Index. Cambridge University Press Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor Karl Galinsky. Index.

Transcription

1 Actium, Battle of, 33 5, 52 5, 67, 72, 84, 91, 115, 140; in art of freedmen, 173; in Vergil s Aeneid, 33 4 Aemilius Paulus, 122 Aeneas, as Julian and Roman ancestor, 7, 33 4, 156, 178; in Vergil s Aeneid, 34, 78, 92, 145 6, 157 Aeneid (Vergil): on Battle of Actium, 33 4, 45; characterization of Aeneas, 78; and Homeric tradition, 145 6; as reconstruction of Roman cultural memory, 145; role of Dido, 157 8; as Roman national epic, 69, 72, 84, 86, 93 4, 151, 157; universalism of, 186 aerarium militare, 90 Aeschylus, 113 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 44 5, 64 5, 74, 78, 99, 108, ; aedile, 119; Augustus eulogy of, ; consul, ; daughter, see Vipsania Agrippina; death, 124; map of the world, 121, 154; marriage to Julia, 123 4; personal qualities, , 121; powers of, , 118; victories, Actium, 33 5, 52 5, 115, 120; victories, Naulochus, 45, 115, 120. See also Campus Martius, Pantheon Agrippina the Elder, 125 Agrippina the Younger, Agrippa Postumus, 90, 113, 131, 177; exiled by Augustus, Alexander the Great, 8, 10, 46, 56, 185; model for Augustus, 31, 56, 155, 163, 175, 179, 185. See also oikumenē Alexander Helios, 46 Alexandria, 51, 56, 152, 155, 161; conquest of, 55 6, 58, 71 2, 80, 86, 104, 184; Donations of, 47 Altar of Augustan Peace. See Ara Pacis Ambracia, Gulf of, 43, 45 Anchises, 91, 100 Antonia the Elder, 114 Antonia the Younger, 134, Antonius Musa. See Musa, Antonius Antonius, Lucius, 36, 41, 44 Antony, Mark, 11, 31; character, 22, 42; and Cicero, 26; children with Cleopatra, 70; consul, 21 30, 52; death, 55; denigrates Octavian, 7, 16 7, 41, 47; early opposition to Octavian, 21 5; in the east, 45 7; and Julius Caesar, 14 15, 21; triumvir, 29, 37, 42 7; war with Octavian, 47 56; will, 50. See also Actium, Battle of; Alexandria, conquest of; Cicero, attacks on Mark Antony; Cleopatra; Fulvia; Octavia the Younger; proscriptions; Triumvirate, Second Apollo, 124, 126; and Augustus, 43, 67, 125 6, 142; in art (Prima Porta statue), 76; Temple on Palatine 68, 125 6, 142 Apollodorus of Pergamon, 11 Apollonia, 11, 24, 44, 88, 115 Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica, 157 Ara Pacis, 76, 138, 153; female goddess, 94, Areios of Alexandria, 10 Aricia, 7 Armenia, 46, 48, 87 Arminius, 88 9 army (Roman), 21, 44, 74; Augustan reforms, 44, 71 2, 160; Octavian s private army, 10, 15, 27, 29, 31, 181; mutinies, 44. See also veterans Asia, province, 5; assembly, 162, 169. See also cult, imperial 191

