History 116 Exam II Spring 2015

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1 History 116 Exam II Spring 2015 On your Scantron, mark the letter which corresponds to the BEST answer of those given. Remember, pencil only, don t mark too hard, and don t make any other marks on the Scantron. 1. The Hellenistic era describes an age that saw. a. the extension and imitation of Greek culture throughout the ancient Near East.. b. the absence of autocratic power for nearly three centuries.. c. the disappearance of a Greek cultural legacy until Roman times.. d. Alexander's successors maintain a united empire until Roman times.. e. the disappearance of Greek religious beliefs and practices. 2. The Hellenistic states in the centuries after Alexander the Great a. became despotic monarchies. b. rarely fought amongst themselves. c. combined Greek-Macedonians and Near Eastern natives in administrative positions. d. showed little innovation in their armies. e. all disappeared by the second century B.C.E. 3. Which of the following statements best describes Hellenistic cities? a. small and governed by a military elite. b. important centers of administration, most of which were dominated by Greeks and Greek culture. c. urban centers, where the inhabitants spoke only their native tongue. d. cities that had a population of 10,000 which were dominated by a trading class. e. most were ruled by non-greeks. 4. Improvements in trade and commerce in the Hellenistic world were greatly aided by all of the following except a. improvements in harbors. b. revolutionary innovations in agriculture. c. a money economy. d. the development of major trade routes. e. the emergence of a large merchant and artisan class. 5. Which class of women achieved the most notable gains during the Hellenistic period? a. lower class b. middle class c. upper class d. slaves e. working class

2 6. Which of the following was NOT a major source of slaves in the Hellenistic world? a. citizens who could not pay their debts were sold into slavery. b. children were sold into slavery by their parents. c. prisoners of war became slaves of their captors. d. persons kidnapped by pirates could be auctioned off as slaves. e. persons whose parents were slaves Among the most ill-treated of Hellenistic slaves were those a. used in domestic service. b. who worked in Egyptian gold mines. c. who worked on the desert irrigation projects in Syria. d. who surrendered in open combat during wars. e. who were employed on construction projects in Susa and Persepolis. 8. What was the greatest difference between education during the Hellenistic period and education during the classical period? a. Rather than being a private enterprise, Hellenistic education became a duty of cities and their governments. b. Poor and middle-class Greeks alike were allowed to go to Hellenistic schools. c. The core curriculum became music and art rather than history, rhetoric, and philosophy. d. The elective systems was first introduced, allowing students to choose the subject matter they preferred over any set, classical curriculum. e. Educational establishments were completely under the control of religious bodies and institutions. 9. What was the primary difference between the philosophy of the Greek classical period and philosophy during the Hellenistic period? a. Hellenistic philosophy was more political than classical philosophy. b. Classical philosophy dealt primarily with ethics and human behavior. c. Classical philosophy was centered in Athens; Hellenistic philosophy in Corinth. d. Hellenistic philosophy dealt more with human happiness disassociated from the life of the polis. e. Hellenistic philosophy advocated divine right monarchy. 10. How did Greek religion change during the Hellenistic period? a. It changed to various kinds of emperor worship. b. Fertility gods took the place of the classical Greek gods. c. The Greeks became very receptive to the eastern religious mystery cults. d. The Greeks reverted back to a form of animism. e. It was deeply influenced by Buddhism, brought to the west by Alexander and his successors.

3 3 11. Rome set a precedent for treating its vanquished foes after forming the Roman confederation by a. forcing slave labor on the populace of the defeated cities. b. offering the most favored "allied" peoples full Roman citizenship, thus giving them a stake in successful Roman expansion. c. slaughtering the citizens wholesale and selling the rest to pirates. d. confiscating all the property of defeated peoples. e. creating for the first time the citizen category of "plebiean." 12. Which statement best describes the early Roman Republic? a. It was a true democracy. b. It was a façade behind which powerful kings exercised full control. c. It limited government to male members of the city s patrician families. d. It divided government equally between two branches: patricians and plebeians. 13. The paterfamilias in Roman society was a. a client to a patron or wealthy citizen. b. the male head of the household. c. an upper-class aristocrat. d. a common person. e. the male head of the family. 14. The ideal citizen of the Roman Republic was a a. priestly jurist b. philosopher-king. c. merchant prince d. farmer-soldier. 15. The immediate cause of the First Punic War was a. Carthaginian treachery in the Pyrrhic Wars. b. Roman colonization in North Africa. c. Carthaginian expansion along the Spanish and Italian coasts. d. Rome sending an army to Sicily. e. Cato's decision to destroy Carthage. 16. The Roman senator who led the movement for the complete destruction of Carthage was a. Cato. b. Scipio. c. Marius. d. Pliny the Elder. e. Sulla.

