author(s): John Martin Fischer Source: The Philosophical Review, Vol. 98, No. 2 (Apr., 1989), pp. 254-257 Published by: Duke University Press on behalf of Philosophical
More informationTaylor: What s Wrong with Negative Liberty
Taylor: What s Wrong with Negative Liberty Charles Taylor (1931 - ) Canadian philosopher; succeeded Berlin as Chichele Professor of Social and Political Philosophy; taught for many years at McGill; now
More information21 Two concepts of liberty
21 Two concepts of liberty Isaiah Berlin What is freedom? Historically, Isaiah Berlin (1909 97) argues, two different concepts of liberty have arisen: the negative and the positive. Negative liberty, familiar
More informationPHIL%13:%Ethics;%Fall%2012% David%O.%Brink;%UCSD% Syllabus% Part%I:%Challenges%to%Moral%Theory 1.%Relativism%and%Tolerance.
Draftof8)27)12 PHIL%13:%Ethics;%Fall%2012% David%O.%Brink;%UCSD% Syllabus% Hereisalistoftopicsandreadings.Withinatopic,dothereadingsintheorderinwhich theyarelisted.readingsaredrawnfromthethreemaintexts
More informationBenjamin Visscher Hole IV Phil 100, Intro to Philosophy
Benjamin Visscher Hole IV Phil 100, Intro to Philosophy Kantian Ethics I. Context II. The Good Will III. The Categorical Imperative: Formulation of Universal Law IV. The Categorical Imperative: Formulation
More informationCourse Syllabus Political Philosophy PHIL 462, Spring, 2017
Instructor: Dr. Matt Zwolinski Office Hours: 1:00-3:30, Mondays and Wednesdays Office: F167A Course Website: http://ole.sandiego.edu/ Phone: 619-260-4094 Email: mzwolinski@sandiego.edu Course Syllabus
More informationTo link to this article:
This article was downloaded by: [University of Chicago Library] On: 24 May 2013, At: 08:10 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationTWO CONCEPTS OF LIBERTY. Fourth draft (D)
The Isaiah Berlin Virtual Library Fourth draft (D) For background see http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/published_works/tcl/ [167] Mr Vice-Chancellor, the studies to which the Chichele Chair of Social and Political
More informationContemporary Theories of Liberty. Lecture 1: Negative Liberty John Filling
Contemporary Theories of Liberty Lecture 1: Negative Liberty John Filling jf582@cam.ac.uk Overview 1. Freedom in general 2. Negative liberty 3. Clarifications a) Causality b) Desirability c) Actuality
More informationSUMMARIES AND TEST QUESTIONS UNIT 6
SUMMARIES AND TEST QUESTIONS UNIT 6 Textbook: Louis P. Pojman, Editor. Philosophy: The quest for truth. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN-10: 0199697310; ISBN-13: 9780199697311 (6th Edition)
More information4 Liberty, Rationality, and Agency in Hobbes s Leviathan
1 Introduction Thomas Hobbes, at first glance, provides a coherent and easily identifiable concept of liberty. He seems to argue that agents are free to the extent that they are unimpeded in their actions
More informationFINAL EXAM SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS PHILOSOPHY 13 FALL, 2007
FINAL EXAM SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS PHILOSOPHY 13 FALL, 2007 Your Name Your TA's Name Time allowed: 90 minutes.. This section of the exam counts for one-half of your exam grade. No use of books of notes
More informationFreedom Through Law, Not as an Exemption From Law. Daniel Virgil Pozza, Jr., B.A., J.D. Report. Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School
Freedom Through Law, Not as an Exemption From Law by Daniel Virgil Pozza, Jr., B.A., J.D. Report Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment
More informationChapter 2: Reasoning about ethics
Chapter 2: Reasoning about ethics 2012 Cengage Learning All Rights reserved Learning Outcomes LO 1 Explain how important moral reasoning is and how to apply it. LO 2 Explain the difference between facts