2 Athenodorus of Tarsus, Athens, 41, 46, 144, 166, 180; Odeion, 166 Atia, mother of Augustus, 6 9, 70 auctoritas, concept, 9, 67, 144; in architecture, 125; and Augustus, 62, 67, 70, 72, 76, 166; and senate, 26, 70 Augusta Emerita, 168 Augustales, Augustanism, 147 Augustus: accessibility, 140; Augustus (name), 66 8, 144; childhood, see Octavian; conspiracies against, see plots against Augustus; cult of, 161 3, , 173; cultural life, synergy with, ; death, 176 9; deified, 179; divi filius, 23, 48, 179; education, see Octavian; empire, management of, ; evolution of mode of governance (principate), 61 78; extraordinary powers, refusal of, 66; family, interaction with, , 185; final words, 177; Forum of, see Forum of Augustus; funeral, 178 9; full name, 48; genius of, 102, 170; health issues, 12 14, 22, 32 3, 72, 74, 91, 176; special honors, 48, 66 8, 85; House of Augustus, see Palatine; Imperator, title and name, 38, 67, 141, 171; and Julius Caesar, 14 17, 22 6, 28, 30, 152 3, 179; marriages, See also Livia; Scribonia; and Pax Augusta, 85 90; personality, 11 12, 32 40, 45, 63, 79, 110, , 184 5; priesthoods, 78. See also pontifex maximus; rise to power, see Octavian; Rome, rebuilding of, 152 4; self-stylization, 78 9; sex life, 11 13, 123, 125; spectacles, love of, 79, 99, 104, 148, 177; succession, See also Tiberius; superstitions, 107; titles, see pater patriae; princeps; as transforming leader, 82 3, 109, 184; tribunicia potestas, 73; triumph, 56, 72, 84, 178; triumph, refusal of, 84 5; triumvir, see Octavian; visual media, orchestration of, 22 4, 47 8, 105, 165; wealth of, 4, 23, 58, 72, 163, 175; will, 178. See also Octavian Baetica, Balbus, Cornelius, 26, 117 Basilica Aemilia. See Forum (Roman) Basilica of Julius Caesar. See Forum (Roman) Beneventum, bilingualism, 169 Bithynia, 8, 169 Brundisium, treaty of, 44, 181 Brutus, 14 16, 20 1, 24, 27 8, 30 2; ancestor, 31, 96; charges 48 percent interest, 20; corpse defiled by Octavian, 32, 35; death, 42. See also Cassius Brutus, Decimus, 28 30, 42 Caesar, Julius, 26, 63, 80, 82, 104, 117, 121; absences from Rome, 14; adoption of Octavian, 17 19, 30; assassination, 25, 81, 180. See also Ides of March; calendar reform, 3, 81; and Cleopatra, 56 8; citizenship grants, 45; comet, 23 4; crosses Rubicon, 8, 14, 25; cult of, 169; dictator, 13, 15; divus, 23, 121; Forum, see Forum of Julius Caesar; granduncle of Octavian, 7; largesses, 15, 25; mantle of, 76; pontifex maximus, 7; program, economic and social, 21; Republic, attitude to, 18, 63, 108, 152; veni, vidi, vici, 20; will, 15 16, 25 Caesarion, 15, 46, 51, 58 calendar, 81; changes by Augustus, 151, 153; in province of Asia, 162; reformed by Caesar, 3, 81. See also fasti Caligula (emperor), 137, 186 Campus Martius, 115, 121, 153 5, 179; Meridian ( Horologium ), 153, 155; Pantheon, 120 1, 153, 156; Ustrinum, 179. See also Mausoleum; Rome, city of Capitol (Rome), 25, 47, 143, 152; Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 25 Capri, 107, 127, 176 Capricorn, 3 4, 24 Carthage, 104 5, 157 Cassius, 15, 20 1, 28, 31 2, 42, 181, 183 Cassius Severus, 140 Castor and Pollux, Temple of. See Forum (Roman) Cato the Younger, 8 charisma, 56, 128, 161 Christianity, 93, 97, 163 Cicero, 4, 8, 16, 22, 119; activities in senate, 26 7, 29 30; attacks on Mark Antony (Philippics), 21, 29; death, 36 7; and Octavian, 16 17, Circus Maximus, 128 Cisalpine Gaul. See Gaul, Cisalpine citizenship, 160; awards of, 45, 80,

