Stalwarts of the Faith

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1 The Scout Official Publication of the Sam Davis Camp #596 Sons of Confederate Veterans JANUARY 2015 website: VOLUME 23, ISSUE 1 Stalwarts of the Faith I would sooner die a thousand deaths before I would betray a friend or be false to duty. Samuel Davis OUR NEXT MEETING: TUESDAY January 13, :00 PM In the Beauvoir Room of the Jefferson Davis Presidential Library at Beauvoir. SEE YOU AT BEAUVOIR! Invite a friend to join you! In this issue: Battle of Nashville 5 Henry Harrison 8 Vicksburg Military Park 10 Ole Miss 11 by Al Benson This Month we should remember, and should celebrate, the birthdays of two of America's greatest Christian soldiers, Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall) Jackson. It is poor tribute to us as a country that we neglect to remember Christian men of their caliber and prefer instead to celebrate the birthdays of socialists and apostates. Douglas Southall Freeman has written of Lee that: "In early boyhood he had been drilled in his catechism by Rev. William Mead. From his youth he had lived in the spiritual atmosphere Meade had created in Northern Virginia, but had not joined any church. As he grew older, all his religious impulses were deepened, and he felt an increasing dependence on the mercy of a personal God." Lee felt that no man could truly be a gentleman unless he were first a Christian. Freeman noted " [Lee] could not have conceived of a Christian who was not a gentleman." Rev. Steve Wilkins, in his book "Call of Duty" which deals with the life of Robert E. Lee, noted that: "To Lee, there was no contradiction between the two at all. There was no possibility of being a gentleman without first being a Christian. And there should be no such thing as a Christian who was not a gentleman." Lee joined the Episcopal Church in 1853 and remained therein throughout the rest of his life. All his years thereafter he lived as a humble and devoted Christian and stated: "My chief concern is to try to be an humble, earnest Christian." This motive was at the bottom of all that Lee did in his life. In response to a pastor he once talked to, General Lee said "..I can only say that I am a poor sinner, trusting in Christ alone for salvation and that I need all the prayers you can offer for me." With Lee, this was genuine, heartfelt concern, and not just so much political verbiage. Many lesser men and "historians" in our day have sought to tarnish Lee's image, trying to tell us he really fought only to perpetuate the institution of slavery. Actually Lee had little use for slavery. He had freed his slaves and wrote: "In this enlightened age, there are few I believe, but what will acknowledge, that slavery as an institution, is a moral and political evil in any Country." Lee fought, in the War of Northern Aggression, out of devotion to his home state of Virginia and to the principles of state sovereignty that this country was originally founded upon. That in our day many would seek to besmirch the character of this great man rather than recalling his virtues is a sad sign of how far America has degenerated in the past 150 years. We fail to produce men of the character of Robert E. Lee in this generation, and we are infinitely worse off as a country for that lack. Stonewall Jackson came from what is now Continued on page two Our annual Lee-Jackson Banquet will be held on January 17, PM - see page 4 for Info

2 PAGE 2 The Scout JANUARY 2015 Stalwarts of the Faith Continued from page one West Virginia. He was not born into affluence by any stretch of the imagination and his early years were extremely difficult. He served in the Mexican War and after that he was sent home and stationed at Fort Hamilton, about seven miles from New York City. Author Mary Williamson wrote of him: "While there, he was baptized and began to live his life for the glory of Christ. God had changed the heart of this brave soldier and gave him wisdom to see that life should be lived for the glory of God--not for the glory of self." From that point on Jackson did, indeed, seek to live for the glory of God, both as a professor at Virginia Military Institute and as a soldier. Jackson was a member of the Presbyterian Church in Lexington, Virginia, where he founded and taught a black Sunday School class each Sunday afternoon. Even after he left to go to war, Jackson continued to be concerned for the black youngsters that had been in his Sunday school class and he wrote back whenever possible to check on their progress. It is said that several black preachers eventually came out of Jackson's Sunday school class. centralism from Washington, they did all that they did within the framework of their Christian faith. They have nothing of which to be ashamed in their actions. Their detractors can not say as much. Robert E. Lee was born on January 19th and Stonewall Jackson on January 21st. Let us remember these faithful men this week. General Robert Edward Lee January 19, October 12, th Birthday Celebration Like General Lee, General Jackson was a sincere and humble Christian that gave thanks to God for everything, even down to a glass of water. He always sought to observe the Sabbath as strictly as possible, not wanting to fight or march on the Lord's Day unless emergency dictated that he do so. Jackson was a strict disciplinarian, not only with his soldiers, but with himself as well. Yet he manifested care and concern for his men, and, like General Lee, was much concerned for their spiritual welfare, promoting church services for them whenever possible, that they might be further exposed to the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Jackson had something most of our military men, with their spirit of compromise today do not have--a desire to win the battles he fought in. His detractors, "historian" Ken Burns among them, have labeled Jackson a "cold-eyed killer." Interesting they choose to say such things about Jackson the Christian but they overlook the aberrations of Sherman, the agnostic and would-be military dictator, Sheridan the arsonist of the Shenandoah Valley, and Grant, the often barely sober General who has been referred to as a "butcher" for his willingness to send men into battle in certain situations where he might have done otherwise. Jackson, to his credit, never sought to wage war on women, children, and private property as Sherman did. Jackson's Christian worldview prevented such heinous activity, which, by the way, the Lincoln administration gave tacit approval to. Again, it is to our national hurt that we refuse to recognize and remember such good Christian men. In their efforts to preserve the Constitutional Republic the founders bequeathed to us and which they saw being destroyed by a galloping This photograph of Robert E. Lee was taken in 1863 (age 63). Happy Birthday Generals! General Thomas Jonathan Jackson January 19, May 10, st Birthday Celebration This photograph of Stonewall Jackson was taken on April 26, 1863 (age 39), seven days before he was wounded at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

