FDR AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES Foreign Perceptions of an American President Edited by Cornelis A. van Minnen and John F. Sears

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1 The World of the Roosevelts Published in cooperation with the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute Hyde Park, New York General Editors: William E. Leuchtenburg, William vanden Heuvel, and Douglas Brinkley FDR AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES Foreign Perceptions of an American President Edited by Cornelis A. van Minnen and John F. Sears NATO: THE FOUNDING OF THE ATLANTIC ALLIANCE AND THE INTEGRATION OF EUROPE Edited by Francis H. Heller and John R. Gillingham AMERICA UNBOUND World War II and the Making of a Superpower Edited by Warren F. Kimball THE ORIGINS OF U.S. NUCLEAR STRATEGY, Samuel R. Williamson, Jr. and Steven L. Rearden AMERICAN DIPLOMATS IN THE NETHERLANDS, Cornelis A. van Minnen EISENHOWER, KENNEDY, AND THE UNITED STATES OF EUROPE Pascaline Winand ALLIES AT WAR The Soviet, American, and British Experience, Edited by David Reynolds, Warren F. Kimball, and A. O. Chubarian THE ATLANTIC CHARTER Edited by Douglas Brinkley and David R. Facey-Crowther PEARL HARBOR REVISITED Edited by Robert W. Love, Jr. FDR AND THE HOLOCAUST Edited by Verne W. Newton THE UNITED STATES AND THE INTEGRATION OF EUROPE Legacies of the Postwar Era Edited by Francis H. Heller and John R. Gillingham ADENAUER AND KENNEDY A Study in German-American Relations Frank A. Mayer THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE A Study in Presidential Statecraft William N. Tilchin TARIFFS, TRADE AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION, From Study Group to Common Market Wendy Asbeek Brusse SUMNER WELLES FDR s Global Strategist A Biography by Benjamin Welles THE NEW DEAL AND PUBLIC POLICY Edited by Byron W. Daynes, William D. Pederson, and Michael P. Riccards WORLD WAR II IN EUROPE Edited by Charles F. Brower FDR AND THE U.S. NAVY Edward J. Marolda THE SECOND QUEBEC CONFERENCE REVISITED Edited by David B. Woolner

2 THEODORE ROOSEVELT, THE U.S. NAVY, AND THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR Edited by Edward J. Marolda FDR, THE VATICAN, AND THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN AMERICA, Edited by David B. Woolner and Richard G. Kurial FDR AND THE ENVIRONMENT Edited by Henry L. Henderson and David B. Woolner VAN LOON: POPULAR HISTORIAN, JOURNALIST, AND FDR CONFIDANT Cornelis A. van Minnen FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT S FOREIGN POLICY AND THE WELLES MISSION J. Simon Rofe FDR S WORLD War, Peace, and Legacies Edited by David B. Woolner, Warren F. Kimball, and David Reynolds ROOSEVELT AND FRANCO DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR From the Spanish Civil War to Pearl Harbor Joan Maria Thomàs HARRY HOPKINS Sudden Hero, Brash Reformer June Hopkins ELEANOR ROOSEVELT AND ADLAI STEVENSON Richard Henry GEORGE C. MARSHALL Servant of the American Nation Edited by Charles F. Brower

3 George C. Marshall Servant of the American Nation Edited by CHARLES F. BROWER

4 GEORGE C. MARSHALL Copyright Charles F. Brower, Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011 All rights reserved. First published in 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data George C. Marshall : servant of the American nation / edited by Charles F. Brower. p. cm. (World of the Roosevelts) 1. Marshall, George C. (George Catlett), Marshall, George C. (George Catlett), Military leadership. 3. Marshall, George C. (George Catlett), Political and social views. 4. Generals United States Biography. 5. United States. Army Biography. 6. Statesmen United States Biography. 7. Political leadership United States Case studies. 8. United States History, Military 20th century. 9. United States Politics and government United States Foreign relations 20th century. I. Brower, Charles F., 1946 E745.M37G dc [B] A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: June 2011

5 To the Memory of William John Stockwell ( ) Loyal Friend, Inspirational Teacher, Wise Counselor, and Stalwart Ally

6 Permissions George C. Marshall ( ) by Thomas Hawkins Johnson, used with permission of Cynthia Galas Johnson. Photographs GCM #01086, 02507, and 07705A: Courtesy of the George C. Marshall Foundation, Lexington, Virginia. U.S. Signal Corps Photographs #91374, P-11242, , and : Courtesy of the Collection of the George C. Marshall Foundation, Lexington, Virginia. U.S. Army Air Corps Photograph: Courtesy of the Collection of the George C. Marshall Foundation, Lexington, Virginia. U.S. Information Agency Photograph #306-PS , Courtesy of the Collection of the George C. Marshall Foundation, Lexington, Virginia.