3 civilis princeps, 78 9, 104, 156. See also princeps classicism, in architecture, 147, 149; non-classicism, 149 Claudius (Roman emperor), 32, 114, 136 Cleopatra, 50 1, 56, 113; and Antony, 21, 31, 41, 44, 46, 125; appearance, 57 8; children, 46; death, 51; in Vergil s Aeneid, 34, 137; war against, 50, See also Actium, Battle of Cleopatra Selene, 46 Cloaca Maxima. See Rome, city of Clodia, 40 Collatinus, 96 7 comet (of Caesar), 22, 24 5 Comitia Curiata, 18, 22 Consolatio ad Liviam, 10 11, 111 constitution (Roman), 8, 15, 29, 42, 104, 182 3; Augustus and, 51 2, 59, 68 70, 73, 144, 182; Constitution Plus, 59, 64, 68 70, 153, 182 Crassus, 8, 46, 87 cult, imperial, 161 3, , 173 cultural revolution, 81 2 Cumae, naval base near, 45 cursus honorum, 5, 29 cursus publicus, 167 Cyrene, 46; edicts, 164 diaspora Romans, 80 dictator, 15, 63; Augustus refusal, 50, 63, 66, 70, 77 8, 181; Caesar as, 13, 15 16, 63 Dido (in Vergil s Aeneid), 99, Dio (Cassius), 36, 56, 90, 119, 176 Diodorus, 186 Dionysus, Antony as New, 21, 36 divus, 23, 104, 189 dominus, 79 Drusus (Elder), 41, , 122, 134, 136 7; death, 11, 111, 125, 127 Drusus (Younger), 189 Eclogues (Vergil), 39; Messianic Fourth Eclogue, 89, 92 3 economy, 21, 71, 163 5, 190 Egypt, 44, 46, 51, 58, 104; appropriation in art (Egyptomania), 56; as Augustus province, 59, 112, 163; conquest of, 56, 58, 61, 153. See also Alexandria; Cleopatra Elbe River, 88 empire, ; administration and economy, 163 5; expansion and limits of, 44, 71, 86, 88 9, 160; living conditions, 7, 164 5, 175. See also imperium; Pax Augusta Ennius, 67, 69, 131 Ephesus, 62, 169 Epidius, Marcus, 11 Eurycles of Sparta, 167 fasti, 81 2, 151. See also calendar; Ovid Fetial Priest, 51 fire brigades, organization of, 90 Forum (Roman), 60, 126, 153, 179; Basilica Aemilia, 138; Basilica of Julius Caesar, 135; Marsyas, statue of, 126; Rostra, 37, 126; Temple of Castor and Pollux, 102, 146, 152; Temple of Concord, 138; Temple of Divus Julius, 179; Temple of Vesta, 51, 107 Forum of Augustus, 87, 140, 152 4; Temple of Mars the Avenger (Mars Ultor), 87 Forum of Julius Caesar, 58, 153; Temple of Venus Genetrix, 24 freedmen, 26, 36, 43, 52, 80 2, 90, 102, 170, Fulvia, 37, 40 1, 43 4 Gaius Caesar, 91, 109, 113, 124, , 133 4, 136 8, 156; death, 113, 130, 134; letter from Augustus, 135 Gaius Gracchus. See Gracchus, Gaius Gaius Octavius. See Octavius, Gaius Gaius Sosius. See Sosius, Gaius Gaul, 8, 14, 112, 129, 186; Cisalpine, 28; Romanization, 167, 172 games, 127, 129, 153; for Caesar s Victory (44 BC), 22, 24 5; gladiatorial, 104, 123, 153; Julia and Livia at, 123; Octavian/Augustus and, 12, 14, 22, 72, 79, 104; Secular, see Secular Games. See also Naulochus Gemma Augustea, 3, genius, 102, 170 Georgics (Vergil), 92 Germanicus, 88, 133, Germany, 88 9, 129, 137, 179 glass pastes, 3, 23 4 Golden Age, Augustan concept of, 84, 92, 94, 104; and Augustan realities, 7, 90, 94, 133, 164; in Vergil, 92 4, 148 Gracchus, Gaius, 71 Gracchus, Tiberius, 71 grain supply: administration of, 44, 90,