3 PAGE 3 The Scout Confederate Soldier s Grave Vandalized JANUARY 2015 Henry Kyd Douglas Henry Kyd Douglas was born in Shepherdstown, Virginia, now West Virginia, on September 29, An 1859 graduate of Franklin and Marshall College of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Douglas went on to study law in Lexington, Virginia, entering the bar in Someone in Crawford County Georgia dug up a body at a gravesite and possibly stole items from the grave. Sheriff Lewis Walker said Tuesday morning that the grave that was dug up belonged to a Confederate soldier. He's still looking family members and descendants to come forward. He says one possible motive is for artifacts. He said the GBI is assisting in the investigation. Someone in Crawford County Georgia dug up a gravesite and possibly stole items from the grave. According to a release from the Crawford County Sheriff's Department, at around 8:56 a.m. on Saturday, deputies responded to a theft call at the Old Bethel Methodist Church Cemetery on Causey Road. When deputies arrived at the scene, they found someone had dug up a grave site, and possibly removed its contents. Sheriff Lewis Walker would not release the name of the person buried at the spot or when they were buried. But he said it was an "old, old grave." He added, "It's going to be hard to determine If any of the remains are left there or not." He also said they're not sure why someone would dig up the grave. He said he's hoping family members of the deceased might have ideas. Church members told the local television reporter that the soldier was a lieutenant in the Confederate Army, and his family donated several acres of land to the graveyard and church. The Cemetery dates back to When Virginia succeeded from the Union in April, 1861 Douglas returned to his family home at Ferry Hill Place in Sharpsburg, Maryland. He soon enlisted at Harpers Ferry as a private in the Confederate Army's 2nd Virginia infantry; one of the units in what would come to be known as the famous "Stonewall" Brigade. Rising quickly through the ranks, Douglas was appointed to the staff of General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson by the spring of He was a great asset to the Confederate leadership at Antietam because he grew up about four miles from the battlefield. His childhood home "Ferry Hill" still stands above the Potomac River and is owned by the C.& O. National Historic Park. Douglas served throughout the war in the eastern theater, was wounded & captured at Gettysburg and reached the rank of Colonel. During the Maryland Campaign, Douglas served alongside General Jackson, lending support during some of the most heated engagements at Harpers Ferry, Boonsboro and Antietam. Douglas' family bore direct witness to the challenges of war and life in a border state when, following the Battle of Antietam, the house and outbuildings at Ferry Hill were used by both armies, in turn, as a hospital and housing for officers. Reverend Robert Douglas, Henry Kyd Douglas' father, was taken prisoner and held at Fortress Monroe, suspected of signaling Confederate soldiers across the Potomac River in Virginia, via candlelight from an unshuttered window. Injured no less than six times during the war, Henry Kyd Douglas survived to return to the practice of law in Maryland in his postwar, civilian life. A respected trial lawyer, Douglas was an active advocate in military and veterans affairs at a state and national level, helping to establish a permanent cemetery in Hagerstown, Maryland, for Confederate soldiers killed at Antietam. Even after the war. Henry Douglas was defiant against Federal rule by wearing his uniform in public - knowing that he could be placed in jail. He was. His book, I rode with Stonewall was not published, until well after his death in 1903.

4 PAGE 4 The Scout JANUARY 2015 You are cordially invited to the 22nd Annual Lee-Jackson Banquet Saturday January 17th, 6:00 PM Port City Café 2561 Suite A Pass Road, Biloxi, MS Our guest speaker for the evening will be Larry McCluney (General P.G.T. Beauregard) Commander, The Army of Tennessee Our new camp officers for 2015/16 will be installed during the evenings events. Tickets are $20.00 each You can purchase tickets at our December 13th Meeting, by calling Commander Cook and TICKETS WILL BE AV AILABLE AT THE DOOR ON THE Tickets are on sale now, $20.00 per person MAIL ORDER TICKET ORDER FORM Name: (Please Print Clearly) Address: (Please Print Clearly) Please include a phone number you can be reached at: Please find my enclosed check in the amount of $ for the purchase of tickets. (((Make checks payable to: Sam Davis Camp #596))) Mail your order to: David Cook 695 Waters View Dr. Biloxi, MS For more information Phone NIGHT OF THE EVENT.

5 PAGE 5 The Scout JANUARY 2015 The Battle of Nashville by Greg Biggs Traces of the Battle of Nashville linger despite the growth of the surrounding communities. Confederate Gen. John Bell Hood began his Tennessee Campaign with lofty, if not impossible, aspirations: if he could take Nashville, the base of Union operations in the West, he could prolong the war and force Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman s recall from Georgia. his troopers from their camps in Edgefield, a number of his men and their mounts were injured from slipping on the ice. Grant, ignoring the weather, ordered Thomas to attack going so far as to dispatch Maj. Gen. John Logan to relieve Thomas should an offensive not begin during the course of his journey west. But nearly a third of Hood s force was lost during the Battle of Franklin, offset by fewer than 200 recent recruits. Meanwhile, Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith, commanding the Trans-Mississippi Department, declined to send any hoped-for reinforcements to Middle Tennessee. Then, compounding his own challenge, Hood sent Maj. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest to Murfreesboro, where the Federal garrison inside the massive earthen fort brimming with heavy guns routed his infantry. By the eve of the Battle of Nashville, the Confederate manpower barrel had run dry. Thomas saved Grant the trouble. The weather cleared on December 14, and Thomas telegraphed his superiors, The ice having melted away today, the enemy will be attacked tomorrow morning. Telegraph officer J.C. Van Duzer reported that the thaw has begun and to-morrow we can move without skates. As Hood s weary and depleted army marched the more than 15 long miles from Franklin to the Tennessee capital, their misery was only beginning. In command at Nashville was Union Maj. Gen. George Thomas, the exalted Rock of Chickamauga. Miles of trenches and several forts mounted with heavy guns made Nashville the second most fortified city in North America. Union gunboats controlled the Cumberland River north and east of the city. Hood sent Brig. Gen. Hylan Lyon s troopers on a raid north of the city, but was otherwise unable to threaten the massive citadel. With few options, the Confederates dug in, surrendering the initiative. Nor was all well on the Union side. While the Confederates entrenched, Thomas was under intense pressure, particularly from his ultimate superior Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, to attack. Recent reinforcements gave him enough manpower but, even after looking as far afield as Louisville, Ky., he lacked sufficient horses to mount his cavalry. Then there was a sudden shift in the weather to contend with, as Indian summer temperatures plummeted to near zero and several days worth of freezing rain, sleet and snow paralyzed Nashville. Indeed, when Union cavalry commander James Wilson moved Thomas s plan was thus:; Maj. Gen. James Steedman s ad hoc division would demonstrate against Hood s center and right, with Brig. Gen. Thomas Wood s corps in support. Two corps under Maj. Gens. John Schofield and A.J. Smith would deliver the main strike on Hood s left, with Maj. Gen. James Wilson s cavalry set to curl far Marker for Stewart's Line at the Battle of Nashville Continued on page six

