ROMAN EMPIRE Pax romana:

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2 LOCATION Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with an estimated population of 50 to 90 million inhabitants and covering 6.5 million square kilometers (2.5 million sq mi) during its height between the first and second centuries AD. In its approximately 12 centuries of existence, Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy to a classical republic to an increasingly autocratic empire. Through conquest and assimilation, it came to dominate Southern Europe, Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, parts of Northern Europe, and parts of Eastern Europe.

3 ROMAN EMPIRE Pax romana: a time of social, political and economic stability that lasted until the II century A.D. Territorial conquests :the empire reached its maximum size Crisis of the III century: the empire entered a period of decline. This was caused by corruption, barbarian invasions, increased taxation. End of the empire: in 395A.D., Emperor Theodosius divided the empire, Western Roman Empire, capital(rome), Eastern Roman Empire, capital(constantinople). In 476 A.D., the Germanic people deposed the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire then became known as Byzantine Empire and survived until the XV century.

4 ROMAN EMPIRE The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Romanum) was the post-republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean in Europe, Africa, and Asia. The 500-year-old Roman Republic, which preceded it, had been destabilized through a series of civil wars. Several events marked the transition from Republic to Empire, including Julius Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator (44 BC); the Battle of Actium(2 September 31 BC); and the granting of the honorific Augustus to Octavian by the Roman Senate(16 January 27 BC).

5 REPUBLIC From 509 to 27 B.C., Rome was a republic and the citizens elected the government. Peoples assemblies: formed by all citizens, who decided and voted on laws. Magistrates: elected anually. The Senate: responsible for foreign policy and also controlled the army, religion, the law and the courts. The senators became so powerful that, in the end, they practically ruled the republic. There was a battle between Rome and Carthage for taking control of the Mediterranean Sea, this war was called The Punic Wars, which took some years

6 ROMAN EMPERORS (1) JULIO CESAR OCTAVIO AUGUSTO FIRST EMPEROR OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE ( 27 B.C. to 14 A.D. ) CAYO JULIO CESAR AUGUSTO (CALIGULA) One of the biggest military men of the history of Rome ( 37 A.D. to 41 A.D. ) NERON One of the Emperors : the most implacable persecutors of the Christians. ( 54 A.D. to 68 A.D. )

7 ROMAN EMPERORS CAYO JULIO VERO MAXIMO He had enormous force and stature, 2.59m he was the highest of the emperors. CRISIS OF THE THIRD CENTURY. With he began the beginning of the crisis of the third century. The duration was of approximately 50 years. ( 235 A.D. to 238 A.D. ) ROMULO AUGUSTO THE LAST ONE OF THE EMPERORS. He resigned his crown before the Byzantine Empire and come THE END OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. ( 475 A.D. to 476A.D. ) ADRIANO PAX ROMANA. Third party of five good emperors, as well as second of the Hispanic emperors, during his reign the Empire was in peace and reached the major territorial extension of his history. ( 117 A.D. to 138 A.D. )

8 RELIGION IN ROME (1) - ROMANS BELIVED IN MANY GODS AND GODDESSES STATE GODS ROMAN GODS AND GODDESSES D I A N E J U P I T E R J U N O M E R C U R I U S M I N E R V A N E P T U N O A P O L L O V E N U S HOUSEHOLD DEITIES Househol LARES d Deities made sure families had enought to eat MANES Spirit s of the Dead PENATE S Gods of the provision s

9 RELIGION IN ROME (2) CHRISTIANITY - Christians BELIVE IN a SINGLE GOD ( Monotheism). - Christians were persecuted by refusal to worship the Emperor. - Christians hid in the CATACOMBS A.D. Constantine published the EDICT OF MILAN. This established freedom of worship in the empire A.D. Theodosius proclamed Christianity to be the Oficial Religion of the Roman Empire.

10 ARTS OF ROME Each historic period of Rome is distinguished by the art and architecture. For example the republican art, which is related to the Republican Rome,appeared the firsts paintings and portraits. Or for example, during the imperial Rome, it is the Augustean art, when it appeared the sculptures and the marble columns. During the middle age in Rome, they started building the firsts catholic churchs and they started making mosaics. Romanic paintings were very abundant in Rome. They made paintings which represented architecture, animals, places and people. They made portraits of people, and they also started doing mosaics.

11 ARTS OF ROME There are four types of Roman painting style: 1.Incrustation: It began on 2nd century B.C and ended on 1st century B.C. This style is used to decorate the walls covered by marble, which normally, the wall is divided into three horizontal layers. 2.Architectual: It began on 1st century B.C. and ended with the beginning of the Roman empire. This style consists to draw a painting on the wall, using a perspective, to simulate the depth. 3.Arnamental: In this style, the spatial architectural effects dissapeared and it was a simple picture inside a frame, which represented a landscape or a figure. 4.Architectural illusion: It is an style where the imaginative motif and the architectural perspective are combined.

12 Amphitheatre: this held the gladiator and animal fights, also could support naval combats. The most famous is in Rome TYPICAL ARCHITECTURE Aqueduct: a bridge that is constructed to carry water over an obstacle, such as ravine or valley. The most famous in Spain is in Segovia Theatre: were actors performed comedies and tragedies. There is a big one in Merida, Emerita Augusta in latin. Circus: it was use for chariot races. Roads: there were made of several stone bricks.

13 TYPICAL ARCHITECTU RE Thermal baths: there were public baths with different rooms. Temples: every god has his temple, where the people went to pry. Triumphal arch: it conmemorated military victories and special events. Bridges: had several pillars and they were used to cross usually rivers or valleys.

14 TIPICAL CLOTHING The clothing in the Ancient Rome consisted of two types of pieces as the Greek, calls indutus (the underwear) and amictus (the exteriors). The men,in general,wore a short tunic, and in certain occasions it was used another kind of tunic, the "toga", a great piece of white wool. The women also wore the tunic and on her, the "stole" is in use (a long dress with a belt about the waist) to go out they wore a cape called "pallium", using one of the edges to cover the head.

15 SOCIETY The population of Rome was structured by wealth and legal rights. There were freemen (citizens, freedmen and clients) and slaves. Patricians and plebeians were citizens group but with different rights. The patricians were the descendants of the founders of Rome and grouped people, families with a common ancestor. They were a privileged class, thanks to the possession of large estates, and politics, as they were the only citizens with political rights. The plebeians were citizens who settled in Rome after its founding and only had civil rights. They lived by trade or craft and small farms

16 ROMAN GASTRONOMY Roman cousine changed over the long term (over a thousands) of its ancient civilization. Their habits were influenced by the Greek culture, political change from monarchy to republic and then to empire and the enormus expansion of the latter, which brought many new cualinary habits and cooking techniques of the provinces. At first, the differencies between social classes were not at significant, but the distance between them grew along with the rule.

17 ROME DURING THE XXI CENTURY. During this century, the Roman people live from the tecnology, for example the heating, medicine, cars The cities also improved, for example they improved the houses, the stadiums of sports,they made cars and they started using a very important material for construction called concrete,which is similar to the cement. Now, Roman people live in modern houses and have tecnological objects on their houses and they can go to modern places like cinemas,museums or restaurants. They also had improved a lot the transport, so now, they use cars, trains and planes. Their tecnology improved a lot, but they still have some ancient Roman buildings,like the Roman coliseum.

18 Roman hispania Roman Hispania was a colonie of romans in actually Spain. It was divided in different kingdoms called:. Tarraconensis, Lusitanian, Betica

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