Celtic and Roman. Britain

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2 Celtic and Roman 1- The North Sea Floods: The land joining Britain. A B.C.- Windmill Hill People B- They crossed the English Channel in skin boats, and dug out canoes. 2- The Beaker People- Invaded and conquered the Windmill People. A B.C. B- Very tall, powerful, and warlike invaders from Holland, and the Rhineland. Had knowledge on Bronze C- Worshipped the sun in temples open to the sky. Britain

3 Prehistoric Monoliths Avebury Stones B.C. Was the largest of all open air temples of prehistoric Britain. Stonehenge B.C. Developed in five stages over a span of nine centuries No stone quarries for miles How did they do this?

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5 Other Immigrations Followed: 1500 B.C. 1- A blending of these immigrants traditions established the distinctive Wesses Culture in Britain. 2- The Bronze Age- Organized religion and a priesthood. Also a tribal aristocracy centered around a kinglike chief was established.

6 The Last Century B.C: The Final Migration: Celts to Britain Celts who crossed from the European continent and settled in the British Isles (England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland). 1- First people of Britain of whom we have much knowledge. Celts. 2- Druidism: a Celtic Religion. Celtic priests are called Druids. Celtic Priest were called Druids. A: Worship of nature Druids. B: Priesthood taught immorality and transmigration of souls. 3- Celtic society- ones that counted were warriors and priests.

7 Celtic Britain and Gaul: 1- Three ties between Britain and Gaul: Druidism, Trade, and Racial Affinity. 2- Link was more direct when Belgic tribes of Gaul claimed south east Britain as their kingdoms. A: These Gallic Celts dispersed the native Celts from the best land of South east Britain. B: The Gallic Celts were the first tribes to face the next invader. Julius Caesar.

8 Invasions Of Julius Caesar 1- Julius Caesar made two attacks on Britain during his conquest of Gaul. A- The first expedition was a military failure. B- The second was successful and came one year later. C- One reason for the attacks was to punish the southern Britons who were providing aid to their kinsmen in northern Gaul B.C.

9 Later Roman Conquests For nearly a century after Caesar s invasions, the Romans left Britain undisturbed. Then in 43 A.D., Emperor Claudius sent an army of some forty to fifty thousand men, commanded by Aulus Platus, to Britain. 1- This invasion begins four centuries of Roman occupation of Britain. 2- Plautus was appointed as the first Roman governor in Britain.

10 Queen Boudicca s Revolt: 61 A.D. 1- On the death of her husband, King Prasutagus, of the Iceni, Boudicca's kingdom was plundered by the Romans. A- Boudicca was assaulted and her daughters were raped. B- Queen Boudicca revolted and led her armies against Rome at Colchester, St Albans, and London. C- She was defeated by the Roman governor Paulius. She later committed suicide.

11 Julius Agricola: Served as governor of Britain. He also completed the conquest of Wales. He extended Roman domination northward to Southern Caledonia. 2- Following Agricola s return to Rome, The Caledonian tribes regained their independence. 3- Agricola promoted Romanization, he encouraged native Britons to adopt Roman dress and use the Latin language. A.D.

12 Defensive Walls in Northern Britain. 1- Emperor Hadrian ( A.D.)- Hadrian s Wall 122 A.D. A- About 73 miles long. B- The wall is about six to ten feet wide and fifteen feet tall. 2- Emperor Antonius Pius ( A.D.) Antonine Wall A- About 37 miles long. Built between the Fifth and Forth of Clyde, just north of Hadrian s Wall. 3- The Romans by now had overextended themselves and rebellious Caledonian tribesman penetrated the Antonine Wall. Rome abandoned it in 185 A.D.

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14 Rome Withdraws from Britain: 407 A.D. 1- Italy was threatened by political factionalism and barbarian attacks. 2- Under Roman rule, the Britons copied the Mediterranean lifestyles but the Romans did not teach the Britons how to govern or how to defend themselves. 3- Christianity was the only institution to survive the departure of the Romans.

15 Developments in England 1- Early history was the story of invasions: A- 1 st through 5 th century, Britain was ruled by Rome. B- 5 th century England was invaded by various Germanic peoples (Jutes, Angles, Saxons). C- English Formula: Celts+ Angles Saxons +Jutes +Danes + Normans=English D- In the 9 th century, England invaded by the Danes. E- In the 11 th Century, England was invaded by the Normans (William Duke of Normandy).