6 PAGE 6 The Scout JANUARY 2015 The Battle of Nashville Continued from page five ther west around the Confederate flank. In reserve and holding the city were thousands of men who worked in the quartermaster warehouses. Altogether, Thomas numbered some 60,000 men against Hood s paltry force of less than half that size. On the morning of December 15, 1864, rising temperatures created a dense fog that covered the Federal movement to their attack points. From the Cumberland River, a naval squadron of two ironclads and five tinclad gunboats maneuvered to take out pesky Rebel batteries at Bell s Mill. At 9:00 a.m., the fog since burned off by the sun, heavy guns at Fort Negley opened the ball with a booming salvo. The Union feint, including several regiments of United State Colored Troops (USCT), moved forward. Soon after their advance, a Confederate battery positioned in a lunette along the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad opened fire, creating what Samuel Cook of the Texas unit holding the lunette deemed a perfect slaughter pen. The USCT men shattered limbs leaping into the railroad cut to escape, but still found themselves under a shower of Confederate rifle fire. Despite tenacious efforts to renew their advance, Steedman s men remained stalled for the rest of the day. Hood s right flank held; not so with his left. Hood anchored his left with five redoubts, three close together and the other two farther afield. Each of these redoubts had been designed to hold from two to four guns supported by infantry. But on the morning of December 15, not all were finished due to lack of time, shallow bedrock and the still-frozen ground. Into these tenuous defenses slammed Union cavalry, sending Confederate infantry rearward and capturing several wagons at Belle Meade Plantation. Cresting a rise, Federal troopers spied Redoubt Four and used their supporting artillery to bombard the Confederate works. After shelling the redoubt for a time, the Federal troopers charged, supported by Brig. Gen. John McArthur s infantry division. Each regiment was competing with the others to reach the redoubt first, recalled one participant. The Rebel gunners fought tenaciously, but their fire lofted over the heads of the attackers. Soon, Union troopers from the 2nd Iowa Cavalry gained the position, forcing the defenders to leave their four guns behind. Redoubt Five was next, and the same sweeping attack soon swamped its gunners. The other three redoubts fell in rapid succession, and Hood s left flank imploded. Seizing the moment, Federal troopers executed a classic envelopment and rampaged well to the south behind Confederate lines. In desperation, Hood dispatched reinforcements to slow their advance. The effort weakened other parts of his line, but the risk had to be made. Hood and his staff officers tried to rally their men along a new line about a mile to the south along the Granny White Pike. With the coming darkness, fighting died off, and the rest of Hood s army now fell back to this second line, which actually constituted a stronger defense than the morning s position. This new line was shorter, which helped the outnumbered Confederates place more depth in defense, and anchored by a hill on each flank Compton s Hill to the west, and Overton Hill (also known as Peach Orchard Hill) to the east. Hood established his headquarters at Traveler s Rest, on John Overton s plantation as his ragged troops spent the entire night entrenching as best they could. Their depleted artillery feebly held the line, short 19 guns lost to the Federals that day. Meanwhile, Thomas s army closed in the Confederates and prepared to renew the attack. The warm sun returned on December 16, with temperatures poised to reach the mid-60s. Once again, Union artillery opened the day and the infantry moved forward. By the afternoon, the men in blue were making inroads on Peach Orchard Hill, particularly a brigade that included the 12th, 13th and 100th USCT, which gamely moved up the slope into the Rebel guns. A soldier in the 18th Alabama fumed, To our disgust, they were all Negroes. Five color bearers of the 13th USCT carrying a flag emblazed with its origin: Presented by the Colored Ladies of Murfreesboro were shot down before their banner was captured. The regiment lost 40 percent of its men, the highest casualty rate of the battle. While many rank-and-file Confederates loathed the thought of armed black men, Brig. Gen. James Holtzclaw, whose brigade was causing much of their destruction, noted their gallantry in his official report before concluding that they came only to die. It was all for naught, however, as these Union attacks were repulsed, the units involved suffering approximately a third of all Federal casualties for the entire battle. Once again, the Confederate right held; once again, the Confederate left failed. Redoubt Number 1 was last of five Confederate dots to fall on December 15, Compton s Hill, which anchored the Confederate left, was so steep that, as one Federal officer observed, [I]t was supposed no assaulting party could live to reach the summit. As menacing as the rise appeared, it was only sparsely defended. Among those dug in was the battered division of Maj. Gen. William Bate, a shadow of its former self after severe losses in Georgia and at Franklin. At the crest were but a few artillery pieces. Hood further subtracted from these forces by transferring a large portion elsewhere. In short orer, Continued on page seven