More informationINTRODUCTION. Human knowledge has been classified into different disciplines. Each
INTRODUCTION Human knowledge has been classified into different disciplines. Each discipline restricts itself to a particular field of study, having a specific subject matter, discussing a particular set
More informationMoralising liberty. 1 Introduction. Ralf M. Bader Merton College, University of Oxford
Moralising liberty Ralf M. Bader Merton College, University of Oxford 1 Introduction There are some things we have a right to do. 1 These things we are free to do. There are other things that we do not
More informationTable of Contents. 1. Introduction Self-ownership World-ownership Self-ownership and freedom 19
Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Self-ownership 3 3. World-ownership 12 4. Self-ownership and freedom 19 5. The meaning of equality and the equal share 27 6. A coherent conception of self-ownership
More informationCreative Genius and the Rights of the Individual: From Romanticism to Utilitarianism
Creative Genius and the Rights of the Individual: From Romanticism to Utilitarianism Prayer Before Studying Theology: Lord God, the strength of all who put their trust in you; mercifully accept our prayers,
More informationAnswer the following in your notebook:
Answer the following in your notebook: Explain to what extent you agree with the following: 1. At heart people are generally rational and make well considered decisions. 2. The universe is governed by
More informationTwo approaches to justice: by model theory vs. by natural history
Course description (Joseph Almog, Lund University, 4-8 February 2013) Two approaches to justice: by model theory vs. by natural history This project belongs ostensibly in a segregated academic box, political
More informationPhilosophy HL 1 IB Course Syllabus
Philosophy HL 1 IB Course Syllabus Course Description Philosophy 1 emphasizes two themes within the study of philosophy: the human condition and the theory and practice of ethics. The course introduces
More informationPhilosophy Conference University of Patras, Philosophy Department 4-5 June, 2015
Philosophy Conference University of Patras, Philosophy Department 4-5 June, 2015 Ethical and Political Intentionality; The Individual and the Collective from Plato to Hobbes and onwards Abstracts Hans
More informationUniversity of York, UK
Justice and the Public Sphere: A Critique of John Rawls Political Liberalism Wanpat Youngmevittaya University of York, UK Abstract This article criticizes John Rawls conception of political liberalism,
More informationUniversity of Denver. Josef Korbel School of International Studies. Introduction to Political Theory
University of Denver Josef Korbel School of International Studies Introduction to Political Theory Fall 2016 Nader Hashemi INTS 4708 nhashemi@du.edu Time: Thursdays 9 am-12 pm Office Hours: Tues. 5-6 pm
More informationIs the law of excluded middle a law of logic?
Is the law of excluded middle a law of logic? Introduction I will conclude that the intuitionist s attempt to rule out the law of excluded middle as a law of logic fails. They do so by appealing to harmony
More informationfactors in Bentham's hedonic calculus.
Answers to quiz 1. An autonomous person: a) is socially isolated from other people. b) directs his or her actions on the basis his or own basic values, beliefs, etc. c) is able to get by without the help
More informationThe dangers of the sovereign being the judge of rationality
Thus no one can act against the sovereign s decisions without prejudicing his authority, but they can think and judge and consequently also speak without any restriction, provided they merely speak or
More informationMoral Psychology