4 Hirtius, 30 1, 181 Herod, King of Judaea, 1, 46, 112, 121, Homer, and Vergil, 145, 157; Iliad, 34, 145 6, 154; Odyssey, 145 6, 157 Horace, 87, 101, 104, 147, 177; and Augustus, 148, 158; Carmen Saeculare, 100; on Cleopatra, 47; mirror over bed, 148; on Roman decline, 92, 98, 151 Horologium. See Campus Martius House of Augustus. See Palatine Ides of March, 15, 20, 36, 57. See also Caesar, assassination Illyria, 38, 47, 176 imperator. See Augustus imperium, power of Roman magistrate, 71, 159; of Agrippa, 125, 127; of Augustus, 71, 73, 118, 131; empire, 86, 89, 100 1, 159, 166, 168; proconsular, 73; propraetorian, 31; in Vergil, 94 interpretatio Romana, 173 ius Italicum, 168 Janus, Temple of, 85 6 Jesus, 14 Julia (daughter): exile, 126, 130; life and personality, 41, 122 6; married to Agrippa, 94, 124; married to Marcellus, 123; married to Tiberius, 124 5, 129; unforgiven by Augustus, 178 Julia (granddaughter), 90, 114, 134 Julia (grandmother), 1, 7, 14 Julian (emperor), 180 Julian Laws. See marriage legislation Julius Caesar. See Caesar, Julius Jullus Antonius, 126, 137, 181 Jupiter, 77, 86, 93, 100; Jupiter Optimus Maximus. See Capitol Kalkriese, 88 koinē Greek, 169 land confiscations, 33, 42 3, 52 Lares, cult of, 102 3, 170, 173 Latin rights, Laudatio Turiae, 39 40, 69 laurel, as Augustan emblem, 62, 67, 76, 149 Lavinium, 157 leadership, definition, Lepidus, Marcus, triumvir: 31, 39 40, 44, 180; pontifex maximus, 78, 104; retirement, 38, 42; rivalry with Octavian, 38, 181. See also Triumvirate, Second Leptis Magna, libertas, 68, 78, 126, 144, 179 life expectancy (ancient), 6 7, 123, 178 Livia (Drusilla) (wife of Augustus), 41, , 182; alleged machinations of, 113, 177, 182; attention to health, ; first marriage (to Tiberius Claudius Nero), 41, 182; grandmother of Claudius, 32, 114; House of, see Palatine; mother of Tiberius, 41, 127, 130; Villa of (at Prima Porta), see Prima Porta. See also Ara Pacis Livy, 97, 151 Lucius Antonius, 36, 41, 43 4 Lucius Caesar, 91, 109, 113, 124, , 133 8, 156 Lucius Marcius Philippus. See Philippus, Lucius Marcius Lucretia, 96 8 Macedonia, 5, 28, 55, 73 Macrobius, 110, 122, Maecenas, 64 5, 78; patronage of the arts, 78, 148; wife, see Terentia magister equitum, 14 15, 87 maiestas ( majesty ), 69, 102 Marcellus, 74, 108, 123 4, 127, 148 Marcus Epidius. See Epidius, Marcus Marius, 7 Mark Antony. See Antony, Mark marriage legislation, 82 3, 96 9, 151 Mars the Avenger, Temple of, 87. See also Forum of Augustus Marsyas, statue of. See Forum (Roman) Mausoleum (of Augustus), 59, 115, 135, 153 5, 178. See also Campus Martius memory, varieties of, 22 3, 101, 121, 145, meridian, 153 Misenum, treaty of, 44 Musa, Antonius, 74 Mutina, 30 Naulochus, 35, 45 Nero (emperor), 63, 178 Nero, Tiberius Claudius, 41, 182 new men, 8, 119 Nicaea, 169 Nicolaus of Damascus, 1 2, 12 14,