7 PAGE 7 The Scout JANUARY 2015 Continued from page six the hill was virtually surrounded, as an impetuous Union general charged it headlong without orders. The Battle of Nashville Brig. Gen. John McArthur was a fiery Scotsman and a solid combat commander. Hesitation among his fellow officers inspired him to try his luck at Compton s Hill. At 4:30 p.m., he began an artillery barrage and then, as rain began to fall, he sent in two infantry brigades. Moving up the slopes, his men advanced at the double quick with bayonets fixed. They slowed to a walk when passing through a muddy cornfield, just as the Confederate batteries unleashed their guns. A Minnesota colonel remembered the barrage as the most terrific and withering fire beh[e]ld or encounter [ed]. Despite taking massive casualties, McArthur sent in his last brigade rather than halt the attack. Thomas, seeing McArthur s men swarm the hill, ordered a reluctant Schofield to support him. Maj. Gen. Jacob Cox s division joined the effort now coating the hill in blue and collapsing Bate s line. McArthur knew he had succeeded when he saw the flag of his 10th Minnesota rise above the Confederate line. Among those overrun was Lt. Col. William Shy, whose death gave a new name to what had been Compton s Hill. Nearly killed was Sam Watkins, the famous memoirist of Co. Aytch, who recorded, I had eight bullet holes in my coat, and two in my hand, besides one in my thigh and finger. Brig. Gen. Thomas Benton Smith, seeing the inevitable, surrendered only to be sabered about his head, allegedly by Union Col. William McMillen. His skull was laid open, but Smith survived, though he spent much of the rest of his life in a mental institution Building on their momentum, McArthur s men turned to their left and began rolling up Lt. Gen. A.P. Stewart s line, causing it to break and retreat in confusion. On that day alone, McArthur s men claimed several flags and artillery pieces, plus some 1,600 prisoners. Overall, McArthur s division took about 4,200 Confederates in the two days of fighting. Thomas famously laughed when apprised of the number of prisoners taken; these Confederates would finally reach Nashville but not in the way they intended. Building on their momentum, McArthur s men turned to their left and began rolling up Lt. Gen. A.P. Stewart s line, causing it to break and retreat in confusion. On that day alone, McArthur s men claimed several flags and artillery pieces, plus some 1,600 prisoners. Overall, McArthur s division took about 4,200 Confederates in the two days of fighting. Thomas famously laughed when apprised of the number of prisoners taken; these Confederates would finally reach Nashville but not in the way they intended. With darkness coming, all Hood could do was save what was left of his army. Morale had collapsed. Fear gripped his ranks. Union cavalry sliced away at the Confederate rear, making escape impossible for some and an impetus for others. A Rebel cavalry brigade held a barricade on Granny White Pike until Union troopers crashed through it. A costly stand at the narrow Holly Tree Gap farther south allowed Hood some time to get his trains away. Two more days of a contested retreat plus desertions carved more and more men from Hood s once imposing army. Only Forrest s return from Murfreesboro helped save the army from total destruction. By Christmas Day it was over. Hood backed into Alabama having lost a third of his army in the campaign 11,823 men were counted as casualties, almost 4,500 from the Battle of Nashville alone. Also gone were dozens of artillery pieces, supply wagons, food reserves and innumerable shoes. Federal cavalry under Brig. Gen. Benjamin Grierson dismantled the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, shutting off supplies. For all intents and purposes, the Army of Tennessee was wrecked, and the Deep South was even more open to the Union army than before Hood s campaign. Despite the losses, Hood reported: It is my firm conviction that, notwithstanding that disaster, I left the army in better spirits and with more confidence in itself than it had at the opening of the campaign. Letters, diaries and memoirs from his soldiers demonstrate otherwise. General Thomas may have said it best when he turned to his cavalry commander and exalted, Dang it to hell, Wilson, didn t I tell you we could lick em? Confederate cannon on the crest of Shy's Hill

8 PAGE 8 The Scout JANUARY 2015 During the early morning hours of June 28, 1863, Union General George Gordon Meade was appointed commander of the Army of the Potomac while at his headquarters near Frederick, Md. Later that same day, a spy brought news about the location of Meade's army to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, a distance of fifty miles, to the headquarters of Generals Lee and Longstreet. Henry Thomas Harrison had met General James Longstreet during the Battle of Suffolk. From that point on, Harrison provided information for Longstreet, which usually proved to be reliable. Also, to maintain the loyalty of his prized spy, Longstreet frequently paid Harrison in U.S. gold coins and/or greenbacks. On the night of June 29, 1863, Harrison came to General Robert E. Lee with information about the Union positions. Lee had never heard of Harrison before, yet he came compliments of Longstreet, who had known Harrison since the beginning of that year. In addition, Longstreet's chief of staff, Moxley Sorrel, said that Harrison "always brought true information." In the end, Harrison's information was plausible enough for Lee to halt his entire army. Harrison reported that the Union had left Frederick, Maryland, and was moving northward, which was true. As a result of Harrison's information, Lee told all of his troops to concentrate in the vicinity of Cashtown, PA, eight miles from Gettysburg, thereby triggering the events that led to the Battle of Gettysburg. Lee even said after hearing the news from Harrison, "A battle thus became, in a measure, unavoidable." The identity of General James Longstreet's famous scout, known only as "Harrison" remained a mystery for more than a century. However, in 1986 historian James O. Hall identified this elusive man. Researching the Civil War records at the National Archives, Hall found conclusive evidence that Longstreet's scout was Secret Agent H. T. Harrison. Born in Nashville, Tennessee, he was an actor who did not get many large parts due to his small stature. At the start of the war he joined the 12th Mississippi Infantry at Corinth as a private. Henry Harrison - Confederate Spy Colonel G. Moxley Sorrel, Longstreet's Chief of Staff, wrote in his book, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer, that Harrison provided valuable information regarding the whereabouts and intentions of Union forces under their new commander, General George Gordon Meade, prior to the battle of Gettysburg. Sorrel knew nothing about Harrison's identity and no one on Longstreet's staff even knew his first name. Longstreet must have known because he obtained a photograph of Harrison for his published memoirs, From Manassas to Appomattox. But Longstreet continued to maintain his secrecy in this matter. On February 20, 1863 Harrison reported to Secretary of War, James Seddon, for service as a secret agent. On March 7th, he was assigned to General Longstreet, and he is dispatched to spy for General D. H. Hill in Goldsboro, North Carolina. Almost immediately Harrison was arrested by Union troops near New Bern, North Carolina and accused of spying. He was jailed for about a month until Harrison convinced them that he was an innocent civilian who was only trying to avoid conscription. Released from jail, he immediately reported to General Longstreet who was in Franklin, Virginia. Longstreet sent Harrison to Washington in order to track the movements of the Army of the Potomac. This was to begin the most impactful phase of Harrison s service. There are no extant letters of correspondence between Longstreet and Harrison in Longstreet's manuscript collections. What we do have is Longstreet's recollections published in Century Magazine, the Philadelphia Times, and finally, in his book, From Manassas to Appomattox. As a tribute to Harrison's espionage, Longstreet wrote in an 1887 article for Century Magazine that Harrison provided him "with information more accurate than a force of cavalry could have secured." After Gettysburg, Harrison operated mostly in the North, gathering intelligence while living in New York with his newly wed wife, Laura Broders. Harrison s service to the Confederacy after Gettysburg never matched the importance of his reports before the famous battle Of Gettysburg. In 1912 he applied for a Confederate pension, Harrison died 9 years later at the age of 91. We can only imagine what might have happened if Harrison had failed in his mission but it is a fact that he did change the course of history. Henry T. Harrison is buried at the Highland Cemetery in Fort Mitchell, Kentucky

