Unit%1%Outline% AP%US%History% % % % Learning(Target(#(1( (European(Exploration(in(the(Americas( % I.

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1 Unit1Outline APUSHistory Learning(Target(#(1( (European(Exploration(in(the(Americas( I. PeopleofEuropewereabletoreachsub6SaharanAfricaaround1450(whenthePortugueseinventedthe caravel,ashipthatshouldsailintothewind.thisshipallowedsailorstosailbackupthewesterncoast ofafricaandbacktoeurope.theportuguese(setuptradingpostsalongtheafricanbeachestrading withslavesandgold,tradinghabitsthatwereoriginallydonebythearabsandafricans.theportuguese shippedtheslavesbacktospainandportugalwheretheyworkedonthesugarplantations. II. When(Worlds(Collide a. Possibly3/5ofthecrops(cultivated aroundtheworldtodayoriginated intheamericas. b. Within50yearsoftheSpanish arrivalinhispaniolabycolumbus in1492,thetainonatives decreasedfrom1millionpeopleto 200peopleduetodiseasesbrought bythespanish. c. IncenturiesfollowingColumbus's landingintheamericas,asmuchas 90oftheIndianshaddieddueto thediseases. III. The(Spanish(Conquistadores a. Inthe1500's,Spainbecamethedominantexploringandcolonizingpower. b. TheSpanishconquerorscametotheAmericasintheserviceofGod(aswellasinsearchofgold(and glory. c. DuetothegoldandsilverdepositsfoundintheNewWorld,theEuropeaneconomywastransformed. d. TheislandsoftheCaribbeanSeaservedasoffshorebasesforthestagingoftheSpanishinvasionof themainlandamericas. e. Bythe1530s(inMexico(andthe1550s(inPeru,colorlesscolonialadministratorshadreplacedthe conquistadores. f. SomeoftheconquistadoreswedIndianwomenandhadchildren.Theseoffspringwereknownas mestizos(andformedaculturalandbiologicalbridgebetweenlatinamerica'seuropeanandindian races. IV. The(Conquest(of(Mexico a. Inabout1519,HernanCortessetsailfromCubawithmenandhorses.Alongtheway,hepickedup twotranslators6aspanishprisonerofmayan6speakingindians,andanindianslavenamed Malinche. b. TheSpaniardsarrivedatTenochtitlan,theAzteccapitalwiththeintentionofstealingallofthegold andotherriches;theywereamazedbythebeautyofthecapitol. c. OnJune(30,(1520,theAztecsattackedtheSpanishbecauseoftheSpaniards'lustforriches.The Spanishcountered,though,andtookoverthecapitalandtherestoftheAztecempireonAugust(13,( d. DuetotheruleoftheSpanish,theIndianpopulationinMexicowentfrom20millionto2millionin lessthanacentury.

2 V. The(Spread(of(Spanish(America a. In1565,theSpanishbuiltafortressatSt.Augustine,Floridatoprotectthesea6lanestothe Caribbean. b. In1680,aftertheSpanishcapturedanareaknowntodayasNewMexicoin1609,thenatives launchedarebellionknownaspopes(rebellion.thenativesburneddownchurchesandkilled priests.theyrebuiltakiva,orceremonialreligiouschamber,ontheruinsofthespanishplazaat SantaFe. c. ThemisdeedsoftheSpanishintheNewWorldledtothebirthofthe"Black(Legend."Thisfalse conceptstatedthattheconquerorsjusttorturedandkilledtheindians,stoletheirgold,infectedthem withsmallpox,andleftlittlebutmiserybehind. VI. Chronology 33,00068,000B.C.6FirsthumanscrossintoAmericasfromAsia. 5,000B.C.6CornisdevelopedasastablecropinhighlandMexico. 4,000B.C.6FirstcivilizedsocietiesdevelopintheMiddleEast. 1,200B.C.6Cornplantingreachespresent6dayAmericanSouthwest. 1,000A.D.6CorncultivationreachesMidwestandsoutheasternAtlanticseaboard. 1,10061,300A.D.6ChristiancrusadesarouseEuropeaninterestintheEast MarcoPoloreturnstoEurope. Late1400s6Spainbecomesunited ColumbuslandsintheBahamas TreatyofTordesillasbetweenSpainandPortugal DaGamareachesIndia.CabotexploresnortheasterncoastofNorthAmericaforEngland BalboaclaimsalllandstouchedbythePacificOceanforSpain. 1513,15216PoncedeLeonexploresFlorida CortesconquersMexicoforSpain Magellan'svesselcompletescircumnavigationoftheworld VerrazanoexploreseasternseaboardofNorthAmericaforFrance PizarrocrushesIncas DeSotoexplorestheSoutheastanddiscoverstheMississippiRiver Cabrilloexplorespresent6daySouthwest CabrilloexploresCaliforniacoastforSpain SpanishbuildfortressatSt.Augustine. Late1500s6IroquoisConfederacyfounded,accordingtoIroquoislegend SpanishunderOnateconquerpueblopeoplesofRioGrandevalley SpanishfoundNewMexico. 1680s6FrenchexplorationdownMississippiRiverunderLaSalle SerrafoundsfirstCaliforniamission,atSanDiego.( ( Learning(Target(#(2:(The(characteristics(of(English(settlement(in(the(Chesapeake( OVERVIEW:Withthesupportofstrongmonarchsandcapitalfrominvestmentcompanies,Englandbegantoplant settlementsinnorthamerica.thefirstsuccessfulonewasatjamestown,virginia(1607). I. KingHenryVIII:Brokewiththepopeovereconomic,political,andsocialdifferences(includinghis divorceandremarriagein1529). a. Hisdaughter,QueenElizabethI,encouragedSeaDogssuchasDrakeandHawkinstolootSpanish treasureships. b. TheSpanishArmada sattempttoinvadeenglandwasturnedback(1588). c. England snavalstrengthcouldthenhelpopentrans6atlanticventures. d. Enclosureoflandtoraisesheepforaprofitablewoolenindustryledtoruralunemployment, movementtocities,andpressuresforoverseassettlements e. Arisingmerchantclassinvestedinjointstockcompanies(corporations)forspeculationathomeand abroad(themuscovycompanywasfoundedin1553).