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 24.120 Moral Psychology Spring 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. 24.210 MORAL PSYCHOLOGY RICHARD
More informationINTENTIONALITY, NORMATIVITY AND COMMUNALITY IN KANT S REALM OF ENDS
INTENTIONALITY, NORMATIVITY AND COMMUNALITY IN KANT S REALM OF ENDS Stijn Van Impe & Bart Vandenabeele Ghent University 1. Introduction In the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Kant claims that there
More informationPRÉCIS THE ORDER OF PUBLIC REASON: A THEORY OF FREEDOM AND MORALITY IN A DIVERSE AND BOUNDED WORLD
EuJAP Vol. 9 No. 1 2013 PRÉCIS THE ORDER OF PUBLIC REASON: A THEORY OF FREEDOM AND MORALITY IN A DIVERSE AND BOUNDED WORLD GERALD GAUS University of Arizona This work advances a theory that forms a unified
More informationA Case against Subjectivism: A Reply to Sobel
A Case against Subjectivism: A Reply to Sobel Abstract Subjectivists are committed to the claim that desires provide us with reasons for action. Derek Parfit argues that subjectivists cannot account for
More informationTWO CONCEPTS OF LIBERTY. Original dictation (C)
The Isaiah Berlin Virtual Library TWO CONCEPTS OF LIBERTY Original dictation (C) For background see http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/published_works/tcl/ [Cassette 3, side B; CD 5, track 2] [part of V The Temple
More informationQué es la filosofía? What is philosophy? Philosophy
Philosophy PHILOSOPHY AS A WAY OF THINKING WHAT IS IT? WHO HAS IT? WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WAY OF THINKING AND A DISCIPLINE? It is the propensity to seek out answers to the questions that we ask
More informationJUSTICE AND POWER: AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL THEORY
Political Science 203 Fall 2014 Tu.-Th. 8:30-9:45 (01) Tu.-Th. 9:55-11:10 (02) Mark Reinhardt 237 Schapiro Hall; x3333 Office Hours: Wed. 9:00 a.m-12:00 p.m. JUSTICE AND POWER: AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL
More informationE. Curley, NEH Summer Institute, 2015
E. Curley, NEH Summer Institute, 2015 A neglected masterpiece? Arguably. An important defense of freedom of thought and expression? Definitely! Arguably more significant than the work of others who get
More informationCompromise and Toleration: Some Reflections I. Introduction
Compromise and Toleration: Some Reflections Christian F. Rostbøll Paper for Årsmøde i Dansk Selskab for Statskundskab, 29-30 Oct. 2015. Kolding. (The following is not a finished paper but some preliminary
More informationKant's Liberalism: A Reply to Rolf George
Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Osgoode Digital Commons Articles & Book Chapters Faculty Scholarship 1988 Kant's Liberalism: A Reply to Rolf George Leslie Green Osgoode Hall Law School of York
More informationPOLS 3000 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL THEORY
1 POLS 3000 Spring 2019 MWF 10:10-11:00 a.m. 301 Baldwin Hall Professor Ilya P. Winham Email: iwinham@uga.edu Office: 304A Baldwin Hall Office Hours: immediately after class and by appointment INTRODUCTION
More informationA Social Practice View of Natural Rights. Word Count: 2998
A Social Practice View of Natural Rights Word Count: 2998 Hume observes in the Treatise that the rules, by which properties, rights, and obligations are determin d, have in them no marks of a natural origin,
More informationUtilitarianism, Multiplicity, and Liberalism
Forthcoming in Utilitas Utilitarianism, Multiplicity, and Liberalism Jeff Sebo New York University Abstract In this paper I argue that utilitarianism requires us to tolerate intrapersonal disagreement
More informationPHL271 Handout 2: Hobbes on Law and Political Authority. Many philosophers of law treat Hobbes as the grandfather of legal positivism.