9 PAGE 9 The Scout JANUARY 2015 Spotsylvania Battle Landmark Home Destroyed It is a sad fact that last week the historically significant Harris Farm House was torn down. I found out early on December 20, but could not get to the site until after dark. Even in the pale remainder of twilight, it was clearly confirmed, the house is gone, along with the adjacent dairy farm buildings on the two acres that had survived after the rest of the property was subdivided years ago, said John Cummings. The house itself, built circa 1740, was used as a field hospital during the May 19, 1864 fighting that took the name of Civil War era owner, Clement Harris. There were blood stains on the floor boards in several rooms and the central hallway. My own great -great-grandfather was treated there for a wound received in the action, Cummings said. This is a significant loss to the cultural resources of the Spotsylvania battlefield. Although continually on private property, the historical significance is undisputed. In recent years the house had been surrounded by new, high-end houses, some selling for well over a million dollars. The house was on the National Register of Historic Places since May of It is significant to point out that it survived one hundred and fifty years after the battle. Cummings arrived early at the site on the morning shortly after sunrise, and photographed the now empty lot. deed restriction recorded with the deed. "As I said, I don't believe this was ever executed as it relates to the house." "People vastly overestimate the effect of a National Register listing on a property, presuming a level of protection that simply is not the case," Hennessy said. "The loss of a place like Bloomsbury is a loss of part of the timeless fabric of the community that binds us now and binds us across generations." Since John Cummings noted the destruction of the historically significant Harris Farm House many people have asked how this could have happened. The circa-1740 Spotsylvania County farmstead is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Most of those responding said they thought all places listed on the historical register were protected. "Despite an almost universal perception to the otherwise, being listed on the National Register or as a Virginia Landmark conveys protection to a property only when federal dollars or a federal permit are involved," said John Hennessy, chief historian of Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park. "If you own a property eligible for or listed on the national register, you can tear it down, so long as the property isn't governed by a local historic preservation ordinance or so long as you don't use federal dollars or federal permit. Even then, you may be able to do it, but you will have to go through a review process in order to do so." The 2.48-acre property at 6705 Pond View Lane sold for $125,000 on December 1, 2014, according to the listing on Zillow. "I have no details beyond the fact that last week the historically significant Harris Farm House was torn down....the house is gone, along with the adjacent dairy farm buildings on the two acres that had survived after the rest of the property was subdivided years ago." View of the historic Harris House, March 24, 2010 The house as it looked from near the same angle in 1901, the year a monument was dedicated on the property., Former owner Agnes McGee at one time wanted the National Park Service to have the property, Hennessy said. "But it was never included in our authorized boundary, so we could not do it. Almost all protection conveyed to historic properties is in one of two forms, Hennessy said. 1 - Through a local historic preservation ordinance. "Spotsylvania has created a number of historic overlay districts governed by the ordinance, but Bloomsbury was not one of them," Hennessy said. 2 - By means of a conservation easement granted to a third party or a The Harris Farm House and outbuildings at Bloomsbury Farm were destroyed..

10 PAGE 10 The Scout JANUARY 2015 Additions to Vicksburg Military Park Vicksburg National Military Park superintendent Mike Madell announced the authorization by the United States Congress for the National Park Service to acquire up to 11,680 acres of core battlefield land at Champion Hill, Port Gibson, and Raymond for addition to park. President Obama signed the bill into law on December 19, This authorization is a significant opportunity for the park, Madell said. It makes it possible to add three separate battlefield sites that will make significant contributions to telling the full story of the remarkable campaign that resulted in the siege and fall the city of Vicksburg during the Civil War. It also helps guarantee the preservation, protection, and restoration of these important lands for current and future generations. Now that we have this authority, we will need to embark on a detailed planning process that will include extensive public engagement, Madell said. The planning will help us determine the level of services that will be needed to serve the visiting public and to identify important battlefield protection strategies and priorities for these new lands. Fortunately, all three battlefield sites exhibit a very high degree of historical integrity, Madell said. Most essential features remain intact, and modern intrusions are limited. Grant secured his beachhead. The historic Schaifer House, a Civil War-era home, is extant on the property owned by the state. Many roads within the battlefield remain very similar in appearance to the mid-19th century and provide a strong sense of how Civil War troops moved. Eleven days after the battle at Port Gibson, the Union and Confederate armies met again on the field at Raymond. After a day of heavy fighting, Federal forces again prevailed and Confederate troops withdrew to Jackson. The battlefield remains largely pristine, and holds high potential for interpretation. Following the battle at Raymond and the subsequent occupation of Jackson, General Grant turned his army towards the west. On May 16, 1863, Union and Confederate forces met again, this time at Champion Hill. The battle was the largest, bloodiest, and most decisive engagement of the Vicksburg Campaign. By the end of the day, the Confederates were in full retreat towards Vicksburg. Madell said the park s management team will begin working with the Southeast Regional Office in Atlanta to start the planning process sometime in We do not expect that the park will be able to acquire all these lands immediately, Madell said. The State of Mississippi, Civil War Trust, and Friends of Raymond cumulatively own about 1,050 acres, and hold preservation easements on about 1,172 acres of land at these sites. Each of these entities has expressed the desire to donate their interests to the National Park Service, so acquisition costs for these properties would be nominal. The balance of the lands are privately owned and will only be acquired from willing sellers if funds are appropriated by Congress, Madell said. Those properties will not be added to the boundary of, or managed as part of, Vicksburg National Military Park unless and until they are actually acquired. The Vicksburg Campaign was a major milestone on the road that led to the final success of the Union army in the Civil War and the ultimate reunification of the nation. The strategies and tactics of Major General Ulysses S. Grant during the campaign continue to be studied by modern military leaders as examples of excellence in generalship. The battlefield at Port Gibson marks the first engagement of Grant's operations against Vicksburg after his army landed on Mississippi soil. After a day of battle, the Confederate army left the field and