4 17. It is fair to say that Roman imperial expansion was a. ruthlessly and carefully planned from the beginning. b. driven solely by economic necessity. c. opposed by most senators as too costly and too dangerous. d. highly opportunistic, responding to unanticipated military threats and possibilities for glory. e. futile, as Rome's empire did not endure By the latter Republic, Roman slaves a. often worked on the Roman latifundia. b. usually received humane treatment from their owners. c. never received humane treatment from their owners. d. were used as soldiers in the army. 19. Which of the following statements about marriage best captures the realities for Roman women by the 1st century B.C.E.? a. they had legal independence inside their marriages. b. they had legal control over all children still at home. c. they were legally controlled by their husbands. d. they remained legally the property of their fathers. e. if rich enough, they could marry two husbands simultaneously. 20. In Rome, the male family head, the paterfamilias, could a. sell his children. b. put his children to death. c. arrange the marriages of all offspring. d. divorce his wife. e. all the above 21. Which one of the following innovations enabled Romans to erect giant amphitheaters, public baths, and high-rise tenement buildings? a. steel. b. copper. c. calculus. d. concrete. e. load-bearing arches. 22. The Law of the Twelve Tables a. abolished the office of consul. b. allowed anyone to know what the established laws were. c. afforded land rights to plebeians and patricians alike. d. freed all slaves except those attempting to revolt. e. established weights and measures for trade.

5 23. Which statement BEST describes Roman treatment of conquered Latium? a. There was no consistent policy and the fate of conquered peoples rested on patrician whim. b. Conquered chieftains were executed, but the peasant classes were freed. c. The conquered people were treated somewhat generously and made either citizens or allies of Rome. d. The Romans ruthlessly and thoroughly slaughtered all those who fell into Roman hands. e. The Romans turned them all into zombies. 24. While the populares championed ideas that appealed to the common man, the optimates affirmed Rome s conservative traditions and defended the prerogatives of which group? a. the plebeians b. the patricians c. the Senate d. the military 25. The reforms of Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus a. helped create a system of absolute political domination by the optimates. b. eliminated the position of tribune of the plebs. c. resulted in further instability and violence as they polarized various social groups. d. were a total success, bringing some more egalitarian laws and customs. e. made Rome more democratic. 26. Which of the following statements on the Roman military during the late Republic is NOT accurate? a. The Roman armies were strictly disciplined. b. The Romans employed engineers in the army. c. Roman armies were largely composed of farmers. d. The more maneuverable legion replaced the phalanx. e. Roman forces were never defeated in battle. 27. The nature of imperial expansion in the late Republic made the typical Roman citizen-soldier a. an inadvertent destroyer of the Roman administrative system. b. the sole beneficiary of the newly acquired Persian lands. c. an economic and political victim who was forced to give up his eligibility for service. d. an object of terrorist attack by various patrician forces. e. an obsolete tool of imperialism. 5

6 28. A major part of Sulla's legacy and importance was that he a. became the first non-roman consul. b. became the first Roman general to use siege engines. c. prevented civil war by arbitrating disputes between Marius and Gaius Caesar. d. divided up the latifundia and restored the dispossessed farmers to their lands. e. employed his personal army in political disputes, paving the way toward Roman civil war Latifundia harmed Rome by a. Concentrating land in fewer and fewer hands. b. Creating a landless class of urban poor. c. Requiring the labor of huge numbers of slaves, which had to come from conquered peoples. d. All of the above. 30. Among Marius s dangerous military innovations, one finds he a. employed Greek mercenaries. b. recruited destitute volunteers who swore an oath of allegiance only to him. c. robbed the state treasury's tax revenues to buy weapons. d. made himself dictator for life. e. all the above 31. When supporters of Pompey relieved Julius Caesar of his command in Gaul and ordered him to return to Rome, Caesar a. refused to leave Gaul. b. returned to Rome with his legions and initiated a civil war. c. instead launched the invasion of Britain. d. left his forces in Gaul but renewed his political career in the Senate. e. obeyed only to be executed in Rome. 32. By crossing the Rubicon, Caesar showed that he a. was willing to disobey the direct orders of the Senate. b. was willing to compromise with Pompey. c. had no will to fight his enemies in Rome. d. wished to retire peacefully to his rural estates. e. was a loyal Roman citizen, willing to return peacefully to Rome. 33. Caesar s assassination was the result of: a. His, Marius, and Sulla s use of the military for political quarrels. b. Too many changes too fast in the Republic, even if the changes would have benefited the majority. c. Fears by the ruling class that he intended to make himself a king. d. Fears of the influence of his Egyptian mistress, Cleopatra. e. All of the above.

