Chapter 8. The Rise of Ancient Rome

Transcription

1 Chapter 8 The Rise of Ancient Rome

2 Section 1 The Roman Republic

3 Let s Start at the Beginning - Fable beginning Twin brothers began Rome Romulus & Remus children of a princess & Mars god of war King fearful they might seize power Ordered them drowned Gods save them female wolf protect them Shepherds raise them They kill king & settle Rome

4 What is the geography? Located with 7 hills = easy defense Chosen for: Good soil River At center of peninsula Italy By Mediterranean Sea center of known western world

5 Who were the Etruscans? 600 B.C. Etruscans held power Have found: Their writings Language unlike most ancient Italians & Latin Ruled as king People disliked no say in government

6 Who were the Etruscans? Some historians believe: 509 B.C. Roman revolt against Tarquinius Superbus & drove out Etruscans Many modern historians doubt story and do not know when Rome set up their republic Rome still adopted Etruscans ideas: gods Greek alphabet Toga

7 Hello Republic After Etruscans territory expanded 264 B.C. gain control of Italian Peninsula Established new government republic citizens who have the right to vote, select their leaders Leaders rule for people Most powerful part Senate Basis of our legislative branch propose & votes new laws Made up of: 300 upper class men patricians member of wealthy family Ordinary citizens plebeians not allowed in senate

8 Who was truly in control? 2 chief officials consuls Similar to U.S. President Responsible for enforcing republic s laws & policies Elected by citizens Before 367 B.C. plebeians could not be consuls Senate advised consuls on: Foreign affairs Finances Laws Rule for 1 year Did what senate wanted them to do Power equally divided Both must agree for anything to occur One could veto a bill Rejection of any planned action by a person in power

9 What if the consuls disagreed? In event of emergency a dictator is appointed Roman official who had all the powers of a king but could only hold the position for 6 months

10 What about judges? Preators judges in civil law trials disputes about money, business, contracts Developed first Roman laws

11 Problems in society Problems between plebeians & patricians = want different things Patricians: Thought of themselves as a leader Fought to keep control of government Plebeians: Have right to be respected and treated fairly Did not trust actions of patricians Senate unfair to them Formed own group to protect interests

12 Problems in society Patricians: Wealthy because Rome s conquest Took riches from defects Bought small farms & created huge farms Plebeians: Not work on these farms slaves did work brought from conquest Farmers did not have work Cities filled with jobless plebeians Refused to fight in army Refusing to fight = patricians give in Demanded written rules- Twelve Tables applied equally to all New rules hung in marketplace for all see 2 groups were never equal to

13 Power continues Conquers territories controlled by Carthage (North African city) Drove Carthaginians from Spain s coast 146 B.C. Destroyed Carthage & Greece Eventually took rest of Spain & Gaul (Fr.)

14 Bye Bye Republic 120 B.C. trouble Some leaders try to break up estates & give to Plebeians Patricians kill these leaders Next 75 years successful generals form armies Consuls ignore each other constant vetoes Rome goes into civil war Julius Caesar stops this

15 Welcome Caesar Smart B.C. led army conquered Gaul Expanded territory & brought millions under Rome s control Troops followed him = loyalty Entered war with Pompey (backed by senate & nobility) 48 B.C. become dictator ignored 6 months rule & took most power senate had

16 Bye Caesar 4 years still civil war & still fought 45 B.C. became only consul 44 B.C. became dictator for life Reorganized government senators felt like they had a king hate ideas March 15, 44 B.C. Senators gathered around him and stabbed him to death

17 Now an Empire 13 years civil war ends Caesar s adopted con Octavian took over Gained title of Augustus highly respected First Roman Empire Empire lasted 500 years Developed largest government world had seen

18 Section 2 Roman Empire

19 Role of Augustus At 1 st, ignored senate & it s laws Once in control, he changed Respected He wanted to work with senate & restore republic = public gave him more power

20 What about the land conquered? Divided empire into provinces area of an empire, had a Roman governor supported by an army A city was built for each province capital Allowed people to follow religions Local rulers ran daily affairs If there were no problems, emperor did not interfere = want raw materials People adopted ways of life, gods, Latin (language), pay taxes