16 Saxons came first as raiders but many stayed as settlers. The Saxons eventually dominated the other tribes. 1- As the last legions left, the island was gradually overrun by groups from Northern Germany and Denmark (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes). 2- The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes united to become the Anglo-Saxons. They built settlements, farmed and set up several small kingdoms. 3- Southern Britain became known as Angle land- England. 4- The Heptarch- Seven Kingdoms. Formed by the Anglo-Saxons in the early 600 s. The seven kingdoms were often at war with one another. Saxon Invasions A- Kent- was occupied by the Jutes. B- Essex, Sussex, and Wessex, were settled by the Saxons. C- East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria were claimed by the Angles.

17 Missionaries to England and Ireland: 1- Christianization- Three churches existed in England. A- Old Briton- Church in Wales B- Iro-Scotch- In Ireland and Scotland. C- Anglo-Saxon- In England. Was in close contact with Rome. 2- Missionaries: A- St. Patrick: A.D. Ireland, known as the Island of Saints and Scholars was his field of labor. He spread his message through the island and set up many new churches. Ireland lost contact with Rome during the Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire. The churches turned to their Abbots for guidance. Many abbots were related to the heads of the different clans and each clan supported it own monastery. Many monks began to follow practices different from those of the Roman Catholic Church.

18 Missionaries to England B- St. Columba: In 563 he established a monastery at Iona, off the coast of Scotland. He converted many Scots and Picts to Christianity. Ireland was Christian, but the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain were not. They followed Germanic Religions. Pope Gregory I decided to convert the Anglo- Saxons to Christianity. He sent a mission of 41 monks from Rome to England under the leadership of Augustine. and Ireland

19 Missionaries to England C- St. Augustine: 597. He was allowed to build a church in the town of Canterbury. He taught the people about Christianity. and Ireland The Anglo-Saxons were quick to accept the new religion. King Ethelbert of Kent cordially received the missionary party since his Frankish wife was already Christian. Within a year the monks converted Ethelbert and made his capital, Canterbury, the seat of the archbishop- a position it still holds today. Augustine was the first Archbishop of Canterbury. By 700 A.D. all of England was Christian.

20 Missionaries to England and Ireland D- Bede: A.D. Known as the Venerable Bede. Some missionaries were sent to England to establish schools. Many of the graduates provided moral leadership and scholarly achievements. The outstanding caliber of his scholarship is exemplified by the title above. He is also known as the father of English history due to his landmark book Ecclesiastical History of the English People. This is the first time the English are seen as one group of people. He also brought to England the Christian way of dating events from the year of Jesus birth.

21 Beowulf Although the English accepted Christianity, the Anglo-Saxons kept much of their old culture. They told the legends about brave warriors fighting monsters and dragons. Beowulf is the most important work in Anglo-Saxons literature. It was composed in 750 A.D. and tells the tale of a pagan Saxon hero who valiantly defies men and dragons with equanimity.

22 Alfred the Great: A.D. Anglo-Saxon king. He succeeded his brother, Ethelred, as king of Wessex. He was a military veteran by the age of He stopped the Viking advance at Wessex in He established the Danelaw, an area of land north and east of London that would be the home to the Vikings if they accepted Christianity and signed the Treaty of Wedmore. This arrangement kept the peace between the Vikings (Danes) and the English until 899 A.D. when Alfred died.

23 Alfred the Great 3- During Alfred s reign, England saw a revival of learning. A- England led the way in religious and literary thought. B- Alfred hired new scholars C- Scholars translated important books from Latin into English. D- Alfred s conception of an English nation stimulated the writing of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. E- He was Saxon England s greatest lawgiver F- He is the only English king acclaimed as The Great.

24 Alfred s Community Four Levels. Known as Centers of Habitation. 1- Alfred s kingdom was divided into Shires (Later called Counties). Each shire has a shire court. Officials: Ealdorman- Chief Official, King s representative. Shire Reeve- Became a direct agent to the king: the king s eyes and ears. Bishop- Ran the Diocese of the church. 2- Hundreds- Shires were divided into Hundreds. Each hundred had its own assembly. It was presided over by the Hundred Reeve.