3 II. III. IV. EarlyEnglishfailures:HumphreyGilbertsecuredaroyalcharterandprivateinvestmentbuthisattempts toestablishacolonyonnewfoundlandfailed.walterraleigh s Virginia settlementonroanokeisland(nownorthcarolina)vanished(the LostColony ). The(Jamestown(settlement:Twoprofit6seeking VirginiaCompanies(LondonandPlymouth)were charteredbykingjamesin1606.thenextyearthree shipslandedsettlersatjamestown,virginia. a. ThegoalsofthesettlementinAmericanwere: 1.Goldandwealth,2.ConversionofIndians,and3. FindapassagetotheIndies. b. Greatdifficultywasexperiencedadjustingtothe newenvironment:during thestarvingtime, manydiedofdiseaseandinsufficientfood.in addition,manygentlemenwerenotaccustomedto suchhardlabor. c. CaptainJohnSmith,whodominatedthecolonial council,enforceddisciplineandovercamepolitical dissension. d. CrucialassistancewasofferedbyChiefPowhatanandhisAlgonquianIndianConfederacy e. JohnRolfe(whomarriedPocahontas,Powhatan sdaughter)successfullyplantedacashcropof tobacco,whichwasmarketeddespitetheking sexpresseddistastefor thefilthyweed. Thisledtoa planterclassofpeoplewhobecameverywealthybecauseoftobacco. f. Astobaccoexportsboomed,morelandwasputundercultivation,furtherstrainingrelationswith NativeAmericans. g. PressureontheIndianstoconverttoChristianityandtobecomefarmersalsoledtoconflict. h. In1624,Virginia scharterwasrevokedbecauseofmismanagementanditbecamearoyalcolony. i. Problemswithtobaccoalsoincluded:1.Prosperitydictatedupononecrop,2.Exhaustionofsoiland 3.Needforcheaplabor,whichledtoindenturedservitudeandslavery. ProblemswithNativeAmericans a. Powhatan speoplestayedin contactwithenglishsettlers,but maintainedtheirdistance. b. Christianconversionwasactually veryrarefornativeamericans. c. Powhatan speopleweresuspectof theenglishbasedonfightingand confiscationofcorn. d. Therewasrelativepeaceamongthe EnglishandNativesuntil1622 whenpowhatan sbrother Opechancanoughreplacedhimas supremechief. e. OpechancanoughledanalloutassaultkillingathirdoftheEnglishpopulation. f. Thecolonistsretaliatedwithanalloutassaultandconflictcontinuedforsometimethereafter.

4 V. VirginiaSocietyandGovernment: a. Over60ofsettlersarrivedasindenturedservants(obligedtoworkforasetperiodofyearstopay offtheirpassagemoney).later,headrightsoffiftyacresenticedsettlerswhoboughtacompany shareandtransportedthemselvestothecolony. b. Ninety young,handsomeandhonestlyeducatedmaydes (youngwomen)weresentbythe Companyin1619. c. ThesameyearaDutchslaveshipdepositedtwentyAfricanblacks.Itisbelievedtheywere consideredindenturedandthatlegalizedslaverydevelopedsomewhatlater. d. Alsoin1619,thefirstGeneralAssemblyofVirginia(TheHouseofBurgesses)metinJamestown (includingagovernor,councilors,andburgesses.)thekingappointedthegovernor. Learning(Target(#(3(X(How(the(Chesapeake(region(moved(from(servitude(to(slavery( I. SocialandEconomicPolarization a knownastheeraofthe yeomanfarmer6afarmerwhoowneda smallplotoflandsufficienttosupporta familyandtilledlargelybyservants andafewfamilymembers. b. Asmallnumberofeliteplantershad largerestatesandcommandedtenor moreservants. c. Untilmid6century,theprincipal divisioninthechesapeakesocietywas lessbetweenrichandpoorplanters thanbetweenfreeandunfreeservants. d. Afterthemid6centurythreethings happenedwhichmadethedivision betweentherichandthepoor i. Theincreasingtobaccosupplydecreasedthecost;sosmallfarmerscouldnotsaveenough moneytobuyland. ii. Mortalityratesdeclined,soindenturedservantslivedlongerandtheybecamelandless freeman. iii. Bylivinglonger,theplanterclasscompoundedtheirsuccess. e. By1670,thesocietyhadbecomepolarizedbetweenthewealthyplantersandlandlessorpoor farmers. II. GovernmentPoliciesandPoliticalConflict a. MostChesapeakecolonistsassumedthat greatmen shouldbeartheresponsibilitiesofgovernment. b. Until1670,allfreemencouldvote,andtheyroutinelyelectedprosperousplanterstothelegislature. c. Noformerservantservedinthegovernor scouncilorthehouseofburgessesafter1640. d. In1670,theHouseofBurgessesoutlawedvotingbypoormen,permittingonlymenwhoheadeda householdandwerelandownerstovote. e. Thekingalsotightenedcontrolofthecolonieswiththepassageofnavigationactsin1650and1651. III. ClassstrugglesintheChesapeake a. Fallingtobaccoprices,scarcityoflandforfreedindenturedservants,andfearsofIndianattacks contributedtotensionsonthevirginiafrontier. b. Underrepresentationinthecolony slegislatureandresentmenttoward(williamberkeley,theroyal governor,addedtotheunrest. c. Opechancanoughledanotherattachin1644killing500Virginiancolonists.