7 34. The Roman Senate under Augustus was a. stripped of all but the most superficial of powers. b. a full and equal partner of the princeps. c. retained as the chief deliberative body of the Roman state. d. no longer a high court of justice nor allowed to control the public treasury. e. completely dissolved and eliminated Which of the following reforms did Augustus carry out to deal with the problems of urban poverty? a. Providing free public education b. Building athletic facilities, baths, and brothels c. Transporting part of the urban population to rural areas d. Eliminating the competition of slave labor and raising wages e. Exiling Ovid 36. What did the Roman Senate hope to gain in giving up power to Augustus? a. Slaves b. Italian latifundias c. Good retirement d. Peace e. Discordia 37. Which of the following was NOT a measure taken by Augustus to solve the labor problem caused by low birthrates and the civil war? a. He financially penalized people for failing to remarry after being widowed or divorced. b. He taxed childless couples. c. He imposed fines on families with less than three children. d. He made adultery a crime against the state. e. All of the above 38. Which Greek philosophy most appealed to the Romans? a. Epicureanism b. Cynicism c. Stoicism d. Skepticism 39. The colonies of veterans established by Augustus throughout the empire proved especially valuable in a. getting rid of external threats.draining the imperial treasury of its funds. b. drawing extra criticism to the emperor. c. attracting new recruits to the army from frontier provinces. d. Romanizing the provinces.

8 40. Which of the following statements was true of Augustan society? a. Popular assemblies of the lower classes continually grew in importance. b. Legislation was passed concerning the corruption of morals. c. Equestrians gained the upper hand in the political sphere. d. Religion was no longer considered important. e. The city of Rome, including the Colosseum, was entirely rebuilt Augustus' social legislation enacted to stop the decline of Roman morals a. meant a social revolution at every level of Roman society. b. made adultery a criminal offense and outlawed wasteful expenditures for feasts. c. penalized couples for having too many children. d. encouraged the development of the nuclear family. e. all of the above 42. Which of the statements best describes the Julio-Claudian emperors? a. were all competent rulers. b. varied wildly in ability and effectiveness. c. were responsible for a tremendous amount of social legislation. d. undid all the military reforms of Augustus e. were all completely incompetent 43. Who below has historically been underestimated but was actually a pretty good emperor? a. Nero b. Caligula c. Augustus d. Brutus e. Claudius 44. All of the following characterized the Five Good Emperors except that a. they were all chosen by their predecessors on their perceived ability to rule. b. they all believed that to survive, Rome must continually expand. c. their rule is (almost) universally acclaimed as a comparatively peaceful, benevolent time in the Roman Empire. d. None of the above. 45. The "good emperor" Marcus Aurelius was regarded as a philosopher king deeply influenced by the principles of a. Epicureanism. b. Stoicism. c. Platonism. d. Christianity. e. Zoroastrianism.

9 46. Imperial Rome's gladiatorial shows, among other things, a. became increasingly associated with religious practices. b. were limited to fights between slaves and criminals trained at gladiatorial schools. c. paled in popularity to the Circus Maximus. d. were government-backed spectacles used to content the masses. e. were outlawed by Augustus as being in violation of his policy of moral reform Which ruler concentrated on strengthening the empire s borders, an effort that might be symbolized by the construction of a 72-mile-long wall spanning northern Britain? a. Domitian b. Nerva c. Trajan d. Hadrian 48. How did Rome s appetite for luxury goods from the Far East affect the Roman economy? a. It increased trade and, therefore, increased Rome s export revenue. b. It had little or no effect on the economy but a great effect on culture. c. It depleted Rome s precious metals supply and undermined its monetary system. d. It increased domestic production of luxury goods and spurred competition. 49. s tenure was characterized by a series of natural disasters and wars, but the worst thing to come out of his reign was the succession of his son, Commodus, a dissolute and violent man. a. Antoninus Pius b. Hadrian c. Marcus Aurelius d. Septimius Severus e. None of the above. 50. Based on its record of conquest and destruction of cities, slavery, and military aggression, what statement best characterizes Roman imperial policy? a. The Romans never engaged in any conquest or empire building. b. Roman deities were directing any aggressive attempts toward enemies. c. The Romans were only protecting themselves when conquering others. d. Romans refused to accept defeat and thus had to keep conquests going. e. Roman expansion was most likely a mixture of policy and opportunity. Extra Credit 51. Peace, during the reign of Augustus, was largely a result of. a. economic prosperity. b. Augustus s excellent diplomacy. c. the freedoms afforded by republican government. d. military reform.

10 52. The most serious slave revolt, occurring between 74 and 71 B.C.E., was led by _. a. Greeks. b. soldiers. c. gladiators. d. Germans. e. equites. 10 Short Answer Extra Credit - 1pt Each Answer the question in one short (2-3 sentence) paragraph on a separate sheet of paper - do NOT staple it to your Scantron - DO PUT YOUR NAME ON IT. Also, please make sure I can read it. 53. Which Roman (or person associated with Roman history) do you find the most interesting? (Can be male, female, an emperor or someone else - we don t have to have covered him or her) And why? 54. What was one thing you wish we d gone into either in more depth or that we didn t cover and you wish we had? 55. Which part of this section was the most interesting to you?

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