NUTRIX STUDIES IN LATE ANTIQUE MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE THOUGHT STUDI SUL PENSIERO TARDOANTICO MEDIEVALE E UMANISTICO. Directed by Giulio d Onofrio

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3 NUTRIX STUDIES IN LATE ANTIQUE MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE THOUGHT STUDI SUL PENSIERO TARDOANTICO MEDIEVALE E UMANISTICO Directed by Giulio d Onofrio 1 Ubi in eam deduxi oculos intuitumque defixi respicio nutricem meam cuius ab adulescentia laribus obversatus fueram Philosophiam BOETHIUS Consolatio Philosophiae,I,3

4 2008 Brepols Publishers n.v.,turnhout, Belgium The publication of this volume has been assisted by a grant from MIUR (Italy) within the «Progetto di Ricerca di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale» (PRIN/COFIN) 2003 Paradigms of Scientific-Philosophical Knowledge and Religious Thought in the Middle Ages, Research Unit of the Università degli Studi di Salerno. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher. The logo of the Nutrix series is taken from Ms. New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, M. 302 (Ramsey Psalter), f. 2 v. Photographic credit: The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York. D/2008/0095/60 ISBN Printed in the E.U. on acid-free paper

5 Giulio d Onofrio Vera Philosophia Studies in Late Antique, Early Medieval, and Renaissance Christian Thought English Text by John Gavin, S.J.

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7 Christ Child among the Doctors in the Temple (Lc 2, 41-52) Ms. New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, M. 302 (Ramsey Psalter), f. 2 v. Photographic credit: The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York.

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9 to Daniela

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11 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 CONVERTED THOUGHT The hidden truth Probabilism and dialectic The dissensiones philosophorum and the crisis of classical knowledge The parricide of Cicero The philosophical via of the Neoplatonists Augustine and the Academics Christian probabilism The conversion of philosophy Christian Neoplatonism Verissima philosophia 69 CHAPTER 2 THE GARMENT OF PHILOSOPHY The last of the ancient philosophers, the first of the new Scientia, sapientia, philosophia The dialogue with reason and the task of logic Philosophy and reality The error of the old philosophers Neoplatonic gnoseology and the overturning of the relationships between subject and object The simple unity of true knowledge Beginning and end of sapientia: theological knowledge 131 CHAPTER 3 THE THEOLOGICAL MISSION OF THE SAGE The founders of Paris The defense of Christian truth in the Carolingian schola Christi 150 7

12 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3. The rules of theological method in the Carolingian age: lectio, traditio, ratio Theology and dialectic The noetical sources of truth The nature of the division Intellectus and essentia From division to universal reunification: the reditus to the truth Beyond the vera philosophia 197 CHAPTER 4 THE DIVINE LOGIC Words and argumentations The preoccupations of the teacher Per fidem ad intellectum: the system of the truth Ratio fidei: the affirmative way of the Monologion Cogitari nequit: the negative way of the Proslogion Who is the insipiens? The topical nature of the argumentum The new argumentative rationality 260 CHAPTER 5 THE RENAISSANCE OF VERA PHILOSOPHIA The fleeing prey of knowledge The conjectures of the soul The polypartite soul in late ancient, medieval, and Renaissance Platonism The new overturning of the relationship between subject and object of knowledge The filiations of the truth The humanistic reform of theology The peace of the faith The return of philosophical probabilism and the truths of tolerance 336 POSTFATIO 357 BIBLIOGRAPHY 361 INDEX OF NAMES 387 BIBLICAL INDEX 405 8

13 Obsecro te, non sit honestior philosophia gentium quam nostra christiana quae una est vera philosophia, quandoquidem studium vel amore sapientiae significatur hoc nomine AUGUSTINUS Contra Julianum, IV, 14, 72 Conficitur inde veram esse philosophiam veram religionem conversimque veram religionem esse veram philosophiam IOHANNES SCOTUS ERIUGENA De praedestinatione,1,1

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