FROM ALEXANDER TO THE CAESARS: THE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN WORLDS TO THE END OF ANTIQUITY

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1 HIST 275 D100 WMC3220 Dimitris Krallis Lecture: Tu 8:30-10:20 Tutorials: Th 8:30-9:20 Office: AQ 6195 Th 9:30-10:20 FROM ALEXANDER TO THE CAESARS: THE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN WORLDS TO THE END OF ANTIQUITY On the North shores of the Aegean Sea, from the lands of Macedonia, kings emerged in the fourth century BCE who conquered lands all the way to the rivers of India, the Mountains of Afghanistan, the Arabian Desert and the sands of Egypt. Across the Adriatic Sea, one city in the center of Italy, Rome, flexed its might, defeated Etruscan neighbors, and eventually clashed with the rich and adventurous Carthaginians. This course follows the parallel rise of the Hellenistic and Roman worlds and the eventual clash between the two. It examines the outcome of the wars between Hellenistic Kings and Roman citizens and studies the world created by the victory of Roman imperialism, following the legacy of Alexander in the world of Caesar s heirs. The Hellenistic and Roman worlds spread the language and culture of the Greeks to Jews, Persians, Latins, Britons, Egyptians, and North Africans. Cities built on Greek grid plans and laws enacted with Roman punctiliousness spread from Greece and Italy all the way to Tunisia, England, Gaul, and the Near East, shaping the living environment and daily experience of millions. Alexander, the Hellenistic Kings and Caesar were heroes whose exploits we still celebrate today but they were also state builders and administrators who created a world where ideas, goods, and people traveled inspiring and enriching myriads. In this very world the teachings of an obscure Jewish preacher would meet Greek philosophy and morph into the dynamic and world-changing religion of Christianity. This coming semester we will follow the history of the Hellenistic and Roman worlds from the death of Alexander the Great to the reign of Justinian at the end of Antiquity. We shall ask questions regarding war, politics, culture, and religion, and explore texts that address the vitality and complicated legacy of this vast Greco-Roman space. Grade Breakdown: Class participation 20% In class assignments 20% Midterm exam 25% Final Exam 35% Select Readings from these two and other books will be provided online Christopher Kelly, The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford 2006) Gillian Clark, Late Antiquity: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford 2011) All other course material I will provide on the course website in openly accessible URL or PDF format

2 Class participation: You are expected to participate in tutorials. This means that you need to read the assigned texts and come to tutorial prepared to discuss them. Your presence and active participation in the tutorial will be graded. In class assignments: 4 times over the semester I will ask you to work during tutorial on textual analysis of an assigned document. This will be work in the form of short IDs, and sideannotations on a document, which you would have already read for class at home, so there should be no surprise here. The Midterm Examination: The midterm exam will be held in tutorial on Thursday October 12, It will be a 50 minute long engagement with a simple short essay question, 5 IDs, and 20 simple multiple-choice questions. The Final Examination will be on Tursday December 7, 2017 from 12:00 15:00 Absences are not allowed in this class. Any extra absence beyond TWO (2) will result in an automatic reduction of your participation grade by half a letter mark. Do the math. I will also not warn you of your status in the class. I will calculate your absences at the end of the semester and accordingly subtract from your grade. You are responsible for knowing at all times where you stand. On Wordpress use: You will find your readings either in URL form on the syllabus or on the course wordpress site, which you should check regularly to find out whether I have added any new readings for the tutorials. The wordpress site can be found in this URL: On etiquette: I will send s to you through the class mailing list I created. If you want to contact me you have to write to me at dkrallis@sfu.ca. Your s should be respectful, formal, carefully edited, and to the point. They are a record of your communication with your professor and should be treated as formal documents. I will not be answering vague, overly informal, and unsigned s. On plagiarism: Please consult the relevant page on the SFU website: Week 1 September 5 Lecture 1: Greece, Macedonia, and Rome: Parallel lives, Converging trajectories In this lecture we outline the historical context for Roman and Hellenistic History. Getting to know each other and performing a practice reading of different types of primary documents. Week 2 September 12 Lecture 2: Kings and Cities in Alexander the Great s World

3 Alexander created a vast empire and within it he built many cities. This lecture examines this world and charts the jockeying for power, the wars, and alliances that powerful Macedonian Kings Alexander s successors navigated in their quest for power, land, and riches. For background on ideas regarding Kingship read: Paul Cartledge, Rule by One Revisited, Ancient Greek Political Thought and Practice (Cambridge, 2009), from PDF on wordpress website. Read account of Alexander the Great and the Wedding at Susa on wordpress site. Also read the Letter of Ptolemy III to Xanthos. Also consider this piece on the Return of Kingly Rule, all available on the wordpress site. Week 3 September 19 Lecture 3: Hellenistic Governance and Hellenistic Culture The Hellenic world created in the Near East gave rise to new forms of management and governance as Greek political traditions were grafted on ancient Near Eastern territories. Here we examine the ways in which those territories were governed and the Hellenistic Culture that emerged in these Greek-ruled lands. For general background on the Hellenistic Era read The New World of the Hellenistic Period from PDF on wordpress website Read the First Philae Decree, the Letter of Seleukos to Heliodoros and the Treaty between Iasos and Ptolemy here. For background knowledge, read this piece on Hellenistic history, all available on the wordpress site. Week 4 September 26 Lecture 4: Children of the She-Wolf: Rome s Republic dominates the Mediterranean Here we look at the rise of Rome from city-state to Empire. How did the Romans take the Greek-style city state with its narrow territorial and political confines and turned it into empire? Why were the Romans more able to extend citizenship and grow the manpower available to their city? How did the Republic triumph and how did it meet its political end? From Christopher Kelly s, The Roman Empire: A very Short Introduction, read chapter 3 Collusion, from PDF on wordpress website Also read this Inscription on an Aqueduct and the Treaty of Rome with Lycia. What does the inscription tell us about public works in Roman times? Finally read Polybius account of the Roman political system. All material available on the wordpress website.