PHL271 Handout 2: Hobbes on Law and Political Authority 1 Background: Legal Positivism Many philosophers of law treat Hobbes as the grandfather of legal positivism. Legal Positivism (Rough Version): whether
More informationBart Streumer, Unbelievable Errors, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN
Bart Streumer, Unbelievable Errors, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. ISBN 9780198785897. Pp. 223. 45.00 Hbk. In The Philosophy of Logical Atomism, Bertrand Russell wrote that the point of philosophy
More informationFINAL EXAM SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS PHILOSOPHY 13 FALL, 2004
1 FINAL EXAM SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS PHILOSOPHY 13 FALL, 2004 Your name Your TA s name Time allowed: one and one-half hours. This section of the exam counts for one-half of your exam grade. No use of books
More informationPROFESSOR HARTS CONCEPT OF LAW SUBAS H. MAHTO LEGAL THEORY F.Y.LLM
PROFESSOR HARTS CONCEPT OF LAW SUBAS H. MAHTO LEGAL THEORY F.Y.LLM 1 INDEX Page Nos. 1) Chapter 1 Introduction 3 2) Chapter 2 Harts Concept 5 3) Chapter 3 Rule of Recognition 6 4) Chapter 4 Harts View
More informationAbstraction for Empiricists. Anti-Abstraction. Plato s Theory of Forms. Equality and Abstraction. Up Next
References 1 2 What the forms explain Properties of the forms 3 References Conor Mayo-Wilson University of Washington Phil. 373 January 26th, 2015 1 / 30 References Abstraction for Empiricists 2 / 30 References
More informationPHIL 103 Introduction to Philosophy
Spring 2001 Dr. David M. Mills Office: HM 408 Phone: (937) 766-7986 Office Hours: by appt. millsd@cedarville.edu Purpose and Objectives: website: http://www.cedarville.edu/employee/millsd/ PHIL 103 Introduction
More informationHEGEL (Historical, Dialectical Idealism)
HEGEL (Historical, Dialectical Idealism) Kinds of History (As a disciplined study/historiography) -Original: Written of own time -Reflective: Written of a past time, through the veil of the spirit of one
More informationHello again. Today we re gonna continue our discussions of Kant s ethics.
PHI 110 Lecture 29 1 Hello again. Today we re gonna continue our discussions of Kant s ethics. Last time we talked about the good will and Kant defined the good will as the free rational will which acts
More informationPH 101: Problems of Philosophy. Section 005, Monday & Thursday 11:00 a.m. - 12:20 p.m. Course Description:
PH 101: Problems of Philosophy INSTRUCTOR: Stephen Campbell Section 005, Monday & Thursday 11:00 a.m. - 12:20 p.m. Course Description: This course seeks to help students develop their capacity to think
More informationThe Sea-Fight Tomorrow by Aristotle
The Sea-Fight Tomorrow by Aristotle Aristotle, Antiquities Project About the author.... Aristotle (384-322) studied for twenty years at Plato s Academy in Athens. Following Plato s death, Aristotle left
More informationSOCIAL PHILOSOPHY from the BEGINNING 1/05
K 6. SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY from the BEGINNING 1/05 Start with the new born baby with impulses that it later learns from others are good and bad even for itself, and god or bad in effects on others. Its first
More informationPHILOSOPHICAL RAMIFICATIONS: THEORY, EXPERIMENT, & EMPIRICAL TRUTH
PHILOSOPHICAL RAMIFICATIONS: THEORY, EXPERIMENT, & EMPIRICAL TRUTH PCES 3.42 Even before Newton published his revolutionary work, philosophers had already been trying to come to grips with the questions
More information"El Mercurio" (p. D8-D9), 12 April 1981, Santiago de Chile
Extracts from an Interview Friedrich von Hayek "El Mercurio" (p. D8-D9), 12 April 1981, Santiago de Chile Reagan said: "Let us begin an era of National Renewal." How do you understand that this will be
More informationVATICAN II COUNCIL PRESENTATION 6C DIGNITATIS HUMANAE ON RELIGIOUS LIBERTY
VATICAN II COUNCIL PRESENTATION 6C DIGNITATIS HUMANAE ON RELIGIOUS LIBERTY I. The Vatican II Council s teachings on religious liberty bring to a fulfillment historical teachings on human freedom and the
More informationISAIAH BERLIN A Twentieth-Century Thinker
The Isaiah Berlin Virtual Library ISAIAH BERLIN A Twentieth-Century Thinker Alexis Butin This article is based on a paper presented at an international seminar on Isaiah Berlin s negative and positive
More informationNORMATIVE PRACTICAL REASONING. by John Broome and Christian Piller. II Christian Piller
NORMATIVE PRACTICAL REASONING by John Broome and Christian Piller II Christian Piller ABSTRACT In the first part I discuss the thesis, advanced by John Broome, that intentions are normatively required
More informationMC Radical Challenges to Liberal Democracy James Madison College Michigan State University Fall 2012 TTh 12:40 2:00 pm, Case 340
MC 370-003 Radical Challenges to Liberal Democracy James Madison College Michigan State University Fall 2012 TTh 12:40 2:00 pm, Case 340 Prerequisites: Completion of a Tier 1 writing requirement. Instructor
More informationLegal Positivism: the Separation and Identification theses are true.