25 Alfred s Community 3- Tun- The agriculture village. Urban life was not characteristic of the Anglo-Saxons. The tun was more of an agriculture community than a modern town. Village inhabitants met to draw lots for the land tillage, but handled little legal or political business. 4- Borough- In the later Anglo-Saxon period the kings built fortresses in strategic or populous areas for security of the inhabitants and in these centers a market and a borough court of justice became common. The borough was created by a charter from the landlord who was usually the king. The charter confirmed many privileges, one of the most valuable being the right of borough residents to collect their own taxes and pay the king a lump sum. The rise of the boroughs reflected both the increasing influence of the king and a revival of town life.

26 Witan: The King s Council A Saxon council of nobles started by Alfred the Great (Composed of Chief nobles of the realm). 1- Advisory council headed by the king. 2- Served as the highest court in the land and assisted the king in framing decrees. 3- Since only a royal summons could call the Witan into session, it could not serve as a regular restraint on the power of the king.

27 The Reconquest of the Danelaw 1- King Edward the Elder ( ) and his three sons renewed the war against the Danes in an effort to re-conquer the Danelaw. A- Eric Blood axe was defeated at the Battle of Stainmore. B- England was now united under the leadership of the royal house of Wessex.

28 Succession of Weak Rulers In the late 10 th century, the English monarchy declined as noble factions asserted themselves against a succession of weak rulers. 1- Athelstan, Edmund I, Edred, Eadwig, Edgar, and Edward the Martyr.

29 Ethelred the Unready: , Son of Edgar 1- Erratic, cruel, and lazy. He was completely unprepared to defend England against the Danish invasion. A- He could not keep the Danes in Danelaw. B- He was unable to rally the people against the invaders. 2- He tried to buy off the Danes- Pay them to leave England. A- He levied a heavy tax called Danegeld 3- He ordered a massacre of all Danes in his kingdom A- This brought about bloody retribution by the Danish king Sweyn. B- The Danes conquered all of England by 1013.

30 Ethelred the Unready 4- Ethelred buckled under the pressure. He ran away to the safety of his in-laws in Normandy. He left his wife Emma behind. 5- In 1016, both Ethelred and his son Edmund Ironside died. A- Sweyn Forkbeard also died that year. 6- The Saxon Witan, feeling the pressure named a Danish king, Canute (Sweyn s son) to be the next king of England. A- The presence of the Danish army helped the Witan reach the Right choice. B- Remember the English hate foreign rule.

31 Canute: A.D. This Danish King was probably the most effective king in Anglo- Saxon English history. 1- He was the first Danish king of England. He proved to be a wise choice. 2- Except for a bodyguard, his army was discharged and sent home. 3- He eased the strife between English and Dane. A- He married Ethelred s wife Emma. She was Norman. B- He treated the church generously- and he converted to Christianity, and won the support of the people. 4- Canute added Norway to his English and Danish thrones. A- The English feared that he was trying to establish a Scandinavian Confederacy. B- His early death in 1035 cut short any such ambitions; his new empire died with him. 5- Canute s two sons, Harold I, and Hardicanute, could not win the allegiance of the English.

32 Edward the Confessor: ( ) The last legitimate Anglo-Saxon King. 1- Chosen by Witan- brought out of exile. He was forty years old when assuming the throne. A- He was Saxon on his father s side and Norman on his mother s side. His father was Ethelred and his mother was Emma. 2- He got his name Pious because of his devotion to the church. A- He gave more attention to the church than he did to the government.

33 Edward the Confessor 3- He showed favoritism to the Normans and the Anglo- Saxons became hostile. 4- He had a childless marriage. This created big problems for England. A- His wife was named Edith who was sister to the noble Harold Godwinson. 5- Edward introduced Norman customs to England. 6- His last years were spent in preparing his decision on who would succeed him as king of England. A- The Witan wanted an Englishman.

34 Four Claims to the Throne: 1-16 year old boy- Tostig Godwinson (Harold Godwinson s brother), a deposed earl of Northumbria, living in exile in Flanders. 2- Harold Hardrada- King of Norway. The last heroic figure of the Viking Age. His claim was based on Canute ruling England and Hardrada was Canute s Scandinavian successor. 3- Harold Godwinson, Early of Wessex. The Witan selected him A- He pledged loyalty to William, Duke of Normandy. 4- William, Duke of Normandy. A- He was nephew to Edward. B- Both Edward and Harold had promised the crown to William.

