History of the English Language Miami University ILR Fall, 2004 Instructor: Cleve Callison
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1 History of the English Language Miami University ILR Fall, 2004 Instructor: Cleve Callison History of the English Language Fall, 2004
2 Roman Ruins at Bath Anglo-Saxon England
3 Hadrian s Wall
4 the Franks Casket
5 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 300-year history (9th-12th) Inspired by Alfred? 1st narrative prose in a European vernacular several traditions
6 A-S Chronicle: 449 Angles, Saxons, Jutes Invited by Vortigern Traditionally 449 Hengest and Horsa Called descendants of Woden (Odin)
7 A-S Chronicle: 793 beginning of Viking harassment of English Fiery dragons in the air, pestilence, storms portent of Viking attacks on Lindisfarne
8 A-S Chronicle: 878 Alfred s battles with Viking invaders establishment of Danelaw conversion of the Danes
9 A-S Chronicle: 1066 Harold defeats Vikings at Stamford Bridge Battle of Hastings Oppression Halley s comet (Bayeux tapestry)
10 Bede s Ecclesiastical History Pope Gregory appoints Augustine 597 Canterbury 597 Northumbria mid-seventh Irish missionaries & monasteries Synod of Whitby: reconciliation Bede:
11 Bede: conversion of Edwin Northumbria, mid-7th century Missionary Paulinus, priest Coifi, other Sparrow in the hall Comitatus ideal Destruction of idols/ Pagan v. Christian
12 Bede: Caedmon Illiterate brother at Whitby Vision of stranger Holy songs using traditional Germanic verse Caedmon s Hymn School of Caedmon existence unclear
13 Old English poetry 2 half-lines per verse/caesura/4-stress alliteration: 1 and/or vocabulary & variation heroic, elegaic, religious kenning: metaphors litotes: ironic understatement
14 Caedmon s Hymn Simple lyric Variations on God : guardian(2), ruler, glory-father, creator, lord (3) Middle-earth
15 Deor Figures of Germanic legend -- some unknown Allusive treatment, assumes recognition Unusual stanzaic structure Weland/Beadohild story Related to personal sorrow Theme of exile from comitatus
16 Finnsburh fragment How long is it? Story recurs in Beowulf Related to Hengest the settler? Theme of divided loyalty Swearing allegiance to lord s killer Violation of comitatus
17 Waldere Another tale from Germanic legend Lovers ambushed; later ballad subject Speeches Weland, sword
18 The Battle of Maldon (1) Another fragment Actual event of 893 Was Byrhtnoth foolish? Themes of loyalty Speech of old retainer/heroic code
19 The Battle of Maldon (2)
20 Sutton Hoo (1) Site near Woodbridge in SE Sussex, 1939 Richest burial ever discovered in Britain Anglo-Saxon ship & treasures King Raedwald of East Anglia (died c. 627)? Baptized, reverted to paganism
21 Sutton Hoo (2) Belt buckle
22 Sutton Hoo (3) Dragon staff
23 Sutton Hoo (4) Clasps
24 the Franks Casket (1)
25 the Franks Casket (2) Whalebone box, early 8th century Runic carvings of OE verse Mixture of cultures: Roman (Romulus and Remus) Pagan Germanic (Weland & Beadohild) Christian: Adoration of the Magi
26 the Franks Casket (3) front panel
27 the Franks Casket (4) Weland & Beadohild
28 the Franks Casket (5) Adoration of the Magi
29 The Dream of the Rood Cross as speaker Several lines carved on the Ruthwell Cross in Scotland Cross as Christ s thane Heroic ideal in Christian terms
30 The Wanderer Elegaic poems from the Exeter Book Theme of exile Bleak nature poetry mimics mood Fate ( Wyrd ) Christian consolation
31 The Seafarer Another elegy about exile in the Exeter Book Vivid pictures of seafaring life Famous translation by Ezra Pound
32 The Wife s Lament
33 The Husband s Message
34 The Ruin Possibly Bath Roman baths built on Celtic sacred site Goddess Sula, Aquae Sulis Enta geweorc -- work of giants Stoic lament for transitoriness of life Appropriately, a fragment
35 Riddles Part of Exeter Book collection Keen observation of the natural world Virtually the only humor in OE literature Playfulness Sense of world as metaphor
36 Beowulf -- introduction
37 Beowulf -- the text Emblematic poem for Old English Much remains unknown Single manuscript Anywhere from 8th-10th centuries Presents stories from continental Germans
38 Beowulf -- key questions Who wrote it? Where does it fit into Anglo-Saxon literature? When was it written? (Offa 122?) For whom was it written? How was it written?
39 Beowulf -- key oppositions Folk-tale vs. history (75, 129) Men vs. monsters (91, 92 Good vs. evil Light vs. dark (113, 144) Fate ( wyrd ) vs. action (88) Pagan vs. Christian (97, 117,
40 Beowulf -- cultural basis Oral vs. literate cultures Shame cultures vs. guilt cultures Set in the heroic past Identification with Geats? Danes? Swedes?
41 Beowulf -- oral-formulas Pre-literate society Poets memorized overall plots, brief formulas Performance, not text (remember Caedmon) How do they get written down? Is this the origin of Beowulf (95)?
42 Beowulf -- tragic figures Hrothgar (103) Hygelac (129, 133) Wealhtheow (103-4), Freawaru (124) Hildeburh (100), cf. Finnsburh Fragment Hengest Hrethel (135)
43 Beowulf -- key passages Death of Scyld Scefing (74) Grendel s mere (108) Hrothgar s sermon (117) Lay of the Last Survivor (130)
44 Beowulf -- design for irony The pattern of until (99, 117, but 119) Grendel s mother acting out of revenge (105) Hrothgar, Heorot are doomed (76) The Geats are doomed after Beowulf s death Revenge (106, 108) Treasure consumed by fire (131, 154)
45 Beowulf -- ubi sunt Where are... glories of the past coupled in Beowulf with dark futures Origin in religious literature Frequent theme in OE literature cf. The Ruin and other elegies cf. François Villon
46 Beowulf What does it all mean? Is endless warfare our fate? Is there a way out? Is there meaning in the struggle? Pagan vs. Christian eschatology Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics
47 The medieval worldview (I) Amalgam of Greek, Roman, Jewish, Islamic and Christian elements Perfect things precede imperfect things Earth at the center (or bottom) Everything has its natural place
48 The medieval worldview (II) Properties: hot, cold, wet, dry Elements (external) - Humors (internal) Earth (cold + dry) - melancholy Water (cold + wet) - phlegm (phlegmatic) Air (hot + wet) - blood (sanguine) Fire (hot + dry) - choler (choleric)
49 The medieval worldview (III) No action except through a mean Theophanies were not appearances of God Hierarchies of angels/plenitude Seraphs, Cherubim, Thrones Dominions, Princedoms, Powers Virtues, Archangels, Angels
50 Medieval cosmology Sky (ouranos) and Nature (physis) Comes from Aristotle Spherical earth Spheres for intelligences/planets Worlds of light and music God as Prime Mover (Primum Mobile)
51
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