The Story behind Venus's Behind
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1 The Story behind Venus's Behind Octavian and the change in the iconographic representation of the Victorious Venus after the battle of Actium Shahar Ronen, University of Haifa 39 th Conference of the Israel Society for the Promotion of Classical Studies Haifa, Israel June 9-10, 2010
2 Octavian s Propaganda Quiet times after the Battle of Actium; single rule Seminal studies A pro-peace, pro-republican message Trend of return to the tradition of the forefathers (mos maiorum) An exceptional representation of Venus Syme, 1939 Written Evidence Zanker, 1984/88 Iconography Yavetz, 1988 Hebrew
3 The Victorious Venus enters Roman Politics Venus = Aphrodite (sort of) Diverse roles of Aphrodite Political, warrior, victorious No such roles for pre-sullan Venus Sulla imported the Victorious Aphrodite to Rome Became familiar with her during his eastern campaigns Used this Venus to attract local populations Used a Victorious Venus upon return to Italy
4 Victorious Venus before Octavian: Sullan times Strongly connected to the battlefield Trophies; a salutation to the victorious general RRC 359/1, BC
5 Victorious Venus before Octavian: Sullan times Takes part in combat Head cover RRC 360/1, 82 BC
6 Victorious Venus before Octavian: after Sulla Venus and Roma Militant Helmet Spear/Scepter Upright and alert Completely draped RRC391/3 (reverse), 75 BC
7 RRC 426/3, 56 BC Victorious Venus before Octavian: after Sulla Trophies show strong connection to the battlefield Faustus demonstrates family pride Stern and formal
8 Victorious Venus before Octavian: Caesar Venus Genetrix Not as militant Shown after the battle was already won Yet shares a similar appearance Draped Standing erect Facing forward RRC 463/13 (reverse), 46 BC
9 Victorious Venus before Octavian: Caesar Common origin for the coin and sculpture Similar to the previous Venus Except for the exposed left breast RRC 480/13 (reverse), 44 BC Vénus de Fréjus, marble; Late 1 st -early 2 nd cent. AD. Musée du Louvre, Paris
10 Victorious Venus before Octavian: Caesar These two representations of Venus are very similar Erect and draped Stern and formal - Facing forward RRC 480/13 (reverse), 44 BC Vénus de Fréjus, marble; Late 1 st -early 2 nd cent. AD. Musée du Louvre, Paris
11 Octavian s New Venus A significant change Turning her back Nude! What s the origin of this type? BMCRE 599, BC
12 Inspiration for the New Venus Actually an old type mos maiorum Visual resemblance Posture Dress Attributes Connection to Victory Disarming the god of war returning from the battlefield Peace after the battle Common scene in Greek and Roman iconography Gelon Gem, Hellenistic, ca. 200 BCE. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
13 2 nd cent. BC or earlier. Metropolitan Museum of Art Inspiration for the New Venus 2 nd cent. BC or earlier. Royal Coin Cabinet, The Hague.
14 Inspiration for the New Venus Similar to Octavian s Venus And the Gelon Gem Connected to Victory This is the goddess Nike Inscribing the names of victorious general on a shield Aphrodite and Nike types affect each other Hölscher (2004), Kousser (2008) Stronger connection to victory Bare bottom, himation down
15 Inspiration for the New Venus Similar to Octavian s Venus And the Gelon Gem Connected to Victory This is the goddess Nike Inscribing the names of victorious general on a shield Aphrodite and Nike types affect each other Hölscher (2004), Kousser (2008) Stronger connection to victory Bare bottom, himation down Aphrodite of Capua (right) Venus di Capua, Al museo archeologico nazionale di Napoli.
16 Octavian s Message What s the purpose of the new Venus type? Proclaiming victory A type already identified with victory However, other Venus types were also related to victory What s so special about this type then? Messages of Octavian s propaganda: peace and republic
17 Peace and Quiet after Victory Everybody longed for peace and quiet Representation is not as martial Not dressed for war anymore Calm and relaxed appearance Emphasizes the relief brought by end of war Rather than victory at the battlefield A common pattern Caesar uses a more peaceful type for his Venus Genetrix after his victory over Pompey. And so does Sulla Luce (1968), Crawford (1974)
18 RRC 375/2, 81 BC Peace and Quiet after Victory Sulla, before victory RRC 360/1b, 83 BC RRC 359/1, BC Sulla, after victory Attributes of war replaced with attributes of peace
19 Towards the Republic, away from Caesar (This is purpose number two ) Octavian picked a Venus type completely different than Caesar s Was in a delicate situation after Actium End of the Triumvirate Traditional Roman hostility towards sole rulers, and Caesar s son in particular Also wished to avoid Caesar s fate Let s examine the historical (written) evidence
20 Towards the Republic, away from Caesar Reconstruction of the Temple of Mars Ultor. From Encyclopaedia Romana,
21 Towards the Republic, away from Caesar Temple of Mars Ultor ( the Avenger ) Avenger of Caesar s assassination Octavian vowed it before defeating the armies of Caesar s assassins already in 42 BC! Construction did not start immediately after victory Even though it seems as the perfect time Deliberate delay, to cover up the Caesar connection Waiting for a more appropriate time (ten years later)
22 Cato Towards the Republic, away from Caesar Augustus referred to Cicero as a great patriot and scholar Plutarch, Cicero 49 Cicero Cicero s son appointed consol alongside Augustus. Cato described as teacher of Law and Justice in the afterlife. Aeneid 8,670
23 Towards the Republic, away from Caesar Appreciation for Pompey Caesar s great enemy Affectionately called Livy Pompeianus Tacitus, Annales Reconstruction of Pompey s Temple of Venus Apparently he had enough time for this Pompey Images of Pompey displayed on Augustus s funeral
24 Conclusion Transformation of the representation of the Victorious Venus Goes from martial to calm and peaceful Meant to convey a message of Peace and Republic Using the perfect means: an old republican type Iconographical evidence for Augustus s attempt to belittle his connection to Caesar Supports the vast written evidence A ubiquitous type until Christianity became state religion (next page)
25
26 Acknowledgments Ory Amitay, University of Haifa Sonia Klinger, University of Haifa -My advisors Stephanie L. Budin, Rutgers University Rachel Kousser, CUNY Jenny Wallensten, Swedish Institute at Athens -For letting me read their papers before publication Coin images taken from Roman Coins Database,
27 Onyx Cameo, Augustan. Museo archeologico nazionale di Firenze. Vénus d Arles, 1 st cent. BC. Musée du Louvre. Backup: Pompeian Venuses
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