35 Wars Threatened England 1- Battle of Fulford Gate: September 20, 1066 A- King Harold II s (Godwinson), brothers-in-law were badly defeated by King Hardrada s forces. 2- Battle of Stamford Bridge: September 28, 1066 A- King Harold II defeated King Hardrada and Harold s brother Tostig. B- Hardrada and Tostig died at the battle. The Scandinavian s left England. C- Harold II did not have time to celebrate. William, Duke of Normandy, had landed at Pevensey bay in Sussex with an army.

36 Castle Building: Power houses of the conquerors 1- Introduced by William, Duke of Normandy. 2- Two-types- of simple design: A- Mote and Bailey- Raised mound of earth on top of which was a wooden tower in which the owner lived. Around the mound was a wooden-walled park (bailey) surrounded by ditches. Hundreds of these were built. B- Enclosure Castle- Raised platform of earth surrounded by a wooden palisade that was enclosed by a ditch and bank. Fewer of these were built. 3- Castles of stone replaced timber and earth castles. 4- While the Battle of Stamford Bridge was going on, William Duke of Normandy had invaded England and had begun to build his castles.

37 Battle of Hastings 3- Battle of Hastings- October 14, 1066 (Saturday, 9 am-dusk). 1- The pope supported William in this battle because Harold II had expelled the Archbishop of Canterbury. 2- This battle would decide who would be the king of England. 3- A fight of champions was declined by Harold II. 4- The battle lasted one day. 5- England had about 10,000 men. They fought on foot with no cavalry. A- They were very brave because they were fighting for their homeland. 6- Normans had about 15,000 men plus 2500 knights on horseback. 7- Push-and-shove assaults. Both sides were equal to the task. A- The Normans pretended to flee, tricking the English. B- The Norman cavalry swung around behind the English and attacked. The English were caught and defeated. Harold II was killed during the battle. Anglo-Saxon England perished with Harold s death. 8- The Norman victory at Hastings stands as a major turning point in English history 9- December 25, 1066, William, Duke of Normandy was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey. He would now be known as William I. A- A new alien aristocracy was imposed upon more than two million Englishmen.

38 Bayeux Tapestry It is named after the Norman town where for many years it was displayed annually in the cathedral. It is now preserved in the Bayeux Museum in France. 1- It is 20 inches high, and 230 feet long. It shows 72 scenes illustrating William s invasion and conquering of England.

39 William I: William I was a descendent of the Vikings who settled in northern France. 2- His claim to the throne: A- By right of Succession (Through his great aunt Emma) B- By right of promise. (Through his uncle, Edward the Confessor, and Harold II who went to Normandy to confirm his loyalty). C- By right of Conquest. (He defeated Harold II at Hastings.

40 William I: He built many fortified castles. (The White Tower). 4- In government, he blended the political and social institutions of Anglo-Saxons England with Norman traditions. 6- Three languages of William s England: A: French- The language of the court and ruling class. B- Latin- Language of the Church. C- Anglo-Saxon- (Old English) The language of the Common People. 5: William s Conquest: A: Importance: It brought England under the influence of the Civilization that had developed on the European Continent. B: Result: This was significant because it meant that England s ties to the barbaric north were broken. C: Effect: England as a whole established peace and order within the kingdom and helped unify it.

41 William Developed a strong kingdom and strengthened his royal power: 1- During the first five year of his reign, William crushed local resistance with a combination of kindness and cruelty. 2- He built the White Tower. 3- Introduced the European style of Feudalism: A- He kept the best land to himself. B- He divided his Demesne among his Norman Barons 4- Created the Salisbury Oath: Feudal Lords swore allegiance directly to William I (Oath of Fealty). 5- Created a large feudal army. 6- Ordered a census taken of his kingdom. The complied information is called the Doomsday Book 7- William I changed the Witan into the Great Council. (Norman Council).

42 William and the Church Politically he insisted on his right to control the church in England. 1- He had the right to: A- Approved Papal Actions B- Approved the issue of decrees C- Allowed Bishops to excommunicate. D- Abolished Simony- and enforced a clerical celibacy. E- Retained the right of Lay Investiture. F- Replaced Anglo-Saxon Abbots and Bishops with Norman clergy.