5 Nixon, Richard M., 88 Nola, 5, 177 oak leaves, crown of (corona civica), 77, 133 Octavia the Elder (sister), 6 Octavia the Younger (sister), 6, 111, 123, 125, 134; marriage to Antony, 44, See also Marcellus Octavian, 7 19, 23 6, 27 33, 35 67; behaviorial aspects, 32 40; childhood, 2, 8 14; education, 10 14; heir of Julius Caesar, 15 20, 23 4; magister equitum, 14 15, 87; name, 16; rise to power, 20 32, 42 62; triumvir, 31, 42, 46 60, 62 3, 91, 180. See also Antony, Mark; Augustus; Sextus Pompey; Triumvirate, Second Octavius, Gaius (Augustus), original name of Augustus, 2. See also Octavian Octavius, Gaius (father), 5 6, 177 oikumenē, 59 Oppius, Gaius, 26, 117 ovatio, 38 Ovid, 87, 133 4, 167; exile, 90, 137; Fasti, 151; Metamorphoses, 147, 186 Palatine (hill), 2, 100, 105, 117, 142 3; Houses of Augustus, 61, 68, 76, 105, 107, 110, 122, 125, 142 3; House of Livia, 105, 142; Hut of Romulus, 68, 105; Temple of Apollo, 68, 105, 126, 142; Temples of Victoria, 68, 105 Pandateria, 126 Pannonia, 71 2, 89 91, 127 8, 130 2, 164 5, 176, 179 Pansa, 30 1, 181. See also Hirtius Pantheon. See Campus Martius pantomime, 149, Parthia, 11, 25, 87; settlement with, 76, 87, 100 1; wars, 46, 87 pater patriae, 18, 76 8, 84, 167, 171 pax: goddess, 49, 156; meaning of, Pax Augusta, 71, 84 90, 94 5, 112, 138, 156, 159, 165, 178. See also Ara Pacis peregrini, 168 Pericles, 144 Perusia, 36, 40 1, 43, 63, 91 Pharsalus, Battle of, 8 Philippi, Battle of, 32 3, 41 2, 44, 91 Philippus, Lucius Marcius, 6, 8 9, 26 Philippics. See Cicero pietas, 70, 98, 101, 151 Piso, Calpurnius, 74, 118 Planasia, Plancus, Munatius, 50, 51 2 plebs / plebeian, 15, 21, 25, 28, 68, 72, 102, 170, 178 Pliny (the Elder), 24, 32, 35, 90 1, 119, 121 2, 124, 152 plots against Augustus, 68, 71, 74, 79, 90 1, 126, pluralism, religious and cultural, 166, Plutarch, 56 Polybius, 186 polyvalence, 3 4, 66, Pompeius Trogus. See Trogus, Pompeius Pompey the Great, 7 8, 16, 31, 155, 178; son Sextus, see Sextus Pompey; Theater of, see Rome, city of. See also Triumvirate, First pontifex, college of pontifices, 14, 77 8, 104 pontifex maximus, 7 8, 74, 77 8, 104, 107, 153, Pontus, 169. See also Bithynia Porticus ad Nationes. See Rome, city of Porticus Vipsania. See Rome, city of potestas, 9, 16, 22, 61 2, 70, 73, 77, 138, 166 pozzolana, 167 Prima Porta: statue of Augustus, 4, 75 7, 87, 94 5, 149, 156; villa of Livia at, 76 Primus, Marcus, 73 4 princeps, 70 1, 76, 78, 85, 104, 109, 111, 133, 143, 156, 158, 181; iuventutis, 133 principate, 61 83, 108 9, 111, 144, 186 Proculeius, 35, 91 propaganda, 23 4, 46 51, Propertius, 145, 151 proscriptions, 8, 27, 36 7, 42 3, 63, 91 pudicitia, 11, 96 8 Quirinus. See Romulus religion / religio, 7 8, 14, 59, 69, 78 82, , 162 3, , See also Christianity; cult, imperial Remus, 86, 151, 156 Republic, 18, 22, 28 9, 31, 47 8, 90, 96 8, 108, 126, 174; constitution and restoration of, 63 74, 81 3, 104, 108, 163, 182 4; problems of, 18 21, See also res publica Res Gestae, 31 2, 61 2, 68, 70, 72, 76, 86, 101 2, 111, 159,