5 d. ThegovernmentofVirginiarestrictedtheuseoflandinthewildernesstoavoidIndiancontact.This upsetthecolonistswholivednearthewilderness e. ViolencebetweencolonistsandIndiansflaredupagaininthe1660 sand1670 sbecauseofa growingpopulation. f. NathanielBaconchargedthegrandees6eliteplanterswithoperatingthegovernmentfortheirprivate gain.healsoclaimedthattheyprotectedindiansmorethancolonialcitizens. g. GovernorWilliamBerkeleypronouncedBaconarebeland threatenedtopunishhimfortreason,andcalledforan electioninthehouseofburgesses. h. Theelectionbackfired,becauseBaconandlocalleaders tookover.baconthensetforthnewlaws. IV. Bacon slaws a. Localsettlershadavoiceinsettingtaxlevies. b. Forbadeofficeholdersfromdemandingbribesorextrafees forcarryingouttheirduties. c. Placedlimitsonholdingmultipleoffices. d. Restoredthevotetoallfreemen. e. BerkeleypardonedBaconandauthorizedhiscampaignofIndianwarfare. V. Bacon srebellionandtheresults a. BerkeleywasonceagainconvincedthatBaconwasadangerousthreattotheplanterwayoflife. b. Afterlearningthis,rebelsundertheleadershipofNathanielBaconmarchedonJamestownand burnedthecapital. c. Baconsuddenlydiedandtherebellionwascrushed. d. Theuprisingreflectedthetensionsbetweentidewateraristocratsandpoorer,politicallydeprived, frontiersmen. e. Anewroyalgovernorwasorderedtorestrictcolonialindependenceorpoliticalautonomy. f. Atthesametime,therewasincreasingpoliticalstabilitybecauseduringthe1680 sandthe1690 s, fewerservantsarrivedinthechesapeakebecauseofbettereconomicconditionsinengland. g. Inaddition,by1700,slaverybecamemoreprevalentandtherewerelessdifferencesbetweenrich andpoorfarmers. VI. TheWestIndies:SugarandSlavery a. ThemostprofitablepartoftheBritishNewWorldEmpireinthe17 th centurylayinthecaribbean. b. Duringthe1640 s,barbadianplantersbegantogrowsugarcane. c. SlaverybecameimperativetotheCaribbeanandonaverage,thesugargrandeesowned115slavesby 1680andwasfourtimeswealthierthanthetobaccograndees. d. By1700,exportsreached50millionpoundsofsugar. e. AlthoughsugarwasnotgrowninNorthAmerica,theinstitutionofslaverydidbecomeimportant. VII. Carolina:AWestIndianFrontier a. TheearlysettlersofSouthCarolinawereimmigrantsfromBarbados. b. CapeTownelaterspelled(Charleston)wasfoundedbyproprietorswhowerelookingtodevelopa profitablecrop. c. MostoftheearlysettlerswerefromBarbados. d. Carolinabecametheonly17 th centurycolonywithmostofitsimmigrantsfromlocationsotherthan England. e. By1700,slavesmadeupabouthalfoftheCarolinapopulation. f. Ricewasthemostimportantcropasindigo,tobaccoandcotton.

6 VIII. SlaverLaborEmergesintheChesapeake a. By1700,morethan8outof10peopleinthesoutherncoloniesofBritishNorthAmericalivedinthe Chesapeake. b. By1700,1outof8peoplewereblack. c. Slaveshadadvantagesoverindenturedservants i. Althoughmoreexpensive,theyneverbecamefree. ii. Slaveslivedlongersincethemortalityratedropped. iii. Slavescouldperpetuatethelaborforcebyhavingchildren. iv. Slavescouldbepoliticallycontrolled. d. By1700,slavelaborpolarizedChesapeakesocietyalonglinesofraