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2 Last updated: 1/21/10 Homer H. Dubs The History of the Former Han Dynasty GLOSSARY CHAPTER VI Emperor Wu (r B.C.)

3 2 27. Emperor Hsiao-wu. Hsün Yüeh ( ) writes, Taboo the word Ch e and write t ung, which confirms the statement that Ch e was the given name of Emperor Wu. Ying Shao (c.140-?204) writes, The Li-shi-fa [a lost book; this passage is quoted in the Sc cheng-i, (, Chang Shou-chieh (fl ) with the third character of this statement different] [says, One who is] powerful, mighty, wise, [the Sc cheng-i says equal to ] and virtuous may be called Wu. Wang Hsien-ch ien adds that the Sc cheng-i also quotes the Li shi-fa to the effect that, One who is able to put down evils and disorders [may be] called Wu. Hs 97A.9a says that when Emperor Wu s mother was carrying, Emperor Wen died (July 6, 157 B.C.) before Emperor Wu was born. Then Emperor Wu was born in the latter part of 157 B.C., was made heir-apparent {to Emperor Ching} at the age of four, and ascended the throne at the age of fifteen and a half. Hs 53.14b quotes an edict of Emperor Wu, saying, King Hui of Kuang-ch uan [Liu Yüeh died 136 B.C.], is to us an elder brother. In the list of the sons of Emperor Ching in 53.1a, aside from Liu Ch e and Liu Yüeh, there were ten sons mentioned, so that Liu Ch e may have been the eleventh of the fourteen sons of Emperor Ching. Six of these were made kings on May 12, 155 B.C., two more in July 154, and Liu Jung, the oldest, was made Heir-apparent on May 16,153, when Liu Ch e was also made King. Liu Yüeh is not included among these kings, so that by this reasoning, Liu Ch e was also the eleventh son. In Hs 53 and Sc 59 it is definitely stated that Emperor Ching had at least five sons older than Emperor Wu. [p. His temple name was Shi-tsung ; his tomb was named the Mou Tomb ]. 28. Shen Pu-hai was a man of Ching in the kingdom of Cheng (in present Honan). He was a petty official of the state of Cheng. He studied law and went to Marquis Chao of Han ( B.C.), who made him his Chancellor. He encouraged culture and government, and dealt successfully with other states. Throughout the fifteen years he held office, the kingdom of Han was well governed and its army was strong, so that no enemy attacked it. The Shih chi says that he wrote two p ien of books, that his teaching was based upon that of the Yellow Emperor and Lao-tzu (the Sc text reads ), and that he emphasized punishments and names. This book was known as Shen-tzu. His book was lost during the Liang period, according to the Sui History, but the T ang History lists 3 p ien. There are now preserved only 24 passages, all culled from quotations elsewhere. Hu Shih ( ) thinks that the present Shen-tzu is probably not authentic; Henri Maspero ( ) says the original work was merely put out under the name of a famous administrator. Cf. Sc 63. 5b; Hu Shih, Chung-kuo che-hsüeh shih ta-kang, p. 361 ff; Maspero, La Chine antique, p {See also, H.G. Creel. Shen Pu-hai. a Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C. (Chicago, 1974).} 30. The Guard was composed, according to Wei Hung, (fl ; Cf. HFHD I.80

4 3 n 5), of young conscript soldiers who served as a guard at the imperial palaces, temples, tombs, etc., for the second year of their service. Those at the Wei-yang Palace constituted the Southern Army, q.v. The account in the HHs quoted below says that upon the completion of their service as guards, they were encouraged to engage in agriculture and sericulture, so that in later Han times the Guard may have been composed of conscripts in the last year of their service or of professional soldiers, who were sent back to their families when they reached the age of retirement. They were also employed for the imperial post service; cf. Hs 6.2b. In a note to Hs 6.2b, Mr. Cheng (fl. dur ) says, Those old [guards] who were sent out and the new ones who were established had been [before 140 B.C.] twenty thousand men. In Aug. 140 B.C. their number was reduced by half. HHs Treatise 5.11b reads, The Rites for Feasting and Sending off the Old Guards. The various officials meet. [When each is in his] assigned place, an internuncio, bearing credentials, leads the old guards to enter from the principal door. The Major of the Guard, holding banners and a small bell [on which to give signals to their men], conducts their march. When the march stops, an Attending Secretary, bearing a credential, consoles them for their service. By an imperial edict they are kindly asked whether they have any sufferings or troubles. [The Attending Secretary] receives their petitions and memorializes [to the throne] what they wish to have said. [When the Ceremony] is over, they are feasted and granted [the favor of] having music performed and witnessing [competitive games]. When the music stops, the [Old Guard] is dismissed. They are sent off and exhorted to [engage in] agriculture and sericulture. Cheng Hsüan ( ) in a comment on Chou-1i 1.7b, referring to the lowest officers of the Grand Administrator-general, says, These are common people who perform compulsory service, like the present Guard. Hs 76.23a says, In the first month, [the Emperor] goes and favors the Ch ü Pavillion [with a visit], where he is present at the feasting and dismissing the guard. Ju Shun adds, The various guards are completely changed; they have their places taken [by others] and leave; hence the Son of Heaven in person visits and feasts them. HHs Memoir 32.12a reads, In 78 A.D. the Emperor [Chang r.76-89] feasted the guard in the Southern Palace. Cf. Hs also HFHD I.80 n 2; Hs 19A.11b. 30. The Ming-t ang was a hall for audience and sacrifice. There was a Ming-t ang in the capital, and there were others at various places the Emperor went. A description of one built at Feng-kao, a place northeast of the present T ai-an, Shan-tung, is found in Mh III, 511 and Hs. 25B.2b, 3a,b. This subject has been much discussed. Cf. Hs Legge, Liki. Sacred Books of the East, XXVII, 28-30; XXVIII, 28-31; Couvreur, Li-ki, I.332; Mh III, 418, n 5; Soothill, in Journal Royal Asiatic Society 61: 99; T oung Pao, : 116 (summarizing Wang Kuo-wei ); Ku Chieh-kang, in Kuo-li Chung-shan tahsüeh yü-yen li-shih chou-k an, collection 10, n 121. The San-fu Huang-tu says that the Ming-t ang of the Han dynasty was located 2 li SW of Ch ang-an. 30. Shen P ei, usually called the old gentleman Shen Kung, was an outstanding

5 4 Confucian teacher who lived ca B.C. He was a man of Lu. When he was young, he was a friend of Liu Chiao, the brother cf Kao-tsu who became King Yüan of Ch u. Liu Jiao and Shen P ei studied the Book of Odes under Fou-ch iu Po. At the rise of the Han dynasty, when Kao-tsu passed by the kingdom of Lu (prob. Dec./ Jan 196-5), Shen P ei saw Kao-tsu. At the time of the Empress of Kao-tsu ( ), Fou-ch iu Po was in Ch ang-an and Liu Jiao sent his son Liu Ying-ke, together with Shen P ei, to him. They finished their study of poetry under Fou-ch iu Po. When Liu Chiao died and Liu Ying-ke succeeded him as King of Ch u (r ), he ordered Shen P ei to be the Tutor of his Heir-apparent, Liu Wu. But Liu Wu was not fond of study and did not like Shen P ei. When Liu Wu became King, he made Shen P ei wear a red criminal s jacket and pound rice in the market-place. Shen P ei was very much ashamed, so he retired to Lu. He stayed at home and taught. Throughout his life, he never thereafter took any official position. He only came out of retirement when the King of Lu summoned him. He had more than a thousand disciples. Shen Pei only tried to interpret the Book of Odes in his teaching and did not write any commentary. Whenever he had any doubts about a certain passage, he left it doubtful. Wang Tsang and Chao Wan (q.v.) had studied the Book of Odes with Shen P ei, and, when the Emperor Wu was thinking of building a Ming-t ang to receive the nobles, Chao Wan and Wang Tsang recommended Shen P ei to the Emperor. So, in l40 B.C., the Emperor sent a comfortable carriage with reed-bound wheels to summon him to the capital. Two of his disciples followed him. When he came to the court and was presented to the Emperor, the Emperor asked him about the way of government. At that time Shen P ei was already more than 80 years old. He said that those who govern the people should not prize discussion; the important thing lies in actually carrying out right ideas and in how effectively they are carried out. Unfortunately at that time the Emperor was young and was very fond of literature and flowery writings. When he heard the reply of Shen P ei, he was silent (i.e., not pleased). But he had already summoned him to court, so he could only make him a Great Palace Grandee T ai-chung ta-fu and establish him in the prince s quarters of Lu. The Grand Empress Dowager née Tou was very fond of the teachings of Lao-tzu and did not like the Confucian doctrine. Chao Wan memorialized the throne asking that in effect the Grand Empress Dowager be ordered to refrain from interfering with the government, but she spoke unfavorably to the Emperor about Shen P ei, Chao Wan, and Wang Tsang. The Emperor abandoned his idea of building a Ming-t ang and ordered Chao Wan and Wang Tsang to be punished. Both of them committed suicide. Shen P ei was also dismissed on account of illness and returned home. Several years after his return home he died. He had among his disciples more than ten who became erudits. He gave his (oral) interpretations of the Book of Odes to the old gentleman Chiang Kung of Hsiao-ch iu, who succeeded in transmitting them. Cf. Hs 88.15b-16b; Sc ch Chao Wan was a man of Tai, who became Grandee Secretary in 140 B.C. With Tou Ying and T ien Fen he advocated Confucian practices, and presented a

6 5 memorial to the Emperor requesting that it be ordered that the Grand Empress Dowager should not be allowed to interfere in government or receive memorials. For that he was imprisoned and forced to commit suicide in Nov./Dec. 140 B.C. Cf. Hs 6.2b, 19B.13b, ch a,b sub (T ien Fen); ch a,b sub (Shen P ei); ch. 25. [p. Hu Shih ( ) has gathered together the events leading to his death in his Han chu Ru-Dao zhi zheng, in Hu Shi wencun, san ji,, pp ] 30. Wang Tsang, style Yu-chün, was a man of Lan-ling and a disciple of the famous Confucian authority on the Book of Odes, Shen P ei. He was Junior Tutor to Emperor Wu when the latter was Heir-apparent, but was dismissed when Emperor Wu came to the throne in 140 B.C. Wang Tsang memorialized the Emperor to became his bodyguard, and was repeatedly promoted until within one year he became Chief of the Gentlemen-at-the-Palace. He joined with Chao Wan in the effort to introduce Confucian practices into the government (q.v.) to stop the interference of the Taoist Grand Empress Dowager née Tou in government. He was imprisoned and forced to commit suicide in Nov./Dec. 140 B.C. Cf. Hs 6.2a, 19B.13a, ch b, ch b sub Shi Fen, ch. 52 sub T ien Fen, ch b-16b, sub Shen P ei. [p. Hu Shih has gathered together the incidents leading to his death in his Han chu Ru-Dao zhi zheng, in Hu Shi wencun, san ji,, pp ] 31. The Mou or Mou-ling Tomb {15-16:4/4} was that of Emperor Wu. It was begun in 139 B.C. and was located according to the Shina rekidai chimei yoran, 17 li northeast of the present Hsing-p ing Hsien, in the Manchu dynasty s Hsi-an Fu, Shensi. Yen Shih-ku says that this place was originally the Mou District of the Huai-li Prefecture. Cf. Hs 6.3a. [p. Fu Tsan (fl. ca. 285) says the The Mou Tomb is 80 li northwest of Ch ang-an. Cf. Hs 6.39a. For a recent description, cf. C.W. Bishop, Notes on the Tomb of Ho Ch ü-ping Artibis Asiae, 1 (1928): 35.] 31. The Pien Gate Bridge was 40 li from Ch ang-an according to Su Lin (fl ) and northwest of the city, east of the Mou Tomb, according to Fu Ch ian (ca ). Yen Shih-ku adds that it is on the road from the capital to the Mou Tomb and spans the Wei River; in his time it was called the Pien Bridge. Shen Ch inhan states that the Yüan-ho chün-hsien chih (by Li Chi-fu, ) says that the Western gate of Ch ang-an was called the Pien Gate and that this bridge was opposite it, so was called the Pien Gate Bridge. Cf. Hs 6.3a. 31. Liu Ming, King of Chi-ch uan, was the son of Liu Wu, King Hsiao of Liang and the grandson of Emperor Wen. On June 1, 145 B.C. he was made Marquis of Huan-yi (or ), and on June 6, 144 he was made King of Chi-ch uan. In Aug. 138 he was condemned for killing his Tutor and his Palace Tutor. The officials asked the Emperor to sentence him to death; but Emperor Wu could not bear to do so. He dismissed him from his titles, made him a commoner, and banished him to Fang-ling in the present Hupeh. His state was made into the Ch en-liu Commandery. Cf. Hs 47.5b, 6a; 15B.8b,

7 a, 6.3a. 31. Fang-ling was, according to Yen Shih-ku, a city of the Han-chung Commandery, located, according to Wang Hsien-ch ien, within the present Fang Hsien, in the Manchu dynasty s Yün-yang Fu,in northwestern Hupeh. It was used as a place of banishment for Liu Ming, King of Chi-ch uan. Cf. Hs 6.3a. 31. The Palace Tutor was an official in the kingly courts who is mentioned rarely. Ying Shao says that he was an eunuch. Hu San-hsing says, Under the Han [dynasty], in the various kingdoms there were Grand Tutors with the rank of two thousand piculs who took charge of instructing the king in virtue and righteousness. The Palace Tutor went out and in the king s palace and was at the side of the king, so he also had charge of teaching and guiding the king. Cf. Hs 6.3a, 14.12a, 47.5b. [p. In 9 A.D., a Palace Tutor had charge of Liu Ying at the imperial court, cf. Hs 99B.1b.] 32. Tung-ou was the capital of the kingdom of Tung-hai which was also called the kingdom of Tung-ou. The Treatise on Geography (ch. 28) does not note this place, but HHs Treatise 22.47a states that in 138 A.D. the Tung-ou District of the Ch ang-an Hsien was made the Yung-ning Hsien. This place is then, according to Chou Shou-ch ang, in the present Yung-chia Hsien, which was the Manchu dynasty s Wen-chou Fu, Chekiang. Cf. Hs 6.3a,b. 32. Chuang Tsu was an outstanding poet and official of Emperor Wu. His surname was Chuang, but in the histories it was changed to Yen, because of the taboo on the name of Emperor Ming of the Later Han Dynasty. Chuang Tsu was a man of the K uai-chi Commandery and was the son of Chuang Chi. Some, however, said that he was the son of a relative of Chuang Chi. When (probably in Nov. 141 B.C.), the commanderies recommended the Capable and Good, more than a hundred scholars went to the court to take the imperial examinations. Emperor Wu was very fond of the answers of Chuang Tsu. So he was made Palace Grandee and was in the court with Ssu-ma Hsiang-ju (c ) and other men of letters. When the Emperor was trying to conquer the barbarians and extend his territory, the activities in the court were very many, and many men of letters and thinkers were promoted and became high officials in the court. Among these men. of letters, Chuang Tsu, Tung-fang Shuo (154-93), Ssu-ma Hsiang-ju, Mei Sheng and Wu-ch iu Shou-wang, received the highest favor. Of these Chuang Tsu and Wu-ch iu Shou-wang were the most favored. In 138 B.C., when Min-yüeh besieged Tung-ou and the latter asked for help, the Emperor Wu was not yet in his twentieth year. He asked the Minister of War, Tien Fen, whether or not he should help Tung-ou. Tien Fen was against sending help, but Chuang Tsu argued that if Tung-ou is not rescued, the hearts of those who turn towards Han could not be won. The Emperor agreed and sent Chuang Tsu with credentials to lead out the troops of K uai-chi Commandery. The Administrator of K uai-chi was not willing to send out his troops, so Chuang Tsu put to death one of his Ssu-ma and succeeded in bringing the troops by

8 7 sea to Tung-ou. Before the troops arrived, the army of Min-yüeh fled and abandoned the siege. In 135 B.C. Min-yüeh sent out its troops again, to attack Nan-yüeh. Nan-yüeh, in obedience to the command of the Emperor, did not send any troops out to fight with Minyüeh but instead sent a dispatch to the court to inform of the situation. The Emperor thought much of the obedience and loyalty of Nan-yüeh and sent out troops with the generals Wang Hui and Han An-kuo to punish Min-yüeh. Liu An, King of Huai-nan, memorialized the Emperor not to send out troops, because the people were tired. But the troops had already crossed the ridge into the present Kuangtung. The younger brother of the King of Min-yüeh, Tsou Yü-shan, killed his brother and came to surrender. The Emperor praised the purpose of Liu An and ordered Chuang Tsu to go to Nan-yüeh to encourage its king, then to Liu An to explain matters to him. Chuang Tsu and Liu An became good friends. When Chuang Tsu returned to the court, he was always with the Emperor. Chuang Tsu told the Emperor that formerly he had been very poor and had been insulted by the son-in-law of a rich friend. The Emperor asked Chuang Tsu what he wanted; he replied that he would like to be the Grand Administrator of K uai-chi. He was accordingly appointed. For several years the Emperor did not hear anything from him, so he sent an edict to him saying that he had been allowed to leave the court because he was tired and homesick; now he had not been heard from for some years, so he must tell the Emperor the truth about himself. Chuang Tsu was afraid and memorialized the Emperor to the effect that he wanted to come to court in person, bringing the accounts of the last three years. The Emperor granted his wish. Thereafter he remained in the court. Whenever there was anything wonderful, strange, or interesting, the Emperor always asked Chuang Tsu to write about it. He wrote several tens of p ien of fu and sung. Later, when the King of Huai-an, Liu An, came to court, he bribed Chuang Tsu heavily; they became close friends and secretly deliberated over a rebellion. When Liu An rebelled in 124 B.C., Chuang Tsu was accused and sentenced. The Emperor thought much of him and did not want to put him to death, but the Chief Justice Chang T ang said that Chuang Tsu had committed a most serious crime in trying to cherish the friendship of both the Emperor and of a rebellious noble outside the court, and that if the Emperor did not put him to death, there would be no way of dealing with future cases. So he was publicly executed in 122 B.C. Cf. Hs 64A.1a-11a. [p. The account of Chuang Tsu in the Han shu has been translated by A. Wylie in Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, IV.1879/80: 87 ff. 32. The Erudits for the Classics were officials first established in the spring of 136 B.C., to be specialists on the Five Classics. In the time of Kao-tsu and Hsiao-hui, the Erudits probably were men learned on ancient and recent matters who were in attendance upon the Emperor for purposes of consultation, and there was no specialization among them. According to Chao Ch i s (ca ) T i-tz u on Mencius, in the time of Emperor Wen, there were established Erudits for the Analects, the Classic of Filial Piety, Mencius, and the Erh-ya (mentioned in Han-kuan ta-wen 2.3b). (Altho Liu Hsin says that at this time the only

9 8 Confucian Erudit at the imperial court was Chia Yi; cf. Hs 36.32b). There were also Erudits for the various scholars. There were other Confucian and non-confucian Erudits at the various kingly courts. In 141 B.C., the Emperor Wu forbad the promotion of students of legalistic teachings (Hs 6.1b), and then established Mr. Ou-yang (Hs 88.11b) as Erudit for the Book of History, Shih Chou (Hs 88.7b) and Meng Hsi (Hs 88.8a) as Erudits for the Book of Changes; Hou Tsang (Hs 88.19b) for the other classics, the Book of Odes, Classic of Filial Piety, the Kung-yang Commentary on the Spring and Autumn, and the Book of Rites. Possibly in Emperor Wu s time there were only five Erudits. In the time of Emperor Hsüan their number was increased to twelve, there were added Erudits for Hsia-hou Sheng s (Hs 88.12a) and Hsia-hou Chien s (Hs 88.13b) interpretations of the Book of History, and Liangch iu Ho s interpretation of (Hs 88.9a) the Book of Changes, and for the Ku-liang Commentary on the Spring and Autumn; Emperor Yüan made Ching Fang (Hs 88.10a) Erudit for the Book of Changes; Emperor P ing had Erudits for Mr. Tso s Commentary on the Spring and Autumn, for the Mao text of the Book of Odes, for the scattered Rites [found in the wall of Confucius home.] (Cf. Hs 30.10a, commentary), and for the Ancient Text of the Book of History (Cf. Hs ch. 88). Thus there were special Erudits for the various classics, and as time went on, the specialization increased. Cf. Glossary sub Erudits, Imperial University; Hankuan ta-wen, 2.3b; Hs 19A.7b. 32. Tsang Erh was the grandmother of Emperor Wu and a very vigorous and influential woman during the reigns of Emperors Ching and Wu. She was the granddaughter of Tsang Tu, King of Yen. She first married Wang Chung and by him had a son, Wang Hsin and two daughters, who later became the Empress of Hsiao-ching née Wang, and his Lady née Wang, Erh-hsü, respectively. After the death of Wang Chung she married a man surnamed T ien and gave birth to T ien Fen and T ien Sheng, both later influential in the court. The Empress née Wang was the mother of Emperor Wu, so Tsang Erh was the grandmother of Emperor Wu. When he came to the throne, she was honored with the title, Baronetess of P ing-yüan and her first husband, Wang Chung, was posthumously made the Kung Marquis and a funeral park with 200 families established for his tomb. Tsang Erh died in May/June 136 B.C., and was buried in the burying ground of the T ien family at Ch ang-liang. A funeral park and town of caretakers were established for her tomb. Cf. Hs 97A.8b, 9b, 10a. 32. Liu Yüeh, title King Hui of Kuang-ch uan was the son of Emperor Ching by the Lady née Wang. He was made King on May 26, 148 B.C., and died in Sept./Oct. 136 B.C. Cf. Hs 14.17b, 53.14a, 6.3b. 34. Tsou Ying was in 135 B.C. King of Min-yüeh. He embarked in a war with the kingdom of Nan-yüeh. The latter had made an arrangement with the Emperor not to engage in war, so, instead of fighting, informed the Emperor. He sent two armies, who defeated the Min-yüeh troops. In order to avoid the destruction of their kingdom, Tsou Ying s younger brother, Tsou Yü-shan, in 135 B.C. murdered the King and sent his head to the Han troops. Cf. Hs 6.3b, 95.16, ch. 95 (Nan-yüeh).

10 9 34. Grand Prefect of Agriculture was the name to which the title of the Commissary Prefect of the Capital was changed in 143 B.C. This title was changed to Grand Minister of Agriculture (q.v.) in 104 B.C. He had charge of grain and goods. This official was also sent out on military expeditions as a general. Cf. HFHD II.34 n 4.2, Hs 19A.14, 6.4a; HHs, Treatise 26; Han-kuan ta-wen 3.2b. 34. Wang Hui a was a man of Yen. He was several times an official at the northern border. In 136 B.C. he was made Chief Grand Messenger. In 135 he was sent against Nanyüeh, which expedition was successful. (Cf. Hs 6.4a). In the same year the Hsiung-nu sent an embassy asking for peace and alliance by marriage. Wang Hui argued that when the empire had made peace with them, the peace usually lasted only for a few years and then the Hsiung-nu broke the agreement. So he opposed the request of the Hsiung-nu and advised the Emperor to attack them, saying that they cannot be convinced by reason and argument; they only listen to force, and they often disturb the frontiers. Han An-kuo (q.v.) opposed him; he said that the empire should not attack them, because in general the Hsiung-nu were strong and the advantage of battle is not sure. He instanced the ancient practise of merely defending the frontiers, and the failure of the Han dynasty in previous attempts to defeat the Hsiung-nu decisively; he said that they were wanderers and it is very hard to get hold of them. In 133 B.C. the Emperor decided that Wang Hui was right, so he adopted the plan of a certain Nieh Yi, who was sent to the Hsiung-nu to stir them up to attack Ma-yi, while the Han troops prepared to ambush them around Ma-yi. The Hsiung-nu invaded with 10,000 horsemen and entered the Wu-chou Boundary. But 100 li from Ma-yi they felt that something was wrong and escaped. The Han troops chased after them, but did not catch them, so they withdrew. The Emperor was then very angry with Wang Hui and he was committed to the Chief Justice. He tried to bribe the Lieutenant Chancellor T ien Fen with the equivalent of 1000 catties of gold. But T ien Fen did not dare to intercede with the Emperor; instead he tried to convince the Empress Dowager née Wang. The Emperor however said that Wang Hui must be punished, so he committed suicide in prison in 133 B.C. There was another person with the same name living at the same time, who became Marquis of Hao. He should not be confused with this person. Cf. Hs 52.16a-20b, 6.4a, 5b, 6a, 19B.l4b, 15a, ch. 24, ch. 94, ch. 95 (Min-yüeh ). 34. Han An-kuo, style Chang-ju (d. 128 B.C.) was an official and general of the state of Liang who rose to be Grandee Secretary. He fought against the barbarians of the southwest and against the Hsiung-nu. He was from Ch eng-an in the kingdom of Liang. Later his family moved to Suiyang. He studied the miscellaneous discourses of Han Fei-tzu under Master T ien of Tsou. He became a Palace Grandee in the court of King Hsiao of Liang, Liu Wu. In 154 B.C., at the time of the rebellion of Wu and Ch u, King Hsiao ordered Han Ankuo and Chang Yü to be generals to defend the kingdom against the troops of Wu along its eastern boundary. Chang Yü was a great fighter while Han An-kuo was very steady in defense. Hence the troops of Wu could not take Liang When Wu and Ch u were crushed, Han An-kuo and Chang Yü became famous in the kingdom of Liang.

11 10 Because King Hsiao was a brother of the Emperor Ching, he acted beyond bounds; the Emperor, hearing this, was displeased. The Empress Dowager née Tou, his mother, hearing of the Emperor s displeasure, often scolded the messengers from Liang. Sometimes she also would not receive them. Han An-kuo, as a messenger from Liang, came to the court and went to see the Princess, the eldest sister of the Emperor and tried to explain why King Hsiao was acting thus. He succeeded in winning over the Princess and eventually in gaining a hearing from the Emperor. From that time, Han An-kuo was very much liked in Liang and also in the imperial court. King Hsiao gave Han An-kuo the equivalent of more than 1,000 catties of gold. Later Han An-kuo was sentenced for crime and was imprisoned in the city of Meng (in Liang ). The prison officer, Tien Chia insulted Han An-kuo. The latter replied that sometimes dead ashes burn again. Soon after, when the position of Prefect of the Capital at Liang was vacant, and the Emperor sent an official to appoint Han An-kuo to that position, T ien Chia fled. Han An-kuo threatened to exterminate his relatives; he then returned and Han An-kuo pardoned him. Han An-kuo was also the person who tried to convince King Hsiao to give up Kuei Sheng and the assassins of Yüan Ang and others. The Empress Dowager née Tou then respected Han An-kuo more and more. When, in 143 B.C., King Hsiao died and King Kung, Liu Mai, ascended the throne, Han An-kuo was sentenced for crime and dismissed. He lived at home. When the Emperor Wu ascended the throne in 140 B.C., T ien Fen was Minister of War; Han An-kuo bribed T ien Fen and was made Chief Commandant of the Po-ti Commandery. In 138 he was promoted to be Grand Chief of Agriculture. When, in that year, Min-yüeh attacked Tung-yüeh. Han An-kuo and the Chief Grand Messenger Wang K uei led troops to help Tung-yüeh. When, in 135 B.C. Han An-kuo became the Grandee Secretary, the Hsiung-nu asked for peace and friendship. Wang K uei (q.v.) advocated attacking them, while Han An-kuo advocated merely defending the borders against them. Han An-kuo as a man was very good in planning things. He knew what to accept and what to reject. He was very good natured. He had, however, many vices and was very avaricious. However, the men whom he recommended to the court were all good men and better than he was. From the kingdom of Liang he promoted Hu Sui, Tsang Ku, and Chih T o, and the men of the time praised him. The Emperor thought very highly of him. Han Ankuo was Grandee Secretary until 131 B.C. When the Lieutenant Chancellor T ien Fen died and Han An-kuo was acting as Lieutenant Chancellor, one day, in escorting the Emperor to his chariot, Han An-kuo fell from the carriage and became lame. The Emperor wanted then to make him the Lieutenant Chancellor and sent a man to see him. But he was too lame, so he was dismissed. After several months he improved and was made Palace Military Commandery for more than a year. In 129 he was transferred to be Commandant of the Palace Guard. In 128 B.C., when the Hsiung-nu entered the borders, Han An-kuo was made General of Able-bodied Soldiers and was stationed at Yü-yang. He was defeated by the Hsiung-nu, so the Emperor became very angry with him and he was transferred to the encampment of Yupei-p ing. Han An-kuo was very much ashamed and unhappy. After several months he vomited blood and died. Cf. Hs 52.13b-22a, 6.4a. [p. Liu Shao calls him an astute man. Cf.

12 11 Shryock, The Study of Human Abilities, p. 108.] 35. Li Kuang 3, known as the Flying General was a famous general, archer, and fighter against the Huns in the time of the Emperors Wen and Wu. He was born about 180 B.C. or earlier. He came from Ch eng-chi in the Lung-hsi Commandery. One of his ancestors was Li Hsin, who was a famous general of the state of Chin and had captured the Prince of Yen, Tan. His family inherited the art of archery from generation to generation. In 166 B.C., when the Huns entered the Hsiao Barrier in great number, Li Kuang was with the Han army and killed so many Huns that he was made a Cavalry Gentleman and Regular Attendant. The Emperor Wen said that it was a pity Li Kuang had not been born at the time of Kao-tsu; if so, he would have become a marquis with the income of ten thousand families. When the Emperor Ching ascended the throne (156), Li Kuang became General of Cavalry of the Gentlemen. When Wu and Ch u rebelled in 154 he was with Chou Ya-fu and became famous in the battle of Ch ang-yi. He did not however receive any reward because he had improperly received a seal from the King of Liang, Liu Wu. Later he became the Grand Administrator of the Shang-ku Commandery and several times fought the Huns. The Director of Dependent States, Kung-sun K un-hsieh, wept and said to the Emperor that Li Kuang s ability and personality were peerless, but he was so proud of his own ability and so brave that he did not care for himself and fought with the Huns so many times that Kung-sun K un-hsieh was afraid some day Li Kuang might be killed, altho that should not be permitted. So the Emperor transferred Li Kuang to the Shang Commandery. There he was made Grand Administrator. The Emperor ordered one of his favorites to stay with Li Kuang in his army to care for him. It happened that this favorite went out one day with only several tens of horsemen and was wounded by the Huns. Li Kuang came to his rescue with a hundred cavalry and killed all of those who had shot at the favorite. But as they returned, they saw some thousands of Huns coming up. His men were afraid and wanted to flee. But Li Kuang said, We are several tens of li from the main army; if we flee now, the Huns will pursue and shoot us down. If, however, we stop, the Huns will think that we are the van of a large army and will not dare to attack us. So he ordered his horsemen to advance within 2 li of the Huns and stop. Then he ordered them to dismount and loosen their saddles. One of his horsemen said, The Caitiffs [Huns] are many and near; what could we do in an emergency? Li Kuang answered, Those Caitiffs will expect us to flee. Do you now all loosen your saddles to show that you will not flee. By these means he tried to give his men self-confidence. The Huns did not dare to attack a small band of Chinese, but a chieftain on a white horse rode out to inspect; so Li Kuang mounted with some ten horsemen, pursued, shot this chieftain down, then returned to his men where they loosened their saddles, let horses go, and went to sleep. The Huns marvelled that there was some ambush, dared not attack, and left during the night. The next morning Li Kuang returned unharmed with his men to his main army. Later he was transferred to become successively the Grand Administrator of the Lung-hsi, of the Pei-ti, Yen-men and Yün-chung Commanderies, scaring away the Huns in

13 12 each of these places. When Emperor Wu came to the throne, Li Kuang was recommended as a famous general and was brought to the court. In 134 he became the Commander of the Palace Guards at the Wei-yang Palace. At that time Ch eng Pu-shih was the Commander of Palace Guards at the Ch eng-lo Palace. Ch eng Pu-shih and Li Kuang were both frontier generals and both many times fought with the Huns. Li Kuang did not establish any regiments or companies in his army. When he reached fine water and grass and encamped, his men did as they pleased. He loved his soldiers and was loved by them. Ch eng Pushih was very strict in commanding his army and his soldiers did not like him. Both were known at the borders as famous generals; the Huns were afraid of Li Kuang. Cheng Pushih became Great Palace Grandee in the time of Emperor Ching. At the ambush of Ma-yi (cf. sub Wang K uei ) in 133 B.C., Li Kuang was General of Resolute Cavalry and was under the General of the Protecting Army, Han An-kuo. In the spring of 129 B.C., Li Kuang as Commandery of the Palace Guard, was made General and was sent out of Yenmen to attack the Huns. The Huns outnumbered Li Kuang s soldiers so many times that Li Kuang was defeated and captured by the Huns. The Shan-yü had always heard of the power and virtue of Li Kuang, so he ordered that he should be captured alive. When the Hun cavalry captured him, he had been wounded, so was put between two horses and was carried on a litter for more than 10 li. Li Kuang feigned death, when he saw that one of the horsemen was riding a fine horse, he suddenly jumped upon the back of that horse, held the rider as his shield, and fled back. When he returned, he was going to be put to death because he had lost his troops, but he was pardoned and made a commoner upon payment of a ransom. (5a) Later Li Kuang was made Grand Administrator of the Yu-pei-p ing Commandery. While he was at that place, the Huns were so afraid of him that they gave him the name, The Flying General of Han, and always tried to avoid him. For years, the Huns dared not enter into that part of China. One day, when Li Kuang went out hunting, he saw a stone and shot his arrow deep into it. Cf n 344 for this legend. He often killed tigers by shooting them. When Shih Chien died in 123 B.C. the Emperor summoned Li Kuang to take Shih Chien s place as Chief of the Gentlemen at the Palace. In that year, he was also made General and went with the General-in-chief to Ting-hsiang, (5b), where he lost his army and returned. In 121, Li Kuang, as Chief of the Gentlemen at the Palace, went out thru the Yu-peip ing to attack the Huns with Chang Ch ien, the Marquis of Po-yang Commandery, who had 10,000 cavalry. The Hun Sage King of the East brought 40,000 cavalry and surrounded Li Kuang. Li Kuang then fought with them. The Huns shot at the Chinese troops and killed more than half of Li Kuang s soldiers, and the Chinese arrows were almost used up. Li Kuang ordered that the bows should be kept taut but they should not shoot and himself took a large crossbow and shot their Lieutenant General, killing several men. By nighttime, the Chinese were deathly white, but Li Kuang was still confident and commanded his army, so that his troops submitted to his courage. The next day they again fought a battle. Chang Ch ien came to his rescue, but by that time the men of Li Kuang were almost all killed. When they returned, according to the law of Han, because Chang

14 13 Ch ien had been late to the rendezvous, he should have been put to death, but he ransomed his life and became a commoner. Li Kuang was not punished, because, altho his army was almost exterminated, yet he had checked the enemy and was not defeated. Altho Li Kuang was very outstanding, he never became a high official. One day he asked Wang So, who was a reader of emanations, why, altho he had been in the battle every time that Han troops had fought with the Huns and many of his subordinates had become nobles and marquises, yet he had never been enfeoffed. Wang So said that it was because of something that he had done. Li Kuang replied that when he had been the Grand Administrator of Lung-hsi, the Ch iang had rebelled and he had lured 800 to surrender and had killed them. Wang So replied that that was the reason he had not been enfeoffed. According to the historian, the reason that Li Kuang was so good in archery was because it was a gift from Heaven, since none of his descendants was as good as he. Li Kuang was very slow at speaking and said very little. [p. When his troops were exhausted and water was seen, he would not drink until they had all first drunk and he would not eat until they had all eaten. He was generous and not severe, so his soldiers loved and obeyed him. When he was shooting, unless the enemy came within several tens of double-paces he did not fire, for he considered he could not hit his aim.] In 119 B.C., the General-in-chief, Wei Ch ing, was sent to attack the Hsiung-nu. Li Kuang petitioned the Emperor several times to be sent along. The Emperor thought that Li Kuang was too old. So at first he refused. Finally however, he permitted Li Kuang to go and made him General of the Van. But the General-in-chief, Wei Ch ing, united the troops of Li Kuang with those of the General of the Right [p. [Flank], Chao Yi-chi, and ordered him to go eastwards. Li Kuang objected, saying that he wanted to go in the van and capture the Shan-yü. But Wei Ch ing had received orders from the Emperor that Li Kuang s fate was an evil one; he himself wanted Kung-sun Ao to have the opportunity of opposing the Shan-yü, so he refused to change Li Kuang s arrangement. Wei Ch ing finally left in anger. Someone lost the road and Li Kuang and Chao Yi-chi arrived late at their rendezvous with Wei Ch ing. Wei Ch ing fought with the Shan-yü, but the Shan-yü escaped. Then Wei Ch ing returned southwards, crossed the Gobi desert and met the two generals.] So, when they returned, they were summoned to be questioned by the officials. Li Kuang said that it was his fault that they had lost their way. He could answer no more, so he told his subordinates that he had fought with the Huns more than 70 times, and that it must have been the will of Heaven that he was lost. At that time he was more than sixty years old; he could say nothing, so he committed suicide. When the people heard of his death, they all wept and lamented. Cf. Hs 54.la-8b, 19.l5a, 17a; Sc 109.la. 35. Ch eng Pu-shih was a famous frontier general and fighter in the time of Emperors Ching and Wu. In the time of Emperor Ching he became Great Palace Grandee. He fought the Hsiung-nu many times. He was very strict in commanding his army, so his soldiers did not like him. In 134 B.C. he was Commander of the Palace Guard at the Ch ang-lo Palace and was made General of Chariots and Cavalry and sent to encamp in the Yen-men Commandery. Cf. Hs 6. 4a, 54.3a, ch. 52 (Kuan Fu ).