PHL271 Handout 3: Hart on Legal Positivism 1 Legal Positivism Revisited HLA Hart was a highly sophisticated philosopher. His defence of legal positivism marked a watershed in 20 th Century philosophy of
More informationThe Enlightenment c
1 The Enlightenment c.1700-1800 The Age of Reason Siecle de Lumiere: The Century of Light Also called the Age of Reason Scholarly dispute over time periods and length of era. What was it? Progressive,
More informationHow Ancient Greece Influenced Western Civilization and The United States Government.
How Ancient Greece Influenced Western Civilization and The United States Government. We can trace Western Philosophy to three main philosophers from Ancient Greece. SOCRATES PLATO ARISTOTLE Socrates and
More informationChapter 7: Political Philosophy
Chapter 7: Political Philosophy Overview: Political philosophy addresses questions about how we should live, how society should be structured, and more. In this chapter, we will look at two political philosophies
More informationTHE TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARGUMENT AGAINST MATERIALISM AND ITS SEMANTIC PREMISE
Diametros nr 29 (wrzesień 2011): 80-92 THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARGUMENT AGAINST MATERIALISM AND ITS SEMANTIC PREMISE Karol Polcyn 1. PRELIMINARIES Chalmers articulates his argument in terms of two-dimensional
More informationThe Sabbath in the Old Testament: Building a Sanctuary in Time
The Sabbath in the Old Testament: Building a Sanctuary in Time Please remember that the participant guide includes more information and topics than can be covered in a normal 45- minute Sunday School class.
More informationIntrinsic Properties Defined. Peter Vallentyne, Virginia Commonwealth University. Philosophical Studies 88 (1997):
Intrinsic Properties Defined Peter Vallentyne, Virginia Commonwealth University Philosophical Studies 88 (1997): 209-219 Intuitively, a property is intrinsic just in case a thing's having it (at a time)
More informationPHI 1700: Global Ethics
PHI 1700: Global Ethics Session 9 March 3 rd, 2016 Hobbes, The Leviathan Rousseau, Discourse of the Origin of Inequality Last class, we considered Aristotle s virtue ethics. Today our focus is contractarianism,
More informationCare of the Soul: Service-Learning and the Value of the Humanities
[Expositions 2.1 (2008) 007 012] Expositions (print) ISSN 1747-5368 doi:10.1558/expo.v2i1.007 Expositions (online) ISSN 1747-5376 Care of the Soul: Service-Learning and the Value of the Humanities James
More informationSummary of Kant s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
Summary of Kant s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Version 1.1 Richard Baron 2 October 2016 1 Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Availability and licence............ 3 2 Definitions of key terms 4 3
More informationWhy Would Berlin Mischaracterize Rousseau? By Sean McGuire (Portland State University)
Why Would Berlin Mischaracterize Rousseau? By Sean McGuire (Portland State University) Abstract: Isaiah Berlin s Two Concepts of Liberty introduced the terminology of negative and positive liberty in 1958.
More informationDEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY FALL 2014 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS
DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY FALL 2014 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS PHIL 2300-001 Beginning Philosophy 11:00-11:50 MWF ENG/PHIL 264 PHIL 2300-002 Beginning Philosophy 9:00-9:50 MWF ENG/PHIL 264 This is a general introduction
More informationRESPONSIBLE JUDGMENT REASONABLENESS
Michael Lacewing What characteristics do tolerant individuals possess? Tolerance involves not acting on one s disapproval of a practice or value that one opposes. This definition allows that racists can
More informationNew Aristotelianism, Routledge, 2012), in which he expanded upon
Powers, Essentialism and Agency: A Reply to Alexander Bird Ruth Porter Groff, Saint Louis University AUB Conference, April 28-29, 2016 1. Here s the backstory. A couple of years ago my friend Alexander
More informationDefending the Argument. Robert H. Bass
A Dialogue on Ayn Rand s Ethics Rejoinder to Chris Cathcart, Egoism and Rights and Robert L. Campbell, Altruism in Auguste Comte and Ayn Rand (Spring 2006) Defending the Argument Robert H. Bass Introduction
More informationThe British Empiricism
The British Empiricism Locke, Berkeley and Hume copyleft: nicolazuin.2018 nowxhere.wordpress.com The terrible heritage of Descartes: Skepticism, Empiricism, Rationalism The problem originates from the
More informationPolitical Theory Working Paper
Political Theory Working Paper Número 17 Isaiah Berlin s value pluralism. Refining theory to improve democratic practice Ferran Requejo Coll ferran.requejo@upf.edu Octubre 2014 GRUP DE RECERCA EN TEORIA
More informationVI. Socialism and Communism
VI. Socialism and Communism Socialism & Communism Socialism and communism are related, but by no means identical ideologies (Possibly this requires less emphasis here in SK; possibly it requires more)
More informationHume is a strict empiricist, i.e. he holds that knowledge of the world and ourselves ultimately comes from (inner and outer) experience.
HUME To influence the will, morality must be based on the passions extended by sympathy, corrected for bias, and applied to traits that promote utility. Hume s empiricism Hume is a strict empiricist, i.e.
More informationA Major Matter: Minoring in Philosophy. Southeastern Louisiana University. The unexamined life is not worth living. Socrates, B.C.E.
The unexamined life is not worth living. Socrates, 470-399 B.C.E., Apology A Major Matter: Minoring in Philosophy Department of History & Political Science SLU 10895 Hammond, LA 70402 Telephone (985) 549-2109
More informationTOP BOOKS TO READ IF YOU WANT TO STUDY PHILOSOPHY AT UNIVERSITY
TOP BOOKS TO READ IF YOU WANT TO STUDY PHILOSOPHY AT UNIVERSITY Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, everything we understand to be connected with reality, existence, knowledge,
More informationTHE CONCEPT OF OWNERSHIP by Lars Bergström
From: Who Owns Our Genes?, Proceedings of an international conference, October 1999, Tallin, Estonia, The Nordic Committee on Bioethics, 2000. THE CONCEPT OF OWNERSHIP by Lars Bergström I shall be mainly
More informationPhil 114, April 24, 2007 until the end of semester Mill: Individual Liberty Against the Tyranny of the Majority
Phil 114, April 24, 2007 until the end of semester Mill: Individual Liberty Against the Tyranny of the Majority The aims of On Liberty The subject of the work is the nature and limits of the power which
More informationWednesday, April 20, 16. Introduction to Philosophy
Introduction to Philosophy In your notebooks answer the following questions: 1. Why am I here? (in terms of being in this course) 2. Why am I here? (in terms of existence) 3. Explain what the unexamined
More informationInterpreting Biblical Dietary Laws as Positive Freedom for a Holy and Ethical Life. Morgan Alyssa Elbot University of Memphis.
Interpreting Biblical Dietary Laws as Positive Freedom for a Holy and Ethical Life Morgan Alyssa Elbot University of Memphis Introduction Interpretations of the word of God constitute a dauntingly large
More informationII NIKO KOLODNY COMMENT ON MUNOZ-DARDÉ S LIBERTY S CHAINS
II NIKO KOLODNY COMMENT ON MUNOZ-DARDÉ S LIBERTY S CHAINS Munoz-Dardé (2009) argues that a social contract theory must meet Rousseau s liberty condition : that, after the social contract, each nevertheless
More informationHow to Live a More Authentic Life in Both Markets and Morals
How to Live a More Authentic Life in Both Markets and Morals Mark D. White College of Staten Island, City University of New York William Irwin s The Free Market Existentialist 1 serves to correct popular
More informationDEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS
DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS In ethical theories, if we mainly focus on the action itself, then we use deontological ethics (also known as deontology or duty ethics). In duty ethics, an action is morally right
More informationThe philosophy of human rights II: justifying HR. HUMR 5131 Fall 2017 Jakob Elster
The philosophy of human rights II: justifying HR HUMR 5131 Fall 2017 Jakob Elster What do we justify? 1. The existence of moral human rights? a. The existence of MHR understood as «natual rights», i.e.
