-Religious revival brought people back to religion -Large audiences -Influenced new protestant sects -Large impact on frontier and back country

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1 First Great Awakening s Jonathon Edwards Congregationalist Minister -Sinners in the hands of an Angry God = hell -Preached predestination of Calvinism George Whitefield Methodist More emotional and spiritual Itinerant preaching Influences non-wealthy and southern Growth of New Relig. = Meth. Baptists, Presby. -Religious revival brought people back to religion -Large audiences -Influenced new protestant sects -Large impact on frontier and back country Devout response to Enlightenment Second Great Awakening 1800s 1840s Cane Ridge Kentucky -Evangelicals -Millennium -Revivals/Camp Meetings. Charles Finney -Presbyterian -Evangelical -Perfectionism -Millennium -Burned over district along Erie Canal -Rochester reforms church to evangelize. New: Shakers, Utop. Commun. Mormons J. Smith - Trek Social Reform = citizen improvement.

2 ANTEBELLUM -Utopian Communities Brook Farm George Ripley Margaret Fuller John Noyes Oneida Robert Owen New Harmony Nashobo, TN Frances Wright Fourierist Charles Fourier Major Communal Experiments before 1860

3 Shakers - simplicity

4 Joseph Smith Mormons angel related new instructions Most significant and prominent movement The Book of Mormon Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, westward Brigham Young Salt Lake Basin

5 Brook Farm (MA): Transcendentalist influences but rejected Emerson s staunch individualism A more natural union b/n intellectual and manual labor Everyone required to work = cooperative community Financially unsuccessful - a bad fire and debts Remembered for artistic creativity Utopian Communities Hired Margaret Fuller George Ripley, founder of Brook Farm Protestant Minister

6 Utopian Communities The Oneida Community Millennialism Perfectionism (broke from Finney) Complex marriage Free love John Humphrey Noyes Formed in reaction to economic upheaval (Panic of 1837) and commercialism - based on religious and philosophical beliefs. To create an ideal society a more natural union b/n intellectual and manual labor. Members had equal share in community s wealth Importance of arts and culture. Silverware or cutlery

7 Robert Owen ( ) British A New View of Society Utopian Socialist Village of Cooperation New Harmony, Indiana Secular Address inequalities caused by Industrial Revolution

8 Frances Wright Nashoba, TN 1826 pantaloons and horse (virility) Scotland Views of Society and Manners in America won her the praise of Jefferson and Lafayette. Utopian Nashoba whites and freed slaves. Lectured against monied aristocracy oppressing the laboring class Support of labor aided development of the Working Men s Party

9 Charles Fourier Phalanxes French Cooperative Communities (socialism) Fair shares of work NE & Midwest 100K people in self contained communities. Albert Brisbane brought to America. Brook Farm converts to Fourierism 28 phalanxes b/f Civ. War

10 GUIDING QUESTION In what ways and to what extent did social reform movements significantly change American society between 1820 and 1860? Consider the following: temperance, education, prison reform, antislavery /abolitionism, women s rights, utopian experiments/communitarianism.

11 The Temperance Movement Temperance advocates outside a liquor store Attempted to curtail or ban alcohol Hoped to ensure the stability of family and civil society Women particularly involved American Temperance Society Related to the Second Great Awakening

12 Temperance Movement American Temperance Society (1826) Demon Rum The Drunkard s Progress (1846) From the first glass to the grave

13 Per Capita Consumption of Alcohol,

14 ANTEBELLUM - Penal Institutions Benevolent Empire Early Penal Institutions Pennsylvania Auburn, NY Asylums Dorothea Dix Dorothea Dix ( )

15 Born Bad or Good? Puritans Sinful Enlightenment Blank Slate Transcendentalists Good

16 Transcendentalism Unitarian roots Valued individual freedom and responsibility, not dogma Split from Unitarianism Influenced literature, philosophy, and culture Emerson and Thoreau Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau

17 Ralph Waldo Emerson "We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds...a nation of men will for the first time exist, because each believes himself inspired by the Divine Soul which also inspires all men. - The American Scholar Advocated creation of a unique American culture. A rebirth of intellectual and artistic life. If the Jacksonians were individualists, especially so Emerson. Be self reliant. The life of the individual spirit the individual is the spiritual center of the universe. Believe in yourself and do not conform to society. (Self Reliance)

18 Walden - living self sufficiently, minimizing the trappings of society and demonstrating individualism. Perhaps the most famous example of self-reliance. Civil Disobedience educate YOUR conscience and stand by it. Refused to pay taxes because Thoreau believed the Mexican War was unjust. Six weeks of work will take care of me for a year Like Socrates ideas are everything and possessions are the chains of materialistic society = binding people. Henry David Thoreau "I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived - Walden