11 PAGE 11 The Scout JANUARY 2015 Evidence Ole Miss Train Was Key in Establishing University Nickname dances at the University of Mississippi, would write a famous song about in 1916? At the turn of the century, in 1900, Memphis was a larger city than Nashville, Atlanta, or even Los Angeles. Among Southern cities, only New Orleans was more populous. The major newspaper of Memphis, the Commercial Appeal, served as the most influential journal of any kind throughout the heart of the South. Already rich and powerful, the great newspaper undertook in late 1908 to expand its circulation by charter-ing a couple of passenger trains on a daily basis from two different railroads. These trains were named the Old Miss and the Volunteer. The first served the state of Mississippi, the second the state of Tennessee. These two trains continued a tradition begun around the turn of the century when the same newspaper had chartered first the Arkansas Traveler and then the Newsboy to deliver its papers into the states of Arkansas and Alabama. Apparently it was the news-paper itself that selected the train names, not the railroad companies from whom it rented. According to an advertisement that ran on page one of the Commercial Appeal on January 18, 1909, OLD MISS (Illinois Central) leaves Memphis for Jackson, Mississippi every morning, Sunday included, at 3 am. Takes passengers for Sardis, Grenada and all points in Mississippi below Grenada. Returning, Old Miss arrives in Memphis at 4:30 pm and takes passengers from all points on the IC north of Jackson. Dr. Albert Earl Elmore is a noted scholar who holds degrees from Milsaps College and Ole Miss Law School with a Ph.D in English Literature from Vanderbilt. The winner of six grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, he is the author of essays on Faulkner and Fitzgerald as well as the 2009 book, Lincoln s Gettysburg Address: Echoes of the Bible and Book of Common Prayer. Dr. Elmore, after years of research, has unearthed both the words and music of the classic, but long-forgotten song The Ole Miss Blues. Dr. Elmore has written two essays on the topic; the first on the song itself, a poetic and colorful work by the composer W.C. Handy, who was also a scholarly professor of music as well as a famed performer. In two previous articles, here, and here, I have argued against the mistaken belief that Ole Miss as a term for the University of Mississippi derived from a name used by slaves to refer to the lady of the plantation (The University of Mississippi: A Sesquicentennial History). The term derived instead from a name for the state of Mississippi as a whole and had nothing to do with slavery. The present article will focus on a train called the Old Miss that was almost certainly the major reason for the name Ole Miss to undergo a sudden and dramatic change on the campus of the University during the school year. Before then, the name had referred exclusively to the yearbook that had been named the Ole Miss at its inception during the school year. During , this same name Ole Miss came to be applied again and again, and for the first time ever, to the entire University. Why? How could a train provoke such a sudden and lasting change? And was it the same train that the great W. C. Handy, Father of the Blues who often played for About a month later, on February 13, 1909, another advertisement, also on page one, declared, By means of Old Miss and the News Boy, the Commercial Appeal covers 2/3 of Mississippi before 12 o clock. Such speed meant that not only newspaper subscribers but also train passengers were very well served by the new chartered trains of the great Memphis newspaper. The Volunteer ran from Memphis to Nashville, the Old Miss from Memphis to Jackson. It is not clear at this time whether the Old Miss may have continued, at least some of the time, below Jackson. The Old Miss was clearly given its name to suggest the state of Mississippi, just as the Volunteer was named to suggest the state of Tennessee. The owners of the Commercial Appeal had no reason to associate either train with slavery, nor did they. Indeed many of the passengers on their trains were black, including W. C. Handy. Handy had moved from Florence, Alabama to Clarksdale, Mississippi in 1903 and thence to Memphis in Until he moved again to New York in 1918 Memphis was home to both his publishing company and his famous band, the same band that William Faulkner loved to listen to at dances in private homes around Oxford as well as on the Ole Miss campus. Did Ole Miss students know about the Old Miss train? There can be no reasonable doubt that they did and that they rode it back and forth through Sardis to either Memphis or Jackson. Sardis was less than 25 miles from Oxford by connecting train. These same students were reading the Commercial Appeal in 1908 and 1909 as the most important newspaper in their whole region, and that great and influential journal was describing again and again, often on its front pages, the speed and reliability of the Old Miss train. It can hardly be a surprise that the 1909 yearbook, recording the events of the school year, opens with a drawing of a train called the Ole Miss. On the face of the train, the word OLE appears above the number 1909, identifying the yearbook s date, while the word MISS appears below that date. Changing the spelling to conform to the title of their own yearbook would have been a natural and expected thing to do. The train in the yearbook drawing is obviously intended to suggest speed, first in the speedlines drawn on its visible side and then in the steamy plume curling above those lines. Two creatures fleeing from the speeding train accentuate the