7 Contents List of Plates Acknowledgments ix xi Part I Introduction George C. Marshall: Servant of the American Nation 3 Charles F. Brower Part II Keynote Address 1 The Mind of Marshall 13 Josiah Bunting III Part III Marshall as Soldier 2 Marshall and the Emergence of a New Generation of Leaders 25 Edward M. Coffman 3 Marshall as Grand Strategist 35 Paul L. Miles 4 Marshall, Education, and Leadership 59 Williamson Murray Part IV Marshall as Statesman and Peacemaker 5 The Marshall Plan and American Modesty 69 Nicolaus Mills 6 Fighting the Problem: George C. Marshall and Korea 79 James I. Matray 7 Undervalued Legacy: Marshall s Mission to China 117 Barry F. Machado

8 viii Contents Part V Marshall as Leader and Manager 8 The Marshall Leadership Model and the Prospect of Administrative Heroism 131 Gerald M. Pops 9 Achieving Victory through Strategic Management and Leadership 145 Stewart W. Husted 10 Demon of Integrity 161 Charles F. Brower Part VI Concluding Address 11 The Marshall Legacy 173 Mark A. Stoler Notes on Contributors 185 Index 189

9 Plates (Following Page 78) 1 General John J. Pershing and Colonel George C. Marshall inspecting World War I battlefields, August The assistant commandant and the department heads of the Infantry School, 1930 to This photograph inspired Thomas H. Johnson s poem, George C. Marshall ( ). Front row, left to right: Morrison C. Stayer, Joseph W. Stilwell, George C. Marshall, William F. Freehoff, Edward F. Harding. Second row, from left: Howard J. Liston, Omar N. Bradley, Emil W. Leard, Fremont B. Hodson. 3 Chiefs of the War Department confer, March Seated, left to right: Lieutenant General Henry H. Arnold, General George C. Marshall, and Lieutenant General Lesley J. McNair. Standing from left: Major General Joseph T. McNarney and Major General Brehon B. Somervell. 4 President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill (seated) pose for a photograph with the American and British Chiefs of Staff at Casablanca, January Standing, left to right: Lieutenant General Henry H. Arnold, Admiral Ernest J. King, General George C. Marshall, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley Pound, General Sir Alan Brooke, and Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Portal. 5 General Marshall talks with Lieutenant General Albert C. Wedemeyer, Commanding General, U.S. Forces, China Theater, in Chungking, early A Marshall protégé, Wedemeyer became a virulent critic of him during the McCarthy era. 6 General Marshall reviewing the Communist Party Honor Guard upon his arrival in Yenan on March 4, Left to right: General Chou En-lai, vice chairman of the Central Revolutionary Military Council and chief of military affairs for the Chinese Communist Party, Marshall, and General Chu Teh, commander in chief of communist military forces. 7 Four men concerned with making the Marshall Plan work: (Right) Economic Cooperation Administration Administrator Paul Hoffman, General George C Marshall, Secretary of State Dean Acheson, and ECA

10 x Plates Deputy Administrator William C. Foster. Marshall addressed a halfway mark celebration meeting, April 3, 1950, stating that the chips are down and we must not emasculate or reduce the foreign recovery program. 8 General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, commander in chief, UN Command (right) and Lieutenant General Matthew B. Ridgway, commanding general, U.S. Eighth Army, inspect operations of U.S. 3rd Infantry Division, in Seoul, Korea, during MacArthur s visit to the combat area, March 24, 1951.

11 Acknowledgments The genesis of the idea for a conference addressing the legacy of George Catlett Marshall in conjunction with the fiftieth anniversary of his death occurred in early 2008 as Brian Shaw, the president of the George C. Marshall Foundation, and I were exploring ideas for more extensive collaboration between the foundation and Virginia Military Institute s (VMI) new Center for Leadership and Ethics located in Marshall Hall on the VMI post. In 2003, General J. H. Binford Peay, III, the Institute s fourteenth superintendent, conceived and later brought to life the center as part of Vision 2039, which sketched out his farsighted goals and objectives for the VMI of the twenty-first century. As deputy superintendent and dean of faculty and later the first director of the center, I had the good fortune of having been present at the creation of that great VMI renaissance and in contributing to the initial establishment of the center and its programs. In remarkably fast order, Institute s generous alumni and friends provided the resources to make the center and programs such as this one a reality. A grand alliance between the center and the Marshall Foundation was a centerpiece of General Peay s vision, and Brian Shaw and I were committed to realizing the full benefits of such an alliance with joint conferences and other creative initiatives. Indefatigable in their mission of perpetuating Marshall s legacy, Brian and John B. Adams, the chairman of the Marshall Foundation, provided thoughtful suggestions and generous funding and support for the conference. Special thanks are also due to Mark Stoler and Dan Holt, the current editors of the Marshall Papers, who were especially able to assist me in identifying possible conference contributors and to Leigh McFadden, for her support of the conference. Joanne Hartog and Jeffrey Kozak provided friendly and efficient assistance in identifying, locating, and reproducing photographs for the volume. The conference required tremendous effort on the part of the Center for Leadership and Ethics extraordinarily talented staff and they deserve the

12 xii Acknowledgments lion s share of the credit for its great success. Susan Rabern, Amy Dehart, Derek Pinkham, and Justin Spears are as talented and tireless a team that there is, and they were a joy to work together with. My friend and colleague, Professor Kip Muir generously agreed to assist me in identifying prospective contributors to the conference. The breadth of his grasp of the Marshall era of American history humbles me. At Palgrave Macmillan, my deep thanks go to Chris Chappell and the ever helpful Sarah Whalen for shepherding me through this publication process. But most of all, I thank our authors for their illuminating contributions and enthusiastic collaboration. I trust that they will be as proud of this book as I am.

FDR AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES Foreign Perceptions of an American President Edited by Cornelis A. van Minnen and John F. Sears

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