21 The 5 good guys Augustus died AD 14 = 82 years of good, bad & terrible rulers Two of the Worst Caligula Nero Both insane Caligula Proclaimed himself a god Appointed his favorite horse consul Nero Murdered his half brother, mother, and wife Possibly set fire to most of Rome

22 The 5 good guys 96 A.D. Rome enter the age of the Five Good Emperors Best of five were Hadrian Built good government Laws protected women, children, slaves Issued code of laws for entire empire Reorganized army so soldiers could defend their home provinces Encouraged learning

23 Rome looks an awful lot like Greece Admired Greek accomplishments Religion: Polytheism belief in more than 1 god Made sacrifices Gods had Greek counterpart Rome god of sky Jupiter same characteristics of Zeus Greece Developed: Math Philosophy Astronomy Rome used these to build & organize the world

24 Roman Architecture WOW!! Copied Etruscans & Greek Buildings were heavier & stronger because: Arch curved structure used as a support over an open space, as in a doorway Large wide arch ceilings = bigger floor space Developed concrete Mixture of cement, stone, sand, & water Colosseum site of contests & combats between people &between people & animals 5,000 seats Floor could be flooded for mock naval battles Elevators to rise animals to floor

25 Roman Architecture WOW!! Roads All roads lead to Rome Allowed military to move quickly = protection & control Helped trade Aqueducts structures that carry water over long distances Pg. 245 Huge lines of arches Miles long Channel on top to carry water Carry water from country to cities Tunnel though mountains & valleys Some still used today

26 What about laws? Laws established & passed through empire Laws & justice system are similar to our legal system today

27 Chapter 9 Fate of Ancient Rome

28 Section 1 Roman Daily Life

29 Life in the city Crowded by the time of Augustus over 1 million live there People proud of being roman citizen Every 5 years census taken official count of people living in Rome Men declared their families, slaves & wealth Once registered = Roman citizenship If not registered could lose property, old into slavery City was center of religion, politics, culture, also scene of social life

30 What about social classes? Few rich people Lived in elegant houses country estates villas Have large feasts Lived in tall apartments no running water, toilets, or kitchens Houses made of wood fires often fatal Needed wheat to survive Poor harvests or late shipments caused riots Emperor gave free grain to stop the rioting Many poor jobless Slaves

31 What else did the emperor do to make the poor happy? Had spectacular shows in: The Colosseum Arenas called circuses

32 What happened at the circuses? Violent Animals fighting other animals or humans or humans fighting humans Public executions of criminals Gladiators Most were slaves captured in battle Some were free men and women enjoyed fame and fortune they could gain

33 What happened at the circuses? Before they fought they saluted the emperor and said Hail Caesar! We who are about to die salute you. Ended when one gladiator died, dying, or disarmed on the ground Emperor decided if they would live: Thumbs up = live Thumbs down = die

34 What was family life like? Government rewarded parents who had many children Under Roman law: Father had absolute power Owned wife, children, slaves, furniture

35 What was family life like? Early days could sell a son or daughter into slavery Women freedom depended on her husbands wealth and status Wealthy women had a great deal of independence

36 What was slavery like in Rome? Most wealthy families owned slaves Poor families might Had no rights Took care of household slaves sometimes trusted Took care of children Farm slaves short brutal lives Worked chained together Powered Roman ships Saved tips or wages and bought their freedoms

37 Section 2 Christianity & the Roman Empire

38 How did religion work in the empire? People could practice any religion Must show loyalty to the Roman gods and Emperor

39 How did Christianity begin? Romans conquered Jewish homeland of Judea in 63 B.C. Once conquered, Jews could worship their God Some Jews disliked foreign rulers Thought a messiah - savior, would bring justice and freedom to their land Romans did not like Jews opposing them Appointed a new ruler of Judea named Herod

40 What happened during the time of Herod s rule? Jesus was born What is known about his life is in the New Testament in the Christian Bible After he died his disciples - followers, told stories about his life and teachings years after his death four stories were written about his life Four disciples wrote the stories called gospels Matthew, Mark, Luke, John