More informationA Brief History of Thinking about Thinking Thomas Lombardo
A Brief History of Thinking about Thinking Thomas Lombardo "Education is nothing more nor less than learning to think." Peter Facione In this article I review the historical evolution of principles and
More informationWhy Is Epistemic Evaluation Prescriptive?
Why Is Epistemic Evaluation Prescriptive? Kate Nolfi UNC Chapel Hill (Forthcoming in Inquiry, Special Issue on the Nature of Belief, edited by Susanna Siegel) Abstract Epistemic evaluation is often appropriately
More informationTrue and Reasonable Faith Theistic Proofs
True and Reasonable Faith Theistic Proofs Dr. Richard Spencer June, 2015 Our Purpose Theistic proofs and other evidence help to solidify our faith by confirming that Christianity is both true and reasonable.
More informationBLHS-108 Enlightenment, Revolution and Democracy Fall 2017 Mondays 6:30-10:05pm Room: C215
Catherine McKenna, Ph.D. cjm22@georgetown.edu BLHS-108 Enlightenment, Revolution and Democracy Fall 2017 Mondays 6:30-10:05pm Room: C215 Office hours 5:30-6:30 Mondays and by appointment Course Description:
More informationFrench Absolutism, Enlightenment, & Revolution!
French Absolutism, Enlightenment, & Revolution! Outcome: The Enlightenment 1 Constructive Response Questions 2. What was the Enlightenment and who were some of the key contributors? 2 What Will We Learn?
More informationThe Principle of Sufficient Reason and Free Will
Stance Volume 3 April 2010 The Principle of Sufficient Reason and Free Will ABSTRACT: I examine Leibniz s version of the Principle of Sufficient Reason with respect to free will, paying particular attention
More informationBroad on Theological Arguments. I. The Ontological Argument
Broad on God Broad on Theological Arguments I. The Ontological Argument Sample Ontological Argument: Suppose that God is the most perfect or most excellent being. Consider two things: (1)An entity that
More informationSUPPORT MATERIAL FOR 'DETERMINISM AND FREE WILL ' (UNIT 2 TOPIC 5)
SUPPORT MATERIAL FOR 'DETERMINISM AND FREE WILL ' (UNIT 2 TOPIC 5) Introduction We often say things like 'I couldn't resist buying those trainers'. In saying this, we presumably mean that the desire to
More informationWhat intellectual developments led to the emergence of the Enlightenment? In what type of social environment did the philosophes thrive, and what
The Enlightenment Focus Questions: What intellectual developments led to the emergence of the Enlightenment? In what type of social environment did the philosophes thrive, and what role did women play
More informationJames V. Schall characteristically introduces. Unserious Docility. Thomas P. Harmon
REVIEWS Unserious Docility Thomas P. Harmon Docilitas: On Teaching and Being Taught By James V. Schall (St. Augustine s Press, 2016) On the Unseriousness of Human Affairs: Teaching, Writing, Playing, Believing,
More informationUNIT 1: THE ETHICAL DIGNITY OF THE PERSON
UNIT 1: THE ETHICAL DIGNITY OF THE PERSON A. THE CONCEPT OF PERSON. FEATURES What is the meaning of the word "person"? Person comes from the Greek word "prosopon" which refers to the masks used by the
More informationPlato's Republic: Books I-IV and VIII-IX a VERY brief and selective summary
Plato's Republic: Books I-IV and VIII-IX a VERY brief and selective summary Book I: This introduces the question: What is justice? And pursues several proposals offered by Cephalus and Polemarchus. None
More information