19 Margaret Fuller Fuller played a large part in both the women's and Transcendentalist movements. Helped plan the community at Brook Farm to 1842, served with Emerson as editor of The Dial, a literary and philosophical journal. Wrote Woman in the Nineteenth Century which became a classic of feminist thought. A call for equality. Hired by Horace Greely of the New York Tribune. She traveled to Europe and sent back articles about events and art in Europe

20 Shakers Mother Ann Lee NY Female incarnation of Christ Sexual equality = segregated (no relationships) [reflect push for equality. Mormon Celibacy increase numbers Joseph Smith by expanding congregation. The Book of Mormon Strong All property in common leaders Ohio > IL > Missouri. 2 nd G.A. The religion communal, polygamy. Reform Utopian ideas. Most significant and Millennialism Non tradit. marriage No private prominent of new Unorthodox property. religions.. religious views Brigham Young 1847 Communal ONEIDA Loosen sexual Mormon Trail basin bounds Christ has returned for of Salt Lake Repudiate traditional millennial reign. Political power Christian John Humphrey Noyes via judgeships values. - Influenced by Finney Profit by Cutlery: silverware = prospered. selling goods Achieve Moral Perfection Racially diverse. Furniture.

21 Margaret Fuller What woman needs is not as a woman to act or rule, but as a nature to grow, as an intellect to discern, as a soul to live freely, and unimpeded to unfold such powers as were given her when we left our common home. In order that she may be able to give her hand with dignity, she must be able to stand alone. I now know all the people worth knowing in America, and I find no intellect comparable to my own.

22 Anti-Transcendentalists Nathanial Hawthorne and Herman Melville Both explore the darker side of nature and human nature Both consider life in its tragic dimension, a combination of good and evil

23 The Anti-Transcendentalist: Nathaniel Hawthorne ( ) pursuit of the ideal led to a distorted view of human nature and possibilities: * The Blithedale Romance accept the world as an imperfect place: * Scarlet Letter * House of the Seven Gables

24 Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass introduced the "free verse" style of poetry, reflecting the individualistic tone of transcendentalism. LO! Victress on the peaks! LO! Victress on the peaks! Where thou, with mighty brow, regarding the world, (The world, O Libertad, that vainly conspired against thee;) Out of its countless beleaguering toils, after thwarting them all; Dominant, with the dazzling sun around thee, `Flauntest now unharm d, in immortal soundness and bloom lo! in these hours supreme,

25 Transcendentalism Rejected Lockean empiricism. sought to bring individuals and society back to the most simple, natural, and straightforward beliefs that could guide human behavior and foster a health society. Sought a return to the mystical and intuitive. Oneness with the world and with nature. Environmental Movement. Literary Movement. Artistic Movement.

26 A View of Fort Putnam, 1825 by Thomas Cole Midst greens and shades the Catterskill leaps, From cliffs where the wood-flower clings; All summer he moistens his verdant steeps, With the sweet light spray of the mountain-springs, And he shakes the woods on the mountain-side, When they drip with the rains of autumn-tide. But when, in the forest bare and old, The blast of December calls, He builds, in the starlight clear and cold, A palace of ice where his torrent falls, With turret, and arch, and fretwork fair, And pillars blue as the summer air. by William Cullen Bryant New York Evening Post (on T. Cole paintings)

27 Hudson River, New York State People, men and women equally, have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that transcends or goes beyond what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel. This knowledge comes through intuition and imagination not through logic or the senses.

28 Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, by Albert Bierstadt Americans focused on wilderness because that was what they could brag about relative to Europe they draw a parallel between wilderness and temples they argue that we can experience and worship God in wilderness grows into a central argument that experiencing wilderness brings us closer to God

29 The Catskills, 1859 by Asher Durand "Asher Durand believed that the landscape was such an integral part of American identity that he proclaimed that every American family should own a painting of the American landscape which should be hung above the family Bible. This was an expression of the idea of "purity" in the untamed wilderness of America.

30 The Savage State, by Thomas Cole (The Course of Empire) "Nature has spread for us a rich and delightful banquet. Shall we turn from it? We are still in Eden; the wall that shuts us out of the garden is our own ignorance and folly."