43 Death of William He died on the continent (1087) from injuries received while warring with Phillip I of France.

44 Crusades Were Christian military expeditions undertaken between the 11 th and 14 th centuries. 1- To recapture the Holy Land for the Muslims. 2- The Crusaders wore a red cloth cross sewn onto their tunies to indicate that they had assumed the cross and were Soldiers of Christ. 3- Causes: A- Many and complex, but religious beliefs were clearly of major importance. B- Before the crusades, people would go to the Holy Land as penance or as fulfillment ( a Pilgrimage). Crusaders had a dual purpose: Pilgrims and Warriors. C- Pilgrimages were cut off in the 11 th century by the Seljuk Turks. The Christian Knights mission was to rescue the Holy Land from the Muslims. The Pope gave full support to the cause. Knights hoped that freeing the Holy Land would ensure their salvation and help them obtain forgiveness for sins.

45 First Crusade: Launched by Pope Urban II, November 27, The Crusader s Battle Cry- God Wills It 3- Many perished on their way East. 4- The main Christian army (French and Norman knights) captured Antioch- June 3, 1098, and then Jerusalem July 15, A- New crusader states formed along the Syrian and Palestinian coast ( County of Edessa, Principality of Antioch, County of Tripoli, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem).

46 Second Crusade: Immediate Cause was the loss of Edessa in 1144 to the Muslims. 2- Challenged by St. Bernard of Clair Vaux, King Louis VII of France, and German King Conrad III, tried, but failed to take Anatolia. 3- The only success of this crusade was the capture of Lisbon, Portugal (1147) by English and Frisian Crusaders.

47 Third Crusade: The Crusade of Kings 1- This crusade was called in response to the conquest of almost all of Palestine including Jerusalem (1187). The leader of the Muslims was Saladin. 2- The Crusaders were led by: A- King Phillip II of France B- King Fredrick I- Holy Roman Emperor C- King Richard I- King of England D- King Leopold of Austria 3- The Crusade disintegrated through attrition and lack of cooperation between rulers.

48 Fourth Crusade: Pope Innocent III attempted to reorganize the Crusading efforts under papal auspices. 2- Christians attacked the Christian city of Zara, in Dalmatia. 3- Later, the Christians laid siege to Constantinople.

49 Other Crusades During the 13 th Century: Several attempts were made to revive the declining enthusiasm for the crusades. 1- The Muslims were in firm control of Syria and Palestine. A- Their devotion to the Holy War- Jihad against the Europeans strengthened their resolve.

50 Children s Crusade:1212 After the 4 th Crusade, the children s crusade probably began in the Rhineland and lower Lorraine regions of Europe. 1- In the Spring, Large Crowds of adolescents gathered, a few adults, and a few clerics. 2- Their leader was a boy from Cologne named Nicholas, whom they venerated and whose promise they believed. A- They said they were Marching To God. 3- Their goal was to capture the Holy Sepulcher- thus accomplishing the task which had proven too much for the mighty men of the world. 4- Thousands of children perished from hunger and disease or were sold into slavery on their way to the Holy Land.

51 Fifth Crusade: An expedition under a Papal Legate tried to strike at the heart of Muslim rulers in Egypt. A- The harbor of Damietta was taken in B- All hope for the Crusaders had failed when the Nile flood occurred, delaying the Crusaders advance to Cairo.

52 Sixth Crusade During a peaceful expedition to the Holy Land, the Holy Roman Emperor Fredrick II, negotiated the return of important pilgrimage sites (Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Nazareth), without bloodshed. 1- Fredrick II crowned himself King of Jerusalem. A- The city was retaken by the Muslim in 1244.

53 Seventh Crusade King Louis IX of France led two crusades. 1- With 25,000 troops Louis IX invaded Egypt. A- Louis succeeded in occupying Damietta, but he was forced to return the city, together with a large ransom due to the fact that he and his army were defeated and captured. 2- He resided in Acre. This was the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land. 3- He ruled to coast for four years from While in the East, Louis tried to form an alliance with the Mongols against the Muslims.

54 Eighth Crusade: This was the second crusade led by King Louis IX of France. A- It was directed against the Sultan of Tunis in North Africa- It was unsuccessful. B- In the meantime, Jaffa and Antioch were lost to the Muslims who were led by the Sultan Mameluke. 2- The last Christian stronghold of Acre was stormed by Mameluke in 1291.

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