12 PAGE 12 The Scout JANUARY 2015 Evidence Ole Miss Train Was Key in Establishing University Nickname suggestion of speed. One is the bird of time, the other Father Time with his famous sickle. The author of the drawing has penciled his own name, Boyd, below the train almost certainly this was Addison Brooks Boyd of the Engineering Class, a native of Water Valley, Mississippi. The drawing is even more impressive because it s in color, a rarity for that day. The brown-and-black train is inscribed in a striking red circle, with the background of the whole drawing a luminous green. The last regular page of the yearbook, just before the Index and Advertisements, shows a passenger train in a long shot from the rear as it moves under a bridge and through a valley. Both logic and symmetry would dictate that the same Ole Miss train which has opened the yearbook is now closing it. It is interesting and revealing that six of the yearbook s advertisements are for businesses in Memphis. It is the only city besides Oxford that is represented by more than one ad. More remote than Memphis, Jackson is represented by just one. Clearly Ole Miss students spent a significant portion of their free time in the metropolis of Memphis, and it was trains that made this possible, especially the speedy Old Miss. They could be in Memphis by 4:30 and then catch the train home for campus at midnight. It is even more significant that the 1909 yearbook is the very first in which Ole Miss appears as a name for the University as a whole. If a fast train is steaming through your state every day, delivering both passengers and headlined newspapers hot off the press, and advertising itself on its own front pages as the Old Miss, you re going to take notice as a student at the oldest university in the state of Mississippi. You re going to think that Ole Miss by any spelling is such a good name that it would be a waste of a golden opportunity to restrict it to your yearbook and not to use it for your university as a whole. If a train called the Old Miss can serve the state of Mississippi under that increasingly popular name, why not use it for the oldest and most prestigious institution of higher learning in the very same state? The 1909 yearbook that opened and closed with a picture of the Ole Miss train again and again uses Ole Miss to refer to the entire University. Here are five quotes from that yearbook, the middle three taken from football songs and yells in the Athletics section. Throughout the Commonwealth the Alumni of OLE MISS are dominating and moulding public policy and sentiment, and it is they who are proving the most powerful factor towards ushering in the Greater University of Mississippi. Oh, here s to Ole Miss, the source of all our bliss! Hurrah, Ole Miss, we ll raise a song to thee! Here s to Ole Miss, the school we love! What a victory we felt was ours was can be appreciated only by one of Ole Miss s devotees! Clearly the abrupt spread of the name from yearbook to university during this one school year must have been influenced by that dashing new chartered train out of Memphis. But even if we go back to the name of the yearbook that was selected in 1896, it had nothing to do with slavery. We saw in an earlier article that Elma Meek, who suggested it, was thinking of the Ole Miss in the big house on plantations of her own time, long after slavery had ended. Nor is there a shred of evidence that the yearbook staff who approved her suggested title for their yearbook had even one grain of awareness of what Elma Meek herself was thinking. Indeed there is perfectly good evidence that that very first annual staff was not thinking like Elma Meek. When they published that first yearbook in 1897, what symbol of Ole Miss did they themselves select for their opening page? Was it a splendidly gowned, lily-white Ole Missis or Ole Miss in a rocking chair on the front porch of a Tara-like plantation, taking tea from her faithful darkie servants? Not at all! The symbol that appears on the first page of the 1897 yearbook is a drawing of the Mississippi River the old Mississippi, the ole Miss. How do we know, other than common sense, that the river the yearbook staff selected as its very first symbol for its very first yearbook was indeed the Mississippi River? Because those students took the trouble to explain their intention by adding a caption underneath: Down On the Mississippi Flowing. Was their caption in any way a reference to the Ole Miss of any plantation of any period? Absolutely not! The quoted line is drawn from Stephen Foster s lovely song, Nellie Was a Lady. In utter contrast to the lily-white Ole Miss of the plantation, the Nellie of Foster s song is a lovely black woman mourned by her true love after his dark Virginny bride has met her sad and untimely death down by the Mississippi flowing. More research remains to be done to determine whether the fast train chartered by the Commercial Appeal in 1908 is the same fast train The Fastest Thing Out Of Memphis that W. C. Handy wrote about in his Ole Miss Rag eight years later, reissued with words in 1918 as the Ole Miss Blues. Because Handy described his train as running from Memphis all the way to New Orleans and not just to Jackson, there may have been two different trains called the Ole Miss. Or the first train may simply have evolved a longer route between 1908 and The answer, when found, will only enrich this discussion. It will not undermine a single conclusion. For the simple truth is that the name Ole Miss as a familiar and affectionate term for the University of Mississippi was born, not in the Ole Miss of slavery and not even in the Ole Miss of sharecropping, but in clear and documented associations with the state of Mississippi as a whole, first with the great river that gave the state its name and then with a fast train that traversed much if not all of Mississippi. These associations were clearly echoed by Ole Miss students in their early yearbooks. Whether there was one train or two trains called the Ole Miss, there is no doubt that W. C. Handy made some train of that name immortal with a song in 1916, a song that the University of Mississippi Ole Miss has either overlooked or ignored, to its enduring loss and detriment, ever since.

13 PAGE 13 The Scout JANUARY 2015 Alabama County named for Irish man who became Confederate General On Dec. 6, 1866, a new county was carved out of Alabama s Calhoun, Randolph and Talladega counties and named Cleburne County in honor of a Civil War hero. The story of his life should be a movie, said Janet Baber, the artist who painted Confederate Army Maj. Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne s portrait, which hangs in the Cleburne County Courthouse. He was such a role model. Cleburne was an Irish immigrant who fought for his adopted country the Confederacy in the Civil War. He was so well-loved by his men, they requested their home states honor him. Although he settled in Arkansas, Cleburne commanded three Alabama regiments, the 16th, 33rd and 45th. He was engaged to Mobile resident Susan Tarleton when he died in battle. Alabamians who knew of him through those connections were instrumental in getting the county named after him, said Baber, whose ancestors were among them. Baber, whose parents were born in Cleburne County, was born in Florida. She later came to live here and began researching her family history and saw the connection to Cleburne. She started researching him and, having worked as an artist in the past, decided to paint his portrait. Cleburne was born in Ireland in 1828 on the 16th or 17th of March, depending on which historical text you read. He was the son of a doctor who d died when Cleburne was young. He was always expected to follow in his father s footsteps and become a doctor, Baber said. When he was 17, Cleburne took the exams to go to medical school and failed them, Baber said. He was so ashamed, she said, that he ran away and joined the British army. His post put him in direct conflict with his fellow Irish. For instance, she said, he guarded prisoners during the Great Irish Potato Famine, some who were being held for stealing food to feed their families. killed during the Battle of Franklin just two years later on Nov. 30, After Cleburne s death General (Robert E.) Lee called him a meteor shining brightly in a cloudy sky, Bearden said. He was well respected for his courage and his military prowess, earning him the nickname Stonewall of the West, Bearden said. Indeed, Bearden said, the more he s learned about Cleburne, the more impressed he is with the man. Bearden became interested in the general after coming to Heflin in 2002 for Cleburne Day, a now-defunct celebration of Cleburne including Civil War re-enactments. In 2005, Bearden presented a proposed design for a Cleburne County flag based on a flag used by Cleburne s troops. That banner, a white circle centered in a navy background, was adopted and hangs at the County Courthouse, Bearden said. Both Baber and Bearden mentioned that Cleburne was a man ahead of his time. Several months before his death, Cleburne presented a proposal to his superiors to arm slaves and let them fight for their freedom. It is our most vulnerable point, a continued embarrassment, and in some respects an insidious weakness, Cleburne wrote of slavery in his proposal. Cleburne didn t fight the war to protect slavery, Baber said. He fought in the war because as an Irish citizen he understood what it was to be oppressed by government, she said. Baber s portrait of Cleburne hung in the County Courthouse for a few years, but in about 2004, it was stolen, said Cleburne County Probate Judge Ryan Robertson. The rumor was that someone upset with the outcome of their trial took the painting and burned it, Robertson said. No one was ever charged with the crime and the painting was never recovered, he said. It s said he let prisoners escape, Baber said. Cleburne eventually resigned his post and moved with his brothers and a sister to the United States. In 1850, he settled in Helena, Ark., said Billy Bearden, camp commander of the Sons of Confederate Veterans Haralson Invincibles Camp 673. Cleburne became a naturalized citizen in 1855, he said. He worked in a pharmacy and as a lawyer, but those careers were interrupted when the Civil War broke out. He joined the Yell Rifles, a militia in Helena, in 1861 and when the war began the Yell Rifles joined the First Arkansas Volunteer Infantry. Cleburne was appointed a colonel and by the end of 1862 rose through the ranks to become a major general, Bearden said. He was But Baber had made prints of the painting and gave one to the county to replace it, she said. Cleburne County is one of three places in Confederate states named for the military leader, Bearden said. There s a city in Texas and a county in Arkansas that also bear his name. Statue of Patrick Cleburne outside the Helena Museum of Phillips County, Arkansas.