41 What was Jesus life like? Grew up in Nazareth Carpenter, began teaching others at age 30 Preached there was only one God, similar to Jewish religion Taught God was all loving and forgiving Said he was the son of God and the Messiah Promised if people followed his teaching = ever lasting life

42 What did some people think of his teachings? Many were alarmed Romans feared he would lead an armed revolt Roman governor condemned him to death He was crucified - nailed to a wooden cross According to the Gospels: Rose from the dead 3 after he was buried Spoke to his disciples Told them to spread his teachings

43 How did Christianity spread? In Greek - messiah means christos - called Jesus Christ Followers called Christians Religion spread from Jerusalem to to Rome Paul wanted to spread Christianity to everyone Originally he rejected Christian message Had a vision that Jesus spoke to him, after that he spread his word Helped turn Christianity into an organized religion Wrote letters or epistles to Christian groups Became part of the Christian bible

44 How did Christianity spread? Poor people in the cities listened to message of good news Called those who did not believe paganus (city dweller in Latin) root for pagan not Christian, Jewish or Muslim

45 How did they worship? Eventually organized into a structured church Borrowed from Jewish Sang Prayed Read scripture or Paul s letters Interpreted readings Sunday was day of worship Day they believed Jesus rose from the dead Two rites or holy acts practiced Baptism wash away sins Eucharist body & blood of Jesus memory of last supper

46 What did the Romans think of this? Saw them as enemies because they refused to worship Roman gods or the emperor A.D.64 fire destroyed most of Rome - burned for 9 days Emperor Nero blamed Christians Had many put to death Some were forced to fight wild animals in the Colosseum Some soaked in oil then burned alive Others, like Paul were crucified

47 What did the Romans think of this? As empire declined - it was blamed on Christians Still, message appealed to people, gave help to many Emperor Diocletian outlawed Christian services Imprisoned priests Put many believers to death Still grew Romans saw Christians as heroes during this Many considered martyrs - people who choose to die for a cause they believe in By AD300-1 in 10 Romans accepted Christian faith

48 Section 3 The Fall of Rome

49 How did the Roman Empire collapse? Began with the last good emperor - Marcus Aurelius died His son Commodus - poor ruler, began downfall He did not seek approval from senate before acting Bribed the army to support him After Commodus, emperors were successful generals not politicians These emperors: Stole money from treasury Rome s economy fell into pieces Senate lost power 29 emperors in 104 years - many murdered Army filled with mercenaries - foreign soldiers who serve only for pay Fight for no cause Often switch sides

50 How did the Roman Empire collapse? Empire became too big Enemies attacked Could not stop invasions With no new land to conquer = no new wealth High taxes Resources drained - paid army that did not always fight Unemployment Food shortage Inflation - more money with less value Prices went up Make more coins Value based on amount of silver in them, did not have much Money had less value Coins became worthless

51 How did the Roman Empire collapse? Diocletian tried to fix the problem Enlarged army Built new forts around boarder Better collection of taxes = to army Split emperor into 2 and appointed a co-emperor When he retired = struggle for power Constantine won ruled with Licinius Constantine ruled west Licinius ruled east Allowed freedom of worship Christians no longer be persecuted In east Licinius continued to persecute 324 Constantine wins power from Licinius & rules all of empire Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire

52 Constantine s work He built places of worship Built church in Jerusalem where Jesus was crucified, buried and rose from dead Helped build St. Peter s in Rome He speared no expense he called it New Rome Name changed to Constantinople city of Constantine Became power of Roman Empire 330 moved capital to Byzantium (today - Turkey)

53 How did the Roman Empire collapse? After Constantine s death Invaders enter empire Belonged to tribes from north - Germanic Tribes - Romans saw them as barbarians Captured and looted Rome Rome powerless Last emperor - 14 yrs. Old - Romulus Augustulus German general sent him to work on farm and general ruled Rome Eastern part remained strong Constantinople remained center of another empire - Byzantine Empire

54 Elements