31 Aurora Borealis, 1865 by Frederick Church

32 Landscape Scene from Last of the Mohicans, 1827 by Thomas Cole People in nature The awe inspiring power of nature

33 Monday November Bellringer: Venn Diagram Catherine Beecher and Angelina Grimke o Religious Reformers 2. Venn Diagram: Upper South and Deep South o Sojourner Truth Success is in the Details!!! 3. MC Tuesday - SAQ Wednesday (3x3)

34 Catharine Beecher Angelina Grimke North South Separate Sphere: women hold a powerful South Carolina and virtuous role. Taught slaves Woman educators: Public Speaking no public sphere oabolitionists Letter to W.L. no public stance ohighly Educated Garrison no public speaking Energetic and oreligiously Full access & benevolent women to motivated: 2 nd GA equality teach youth. Exercise powers as wives, mothers, in school as teachers, therefore, extend the separate sphere. Father: Minister Lyman Beecher - Sister: Harriet Beecher Stowe UTC Effect of Abolitionist o societies o1840 2K societies Quaker Right to Petition Women count in census for reapportionment: should at least be able to petition. Sister: Sarah Grimke

35 Women s Rights Women s Position in 18 th Century Society Unable to vote. Legal status of a minor. Single could own her own property ( femme seule ) Married - no control over her property or her children ( Femme covert ) Could not initiate divorce. Could not make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband s permission.

36 Republican Motherhood (1700s- 1820s) Cult of True Womanhood (1820s) or Cult of Domesticity. Women are homemakers and caregivers Moral and temperamental qualities Educated in domestic arts (their sphere) Women s Universities Oberlin and Mount Holyoke (1830s) Second Great Awakening feminized religion. Tied to temperance and abolition movements Women gained confidence in ability to effect change Women s Suffrage Illustration depicting many of the ideals of the cult of true womanhood

37 Women s Suffrage (continued) Newspaper ad for the Seneca Falls Convention Seneca Falls Convention (1848) Declaration of Sentiments: Based on Declaration of Independence Called for complete equality of women and men Demanded the right to vote 19th Amendment (1920)

38 Women s Rights split in the abolitionist movement over women s role in it. World Anti-Slavery Convention - London Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments

39 REVIEW: GUIDING QUESTION In what ways and to what extent did social reform movements significantly change American society between 1820 and 1860? Consider the following: temperance, education, prison reform, antislavery /abolitionism, women s rights, utopian experiments/communitarianism.

40 Economic Tensions Between North and South The North: Manufacturing-based economy Benefited from slave labor Supported tariffs Favored strong central government Increasing connections with roads, canals, steamboats, and railroads [internal improvements] Increasing importance in education Small farms (roads make profitable) The South: Based on cotton Reliant on slavery Against tariffs States rights Low reliance upon education - not a well developed work force Underdeveloped industry no incentive to invest b/c of cotton Little incentive to work hard Smaller farms less profitable (few roads/improvements) Slaves below poorest free people in America (another myth)

41 Upper South Deep South Virginia; Georgia; Maryland; Delaware; Alabama; Arkansas; North Carolina; KY; ¾ in Mississippi; Texas; Tennessee; Missouri. fields low country S.C. Whites outnumbered Large Plantation slaves 3:1. is dominant class. Slaves often work ¾ have no slaves alongside owners = yeoman farmers. Slaves on farms or small plantations: Slaves at 50% of population: many areas with slave maj. - Often worked in gangs & year around 2.4% on -Women & children Frequently had spouses plantations > 200 expected to work in on other plantations or Maj. of slaves w/ fields. farms. owners/planters. Sugar Plantation high - some distance away. 94% slave 6% free mortality rate. Female headed families King Cotton the norm. (matri-focal) Small % in GA & SC task Industry. systems control pace 8 hour

42 Cotton Engine by Eli a TRANSFORMING technology

43 Slavery and Sectionalism Southern economy dependent upon slave labor; Northern economy linked as well Mill owners will drag W. L. Garrison through he streets of Boston. Hostility in the South toward abolition efforts Proslavery movement Sectional tensions in Congress with additional territories and states A proslavery illustration featuring happy, well-dressed slaves

44 ANTI-SLAVERY Colonization American Colonization Society (1816) Create a free slave state in Liberia, West Africa. No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s. AM I NOT A MAN AND A BROTHER

45 ANTI-SLAVERY: Reaction to Abolition movement South North Elijah Lovejoy

46 ANTI-SLAVERY MOVEMENTS Fugitive slaves personal liberty laws free soil Kidnapping a Free Negro to Be Sold into Slavery, 1834

47 Poet John Greenleaf Whittier honored Walker with the following lines: Abolitionist Jonathan Walker: "The Man with the Branded Hand SS = slave stealer With that front of calm endurance, on whose steady nerve in vain, Pressed the iron of the prison, smote the fiery shafts of pain