6 res publica, 21, 31, 59, 63 70, 72, 101, 104, 108, 122, See also Republic Rhegium, 126 Rhine River, 88, 160 Rhodes, 91, 112, 125, 130, 133, 157 Roma (goddess), 94 5, 133, 156, 169 Romanization, 159, 174 5; compared to Americanization, Rome, city of, 21, 45, 56, 67, 72, 80, 90, 99, 102, 144, 173 4; Cloaca Maxima, 119; Porticus ad Nationes, 154; Porticus Vipsania, 121, 154; rebuilding of, 59, 120, 152 7, 167; Saepta Iulia, 153; Theater of Pompey, 152, 155 6, 172; Villa under the Farnesina, 124. See also Campus Martius; Capitol; Forum (Roman); Forum of Augustus; Forum of Julius Caesar; Palatine Romulus, 4, 18, 77, 86, 100, 151, 156, 178 9; as alternative to Augustus, 67; Hut of, see Palatine Rostra. See Forum (Roman) Rubicon, 8, 14, 25, 68 Rufus, Annobal Tapapius, Rufus, Egnatius, 68 sacrosanctity, 48, 111 saeculum, See also Secular Games Saepta Iulia. See Campus Martius Samos, 63, 80, 112 Scribonia, 40 1, 122, 126 Secular Games, , 143 sella curulis, 62, 73 Senate (Roman), 9, 22, 26 31, 50 2, 70 1, 89, 109, 178 9; senatus consultum (SC), 61, 70, 116, 181; 27 BC, settlement of, 16, 62, 66 8, 104; 23 BC, settlement of, 66, 73 Seneca, 63, 121 Servilia, 40 Servius, 145 Sextus Pompey, 35, 40 5, 181; defeat at Naulochus, 35, 38, 45 Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, 8, 20, 32 Shield of Virtues, 61 2, 70, 105 Silanus, Decimus, 110, 137 slavery / slaves, 5, 10, 41, 43, 79, 81 2, 90, 102 Sosius, Gaius, 48 Spain, 3 4, 9, 14, 26, 72, 80, 87 8, 167 spectacles, 56, , 127, 148 9, 170. See also games Sphaerus. See Octavian, education Strabo, 167 8, 186 Suetonius, , 125, 139, 176 7; Augustus, 2, 12, 35 6, 67, 78 9, 107, 142, 148 9; Caesar (Julius), 18, 63; Claudius, 32; Tiberius, 109, Sulla, 7 Syme, Sir Ronald, 4, 29, 33, 80, 160 Tacitus, 10, 32, 40 1, 86, 110, , 125, 136 7, 160, 176 7, Tarraco, 80 Tarquinius, Sextus, 96 7 tax collection, 43, 52, 59, 67, 85, 90, 163 4, 167 Tellus (goddess), 76, 95, 156. See also Ara Pacis Tiberius: Augustus letters to him, 131 2; early years, 41, 122, 127; heir of Augustus, 91, 109, 113, 124 5, 129, 178 9; military campaigns, 88, 127 8, 130 2, 176 7; personality, 127, 182 3; retreat to Rhodes, 91, 112, 125, 130, 133. See also Drusus (Elder); Forum (Roman), Temple of Castor and Pollux, Temple of Concord; Gemma Augustea; Livia (Drusilla); Prima Porta, statue of Augustus Tiberius Claudius Nero. See Nero, Tiberius Claudius Tiberius Gracchus. See Gracchus, Tiberius Tibullus, 151 toleration, religious, Trajan, 121, 159 tribune (of the people), 36, 48, 73, 116; power of (tribunicia potestas), 73 Trimerus, 137 Triumvirate: First (Caesar, Crassus, Pompey), 8; Second (Antony, Octavian, Lepidus), 31, 42 52, 62, 91 Trogus, Pompeius, 186 Turia, 39, 69 Ulpian, 6, 35 univira, 99, 157 Ustrinum. See Campus Martius values (Roman), 70 Varro, Terentius, 73 4, 181; sister, see Terentia Varus, Quinctilius, 88, 116; defeat of, 88, 91, 127,