4 Week 5 October 3 Lecture 5: Augustus: Preserving the Republic by managing freedom After decades of civil war and thousands of deaths in brutal strife one man, Augustus, emerged as sole ruler of the Roman Republic. Augustus, whom we treat as the first Roman Emperor, argued that he did not abolish the Republic but that he rather saved it from its excesses. In this new imperial space Romans and Greeks had to learn how to live together. Read the Roman Decree from Ephesus, the Correspondence of Pliny with Trajan regarding the Christians in Bithynia, the Oration in Praise of Rome by Aristides, and the Advice to a young citizen by Plutarch in PDF form from the wordpress website. Week 6 October 10 Lecture 6: Imperial Rome and the Pax Romana From the days of Augustus and for two hundred years or so to the beginning of the third century Rome blanketed the world around the Mediterranean and lands as distant as England, Algeria, and Armenia with peace, law, and (Roman) order. In this space different peoples prospered and increasingly came to identify with their Roman rulers. MIDTERM EXAM: HELD IN TUTORIAL, THURSDAY OCTOBER 12 Week 7 October 17 Lecture 7: Pax Romana no more: The Third Century Crisis The peace of the first two hundred years of Rome s history was shattered by a nearly lethal combination of barbarian invasions and political instability. Even as Rome extended citizenship to every single free inhabitant of the empire in the early third century, an acute political, military, and economic crisis came to test the resilience of the Roman world. From Gillian Clark s, Late Antiquity: A Very Short Introduction, read chapter 4 Religion, from PDF on wordpress website Read Diocletian s decree for the persecution of Christians and the account of the Scillitan Martyrs from PDF on wordpress website. Week 8 October 24 Lecture 8: Constantine and the Christians The third century crisis ends with Diocletian, who also instigates a brutal crackdown on a dynamic new religious minority, the Christians. A few years after Diocletian s death Constantine, the son of his former associate Constantius, was to adopt the persecuted religion

5 and usher the Roman Empire into the Christian era. Read Eusebius and Zosimos divergent accounts of Constantine s career from PDF on wordpress website. Week 9 October 31 Lecture 9: Bishops, ascetics and the new order of things With Constantine openly favoring Christians the leaders of the Christian community emerged as important new social, economic, and political players in their communities. Here we have a look at their role and examine their place in the empire s cities, while also looking at another category of religious leaders, this time operating outside the cities: the Christian ascetics, holy men and women. Read Basil of Caesarea and Ambrose on their roles as bishops from PDF on wordpress website. Also read The Life of Anthony by bishop Athanasios from PDF on wordpress website. Week 10 November 7 Lecture 10: Romans and Barbarians If in the third century Rome managed to hold the frontiers and keep the barbarians out, this became increasingly harder in the period from the 4 th century onwards. By the fifth century, while the more prosperous Greek-speaking east had managed to defend itself from such outsiders, the Latin-speaking west had succumbed to barbarian rule, ushering a new period in the history of Europe. From Gillian Clark s, Late Antiquity: A Very Short Introduction, read chapter 6 Barbarism, Read the account by Sidonius Appolinaris on the Visigothic King Theodoric II. Read Salvian on Romans and Barbarians as well as Priscus on his trip to the court of Attila the Hun from PDF on wordpress website. Week 11 November 14 Lecture 11: Justinian and the Perfecting of the Christian State With Justinian the Roman Empire in the East reaches the pinnacle of its power and the Roman state managed by Constantinople becomes further Christianized. All this, however, does not happen without resistance. Justinian nearly loses his throne to popular rebellion, while minorities fought against his attempts to forcefully Christianize them. By the end of Justinian s reign the borders of the state had expanded dramatically. Cracks were, however, visible in Rome s imperial edifice.

6 From Gillian Clark s, Late Antiquity: A Very Short Introduction, read chapter 7 Bronze Elephants: Classical and Christian Culture, Read Prokopios on the Nika Riots in the Wars and the Secret History and his account of Hagia Sophia in the Buildings from PDF on wordpress website. Week 12 November 21 Lecture 12: The Great War and the End of Antiquity and the Rise of Islam The late sixth century is marked by warfare in both Europe, where the empire was facing the Avaro-Slavic invasions, and Asia, where a resurgent Persia challenged Rome s dominant position in the Near East. After the end of decades of destructive fighting both the Roman and Persian Empires suffered catastrophic defeats at the hands of a dynamic new group of warriors from the Arabian Peninsula, the pious converts to the new religion of Islam. With the rise of Islam the Roman Near East, as shaped by the conquests of the Republic, the Augustan peace, and Constantine s path to Christianity was to be no more. The Roman Empire continued to exist for another 700 years and is known to us as Byzantium, but the world of the Mediterranean was forever changed. Read Theophanes account of Herakleios campaigning in Armenia (for AD 621/2) and consider the place of religion in this short account. Also Consider the organization of the conquered lands proposed in the Pact of Umar. Week 13 November 28 Screening of the film AGORA course wrap up and discussion of film FINAL EXAMINATION THURSDAY DECEMBER 7

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