14 PAGE 14 The Scout JANUARY 2015 Comments From Our Commander To the members of the Sam Davis Camp 596: Commemorating General Lee's 208th Birthday It has been an honor to serve as your Commander for the last two years. We accomplished a lot, but I wish that we could have done more. There is always things that never get done. The camp is in good hands with all of the new Officers who will take over officially at the Lee/ Jackson Banquet. I hope to see all of you at that event which will be on January 17th at 6:00pm at the Port City Café on Pass Road in Biloxi. Tickets are $20.00 ea and if you send me your check, I'll send you back your tickets. Tickets can be purchased at the door as well. We have a great guest speaker. Even though I will no longer be the Commander, I will remain a camp member. Please provide your new Officers the support that you provided me and I'm sure that the camp will flourish. David W. Cook Camp Commander New Camp Officers To Be Installed Congratulations are in order for the newly elected officers of our camp! They will be sworn into their respective offices to serve the camp for the next two years during our annual Lee Jackson Banquet to be held on January 17, Our new officers are: Commander: Ken Overstreet 1st Lt. Cmdr.: Jay Peterson 2nd Lt. Cmdr.: Pat Alford Adjutant: Wes Teel Camp Chaplin: Ron Wade Riding past the Salem Church along the Orange Plank Road towards the historic town of Fredericksburg Virginia, General Robert E. Lee felt the gathering of a storm. Reports from his scouts indicated that the Federal Army was massing across the Rappahannock River for another advance. As a northern front was soon to blow rain and then snow across the countryside, it was the job of General Lee commanding the Army of Northern Virginia, to somehow stop the new threat from the Federal Army. General Robert E. Lee was up to the task. He was born the son of a Revolutionary War hero, General "Light Horse Harry" Lee, who was one of George Washington's cavalry commanders. Robert had been raised by his mother to revere and pattern his life after General Washington. He graduated at the top of his West Point class and distinguished himself in battle during the Mexican War. He had already successfully led his army in the Seven Days' Campaign, the Second Battle of Manassas, and the Battle of Sharpsburg. As his mentor George Washington had led his country in a revolution for independence, General Lee believed it was his responsibility to do the same. General Washington wore three stars on his uniform signifying his rank, as did General Lee. Lee's horse Traveller was named for one of Washington's favorite mounts. It was said that Lee even packed one of General Washington's swords in his personal baggage for inspiration. As Washington seemed to have been protected during battle, receiving bullet holes in his uniform on a number of occasions, General Lee too never received a serious wound. On a personal reconnaissance to the front in the Second Battle of Manassas he returned with the mark of a Northern sharpshooter's bullet on his face. Most of his generals would either be seriously wounded or killed in the war. It was now the plan of the Federal Army to mass 120,000 troops at Fredericksburg and overwhelm the Confederate Army. But countering with 75,000 men, General Lee held the high ground. The audacity and brilliance of the commander of the southern revolution and his soldiers was about to be demonstrated. The battle of Fredericksburg would be General Robert E. Lee's and the Army of Northern Virginia's greatest victory.

15 PAGE 15 The Scout JANUARY 2015 The First National pattern Confederate flag that flew over President Jefferson Davis home, Beauvoir after the war was formerly Owned by Noted Civil War Expert William Albaugh III A post-war "Stars and Bars" flag with fourteen stars on the blue canton. Made of wool, machine sewn, with a canvas lanyard. Written in old ink on the staff side is "Beau Voir ". The flag measures 106" x 56". There is minor moth damage to the bottom stripe; otherwise, it is in excellent condition with good strong colors. Mounted into a large walnut museum frame and ready for display. Beauvoir, where this flag proudly flew, was the post-war home and library of Confederate President Jefferson Davis at Biloxi, Mississippi. Originally built on 600+ acres in 1848 by a planter from Madison County, James Brown, it was never used as a plantation due to bad soil. It served as the family's coastal home with a "beautiful First National Confederate Flag That Flew Over Beauvoir view" (thus beau voir) of the Gulf of Mexico. Davis rented one of the cottages there to work on his book, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. He brought his son there to help with the writing and eventually his wife also moved in and grew to love living on the coast. Davis eventually bought the property and lived there until his death in He willed Beauvoir to his youngest daughter Winnie and upon her death in 1898, the house reverted to Davis's widow Varina. In 1902, Mrs. Davis sold much of the property to the Mississippi division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans for use as a home for Confederate veterans and widows and as a monument to Jefferson Davis. In 1941, the main house was opened for public tours and eventually, a Confederate museum, a Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier, and a Presidential Library were added. Sadly, the home and contents were seriously damaged by Hurricane Katrina in Restoration is ongoing. This flag made its way from the SCV in Biloxi to the United Daughters of the Confederacy in Richmond likely for the Jamestown Exposition and the dedication of the Jefferson Davis Monument. They held this flag until noted Civil War collector and author William Albaugh III purchased it from them in The current consignor purchased the flag shortly thereafter. Included with this lot are several letters of documentation by Albaugh. This flag has been carefully examined by authoritative in-house experts and has been deemed to be authentic and of the period in every respect including fabric, thread, dye and the method and pattern of construction. Additionally, any accompanying provenance has been verified as unique and indigenous to the specific flag it documents. The Scout is published monthly by: The Sam Davis Camp #596 Biloxi, Mississippi Editor: Wayne Saucier Send submissions and comments to: thescout2@bellsouth.net Copyright Notice: In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, any copyrighted material published herein is distributed under fair use without profit or payment to those who are interested in receiving the provided information for non-profit research and educational purpose only. Reference:

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