7 Velitrae, 2, 5, 7, 29, 104 Velleius, 69 70, 117, 119, 121, 127 8, 130, Venus, 7, 22, 76, 100, 121, 156; in the Aeneid, 34; Temple of (as Genetrix) in Rome, 24. See also Forum of Julius Caesar Vergil, 4, 11, 123, 131, 146 8, 151. See also Aeneid; Eclogues; Georgics; Homer Vespasian (emperor), 178 Vesta, 86, 107, 110; Temple of, see Forum (Roman); Vestal Virgins, 50 veterans, 25, 28, 42 4, 50 2, 59, 72, 167; of Julius Caesar, 10, 15 6, 18, 22, 26 8, 181 vicomagistri, 82, 102 Victoria (goddess), 105, 133, 149; Temples of, see Palatine Vipsania Agrippina, 125 virtus, 70, 119, 128 Vitruvius,

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9 of Passages and Inscriptions Note: Numbers referring to pages in this book are given in bold italics. Appian: Civil Wars 3.13: 85; 3.41: 28; : 37; 5.132: 63, 67; 5.546: 50 Augustine: City of God 1.19: 97 Augustus: Res Gestae (RG) 1.1 4: 31, 86, 144; 3.2 4: 70; 5 6: 66; 7.3: 78; 8.5: 98, 150; 13: 156, 159; 13.2: 85; 14: 129; 20.4: 101; 25.2: 52; : 88; 29.2: 87; 34: 61 2; 34.1: 61; 35: 76 Cicero: Letters to Atticus : 28; Letters to Brutus 24.6: 27; Letters to Friends and Family : 30; Philippics, : CIL : 172 Dio: : 37; : 111; 50.2: 50; : 34; : 67; : 64; : 65; : 65; : 65; : 62; : 68; : 66; : 85; : 121; 54.29: 118; : 134; : 142; : 165; 55.31: 132; 55.32: 136; 56.30: 176; : 86; : 179; : 21; : 179 Gellius, Aulus: Attic Nights : 135 Horace: Carmen Saeculare 45 60: 100 1; Odes : 47; 3.5.2: 104; : 101; : 92; : 158 ILS 8393: IRT 321: 172 Livy: 1.58: 97 Luke: : 14 Macrobius: Saturnalia 2.4: 110; : 140; 2.4.9: 140; : 141; : 141; : 141; 2.5.2: 122; 2.5.4: 122; 2.5.8: 122; 2.5 6: 123 Martial: 11.20: 43 OGIS 458: 162 Ovid: Art of Love 1.194: 134; Fasti 2.130: 167; 2.132: 77; Tristia : 104 Papyrus Koeln 249: Pliny (the Elder): Nat. Hist. 2.94: 24; : 32, 35, 91; 7.148: 32; 35.26: 121, 122; : 152; : 119 Plutarch: Life of Cicero 48 9: 37 Propertius: : 145 Seneca: Ben. (On Benefits) 6.32: 126; On Clemency : 63; Letters : 121 Strabo: Geography : 168; 7.1.4:

10 of Passages and Inscriptions Suetonius: Augustus 7.2: 67; 13: 35; 23.2: 88; 28: 101; 43 45: 104, 148; 52 56: 78 9; 53.1: 79; 64: 134; 65: 135 6; 69: 125; 71: 113; 73: 114; 75: 139; 78: 141; 79.3: 79; 89.2: 43; 89.3: 148; 92: 107; 94.12: 3; 98: 139, 162, 176; 99: 111, 177; Caesar 77: 63; 77.1: 18; Claudius 41: 32; Tiberius 6: 127; 10: 130; 21: 132; 23: 109, 129; 68: 128 Tacitus: Annals 1.2: 86; 1.9: 160; : 181; : 182; 1.11: 86; 1.72: 140; : 110; 3.25: 96; 3.28: 62, 68; 4.16: 102; Dialogue of the Orators 28.6: 10 Valerius Maximus 4.3.3: 114 Velleius: : 118; 2.83: 51; 2.88: 78; : 69; : 128; : 135; : 128; : 128; : 177 Vergil: Aeneid : 144 5; 1.33: 148; 1.279: 94; : 86; : 93; : 94; 6.846: 69, 131; : 123, 148; : 33 4; 8.680: 33; : 33 4; : 78; : 78; Eclogues: 1: 39; 4.17: 89; : 93; : 93; : 93 Vitruvius: On Architecture Pref. 2: 102; :