48 The Abolition Movement Second Great Awakening increased antislavery sentiment Most abolitionists supported other reforms as well Artist s depiction of the Underground Railroad

49 The Abolition Movement William Lloyd Garrison Liberator Frederick Douglass North Star o Slave trade prohibited, beginning 1808 o Antislavery organizations, some with religious roots o W.L. Garrison: slavery violated country s founding principles o Frederick Douglass 1838 and subsequent Autobiography

50 ANTI-SLAVERY Abolition Movement William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator American Antislavery Society Slavery & Masonry undermined republican values. Immediate emancipation with NO compensation. Slavery was a moral, not an economic issue. William Lloyd Garrison ( )

51 ANTI-SLAVERY David Walker ( ) - Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World - Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites. Frederick Douglass ( ) The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass The North Star Frederick Douglass (C. 1866)

52 What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? I answer; a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. To him, your celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty, an unholy license; your national greatness, swelling vanity; your sounds of rejoicing are empty and heartless; your denunciation of tyrants, brass fronted impudence; your shouts of liberty and equality, hollow mockery; your prayers and hymns, your sermons and thanksgivings, with all your religious parade and solemnity, are, to Him, mere bombast, fraud, deception, impiety, and hypocrisy -- a thin veil to cover up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages. There is not a nation on the earth guilty of practices more shocking and bloody than are the people of the United States, at this very hour. Fred Douglass, 1852

53 Sojourner Truth ( ) or Isabella Baumfree The Narrative of Sojourner Truth

54 Source: Account by Frances Gage of Sojourner Truth s speech, 1851, to Akron Women s Convention Well, children, where there is so much racket there must be something out of kilter. I think that twixt the negroes of the South and the women at the North, all talking about rights, the white men will be in a fix pretty soon. But what s all this here talking about? That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mudpuddles, or gives me any best place! And ain t I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain t I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man when I could get it and bear the lash as well! And ain t I a woman? I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother s grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain t I a woman?

55 "Well, children, where there is so much racket, there must be something out of kilter, I think between the Negroes of the South and the women of the North - all talking about rights - the white men will be in a fix pretty soon. But what's all this talking about?" Sojourner pointed to one of the ministers. "That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody helps me any best place. And ain't I a woman?" Sojourner raised herself to her full height. "Look at me! Look at my arm." She bared her right arm and flexed her powerful muscles. "I have plowed, I have planted and I have gathered into barns. And no man could head me. And ain't I a woman?" "I could work as much, and eat as much as man - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman? I have borne children and seen most of them sold into slavery, and when I cried out with a mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me. And ain't I a woman?" The women in the audience began to cheer wildly. She pointed to another minister. "He talks about this thing in the head. What's that they call it?" "Intellect," whispered a woman nearby. "That's it, honey. What's intellect got to do with women's rights or black folks' rights? If my cup won't hold but a pint and yours holds a quart, wouldn't you be mean not to let me have my little half-measure full?" "That little man in black there! He says women can't have as much rights as men. Cause Christ wasn't a woman. She stood with outstretched arms and eyes of fire. "Where did your Christ come from?" "Where did your Christ come from?", she thundered again. "From God and a Woman! Man had nothing to do with him! "If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back and get it right-side up again. And now that they are asking to do it the men better let them. Delivered 1851 Women's Convention, Akron, Ohio

56 Harriet Tubman ( ) Helped over 300 slaves to freedom. $40,000 bounty on her head. Served as a Union spy during the Civil War. Moses

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58 Brothers, we have done that which we purposed, our hands are now clean for we have Striven to regain the precious heritage we received from our fathers I am resolved it is better to die than to be a white man s slave.

59 John Quincy Adams and Amistad o o o o o o o On July 1, 1839, fifty-three Africans, recently kidnapped into slavery in Sierra Leone and sold at a Havana slave market, revolted on board the schooner Amistad. August 24, The Amistad was landed in New London, Connecticut President Van Buren issued extradition orders but they were superseded by a court order. Abolitionists enlisted former US President John Quincy Adams to represent the Amistad captives petition for freedom before the Supreme Court. The 73-year-old US Congressman from Massachusetts, had in recent years fought tirelessly against Congress s gag rule banning anti-slavery petitions in the House. After nine hours of argument, the court ordered the 30 surviving captives returned to Sierra Leone.

60 Martin Van Buren & Charles Adams 1848 Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Speech, & Free Men

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