15 Su-shen (anciently the last character was written 眘 according to Ch ien Ta-chao, so that in Han shu 6.4b it is now written 眘 ; Shih chi [cf. Mh I, 89, 249] writes the first character ) was an ancient barbarian state located outside the borders of China to the north. HHs 75.4b reads, Yi-lou is the ancient state of Su-shen. It is a thousand li northeast of Fu-yu. On its east is the shore of the great sea. The Shina rekidai chimei yoran, locates Yi-lou around the present Ning-an in eastern Kirin, Manchuria. Its seacoast is that of the Sea of Japan, north of Korea. Cf. Hs 6.4b; Book of History, Preface, 56 (Legge, I, 12); Ta Tai Li-chi ch. 76, chuan 11.9a, 10a, 11a; Hs 27Ci.14a; Parker, On Race Struggles in Corea, Transactions of the Asian Society of Japan, 5.18 (1890): 174-5; Laufer, Chinese Clay Figures, 262 f. It is mentioned in the Shan-hai-ching 7.lb, 3a and in the Kuo-yü (trans. in Mh V, ). 37. Po-fa seems to have been the name of some place outside of and to the north of China, among the northern barbarians. It is mentioned in the Ta Tai Li-chi ch. 76, chüan 11.9a, 10a, 11a, where Lu Pien (fl. dur ) comments, Po-fa is a place name among the northern Ti. Their locality produced swift-footed deer. It appears in the Shih chi; cf. Mh I, 89. This place is mentioned by Wang K uei in connection with the Yüeh-shih in Hs 52.18a. Liu Chang notes that the name occurs in Kuan-tzu. The name also occurs in an edict of Emperor Wu in Hs 6.4a. In the commentary Fu Ch ien (ca ) says it is a place-name. Chin Shao (fl. ca. 275) agrees. Li Shan, in the Wen-hsüan, says that Po-fa is the name of a state. But Fu Tsan (fl. ca. 285) quotes a passage from the K ung-tzu sanch ao chi (a book which was incorporated in the Ta Tai Li-chi and is now quoted from that collection), To the north he made an expedition against (po-fa) Ch i-sou; to the south he pacified Chiao-chih. In this sentence po-fa is not the name of a place; but this sentence is not found in the K ung-tzu san-ch ao chi or the Ta Tai Li-chi today; it is however found in an edict written for Emperor Wu by Chao Chou in Hs 58.2a (so that he probably understood po-fa as not a place-name). Since Ch ü-sou was not in the north of the capital but to the west, the use of po-fa to contrast with an expedition to the south does not make sense. Fu Tsan may have been quoting from memory and have phrase confused the in the edict in Hs 58.2a with that now in the Ta Tai Li-chi,. Yen Shih-ku has followed Fu Tsan into error. Ch ien Ta-hsin ( ) points out that in Hs ch. 58, Kung-sun Hung probably recognized Chao Chou s boner but is very polite and does not try to correct it. Wang K uei knew the border well; his use of the term seems to settle its meaning. Cf. Mh I, 89, n Ch ü-sou is a place mentioned as early as the Tribute of Yü (Book of History, Legge, I, 127) as being among the western wild tribes. Hs 28Bi.31b mentions it as a district in the (Han) So-fang Commandery; Wang Hsien-ch ien locates it west of the present Ning-hsia, in Ning-hsia Province. [p. It is also mentioned in the Ta Tai Li-chi, ch. 76, 11.9a, 10a, 11a. Yang Hsiung, in his Chieh ch ao mentions it as the western boundary of China, {and Ying Shao} identifies it with the tribes in the Tribute of Yü. (Wen hsüan )

16 The Ti-ch iang (or, according to others, the Ti and Ch iang) were, according to Chavannes, Mh I, 89, n 4, barbarians assimilated to the Jung, who appeared to have inhabited western Szechuan and Tibet. [p. They are mentioned in the Ta-Tai Li-chi, ch. 76, 11.9a, 10a, 11a. According to Hs 7.6a, the Ti lived in Wu-tu Commandery. There was a Ti March (Ti-tao ) Hs 28Bi.4b.] 38. Kung-sun Hung, title Marquis Hsien of P ing-chin ( B.C.),was a poor man who rose to become finally the Lieutenant Chancellor and a marquis under Emperor Wu. He was a noted scholar and statesman and was known for his frugality, his filial piety, his patronizing of poor scholars, and his Confucianism. He was from Hsieh in the state of Tzu-ch uan, and was born in 200 B.C. When he was young, he was a petty official of the prison, but was dismissed for crime. His family was poor and so he became a swineherd. When he was more than 40 years old, he studied the miscellaneous commentaries on the Spring and Autumn. When the Emperor Wu first ascended the throne in Nov. 141 B.C., he summoned all the Capable and Good and men of letters. At that time Kung-sun Hung was sixty years of age. He was made an Erudit and was sent as an envoy to the Huns. But when he returned, his report was not satisfactory; the Emperor Wu became very angry, thinking that Kung-sun Hung was not capable, and dismissed him on the ground of illness. In 130 B.C. (Hs 6.5b says it was 134 B.C.), the Emperor again summoned to the court the Capable and Good and men of letters. The Kingdom of Tzu-ch uan again recommended Kung-sun Hung and was going to send him to the court,but he excused himself, saying that he had previously been recommended and had been considered as incapable by the Emperor. But the kingdom urged him to go. The Emperor issued an edict with questions asking about the ways of government and of understanding Heaven, Earth, and the gods, and Kung-sun Hung answered them. The Grand Master of Ceremonies graded Kung-sun Hung among the lowest class, but the Emperor promoted him to the first of the first class, and summoned him to an audience. He was made an Erudit in attendance at the Chin-ma Gate. Kung-sun Hung petitioned the Emperor about the way of government to the effect that now the people are as good as in the past, but the officials were not as good as in the past. The Emperor questioned him and asked him if he thought that he was very good. Kung-sun Hung said that he could learn. After a year he was sent to the southwestern barbarians. When he returned, he had had a very bad impression of those barbarians, and said that they could not be of any use to the Emperor. The Emperor however did not agree, [p. but every time there was a meeting for discussion, Kung-sun Hung presented his ideas with the purpose of allowing the sovereign to choose which opinion he wanted. Yet, Kung-sun Hung would not argue against the Emperor. The latter investigated Kung-sun Hung s conduct and found it excellent, knew that he was able in disputation, understanding legal matters and an ornament to Confucian scholarship, so he liked him.] Within a year, in 128 B.C., he was promoted to be Junior Prefect of the Capital. He was very frugal and very filially pious. When his adopted mother died, he mourned to the third year. In 126 B.C. he was promoted to be Grandee Secretary [p. and repeated his

17 16 suggestion that the Southwestern Barbarians be dismissed from the empire. Since the Chinese troops were needed to fortify and defend the country {he would also eliminate Ts ang-hai Commandery in in the Southeast and Shuo-fang in the Northwest. In a debate, he was unable to defend his position, so he proposed eliminating the Southwest Barbarians and Ts ang-hai, and maintaining Shuo-fang.} Kung-sun Hung s suggestion was adopted. In 124 B.C. he became the Lieutenant Chancellor. Formerly the custom of the empire was that only a marquis could be made a Lieutenant Chancellor. Kung-sun Hung had no marquisate, so the Emperor had made him the Marquis of P ing-chin on Dec. 22, 126 B.C., with the income of 650 households (Hs 18.9a says 373 households). From that time it became the custom to make the Lieutenant Chancellor a marquis. Kung-sun Hung built guest quarters to entertain the prominent men of the time and made them his guests. He was very frugal himself, but he gave all his care and honor to his guests. Hence he spent all his salary upon them and there was nothing left for himself. He had the fault of being very suspicious. He appeared very liberal-minded, but at bottom he was always suspicious and calculating. Hence people appeared to like him, but really hated him. It was due to his influence that Chu-fu Yüan was killed and Tung Chung-shu was removed to the state of Chiao-hsi. At the time when the Kings of Huai-nan and Heng-shan plotted rebellion and the Emperor was punishing those who were connected with them, Kung-sun Hung was very sick. He thought that he had achieved nothing while enjoying his marquisate and the honor of being Lieutenant Chancellor, so he was afraid and petitioned the Emperor to be retired; but the Emperor was very kind and declined his petition. After several months, when he became well, he again took charge of the affairs of state. Altogether he held office as Grandee Secretary and Lieutenant Chancellor for six years. He died in office in his eightieth year, on Apr. 7, 121 B.C. Cf. Hs 58.la-8a, 19B.16a,b, 18a, 18. 9a, 95.2b; Sc ch Kung-sun Ho, style Tzu-shu, title Marquis of Ko-yi, and General of the Fou-chü, was a brother-in-law of the Empress née Wei of the Emperor Wu and became Chief of the Stud, then Lieutenant Chancellor under Emperor Wu. He was sent as a General deep into the Hun territory. He came from Yi-ch u in the Pei-ti Commandery. His grandfather, Kung-sun K unye, had been the Administrator of the Lung-hsi Commandery in the time of Emperor Ching. He fought as a general against the troops of Wu and Ch u and distinguished himself, and was made Marquis of P ing-ch u, but was later dismissed. He wrote 15 p ien on the Yin and Yang. When Kung-sun Ho was young, he was a cavalryman and was with the army, where he distinguished himself several times. From the time that the Emperor Wu was Heirapparent, Kung-sun Ho was a member of his suite. After Emperor Wu ascended the throne, in 135 B.C., Kung-sun Ho was promoted to be Chief of the Stud and occupied that position for 3 years. His wife, Chün-ju, was the elder sister of the Empress née Wei. Hence Kung-sun Ho was favored. In 133 B.C. he was a General of Light Chariots and was stationed at Ma-yi. Four years later he was sent to the Yün-chung Commandery. In the

18 17 spring of 129 B.C., as a General of Chariots and Cavalry, he went with the General-inchief Wei Ch ing to attack the Hsiung-nu and distinguished himself by capturing a Hun King, so on May 22, 124 B.C. he was made the Marquis of Nan-hsiao. Later, as General of the Left, he was sent out by way of the Ting-hsiang Commandery. He was unsuccessful, and in 112 B.C., he lost his marquisate because he did not furnish money for the wine-offering at the imperial ancestral temple. In 111 he was entitled the General of the Fou-chü Well because he was sent out {on a campaign against the Hsiung-nu, going} more than 2000 li by way of the Chiu-yüan Commandery [p. and reached this well. Fu Tsan (fl. ca. 285) states that Fou-chü was the name of a well (Cf. Hs 6.23b) and that it was deep in the Hun territory, 2000 li from Chiuyüan and refers to the Han-yu t i-t u. Ting Chen in his Hsiung-nu-chuan k aocheng, 1.21b, says it was north of the Hang-ai Mt.] Again he was unsuccessful. The eighth year later, in 103 B.C., he became the Lieutenant Chancellor and was made Marquis of Ko-yi. His son Kung-sun Ching-sheng then took his place and became Chief of the Stud. Thus both father and son were high officials in the court. Because Kung-sun Chingshen was a nephew of the Empress, he was very proud, extravagant, and disobedient to the law. Without authority, he used 19,000,000 cash of the Northern Army. When that fact was known, he was sent to prison. At that time there was an edict to arrest a man by the name of Chu An-shih of Yang-ling. Kung-sun Ho petitioned the Emperor, offering to capture Chu An-shih in order redeem his son. The Emperor granted his request and Kungsun Ho captured Chu An-shih. Now, Chu An-shih was an important brave in the capital, and, when he heard that Kung-sun Ho intended to redeem his son by capturing Chu-Anshih, he petitioned the Emperor from prison, saying that Kung-sun Ch ing-sheng had had illegal relations with the Princess of Yang-shih, the daughter of the Emperor Wu and also that they were trying to kill the Emperor by magic. So, in Feb./Mar. 91 B.C., both Kungsun Ho and his son Kung-sun Ch ing-sheng were sent to prison and died there. Cf. Hs 66.1a-2a, 17.2b, 19B.14b, 23a, 25b, b; Sc ch Li Hsi 5a was a general and official under Emperors Ching and Wu. He came from Yu-chih in the Pei-ti Commandery and was in the court of Emperors Ching and Wu. In 133 B.C., he was made a General of Able-bodied Soldiers and was stationed at Ma-yi. The sixth year after, the autumn of 128, he was a General and was sent but by way of the Tai Commandery. In 126 B.C., he was Palace Military Commander, but after the second year another person took his place. In 124 B.C., he was a General and, following the General-in-chief, Wei Ch ing, he was sent out by way of the So-fang Commandery. In these times, he did not distinguish himself. He was a general in all three times. During , he was Chief Grand Messenger. But under the date 124 he is also called Grand Messenger; he may have been twice appointed to that position or his term may have already begun in 124 or the reference may be an anachronism. Because of his merit, he was made a Kuan-nei Marquis with the income of 300 families. In 120 B.C. he was stationed at Ho-shang and was in charge of building the city of Ho-shang. In 112 he was sent against the Western Chiang. Cf. Hs 55.18a, 2b, 6a, 11a, 19B.16b, 17b, 6.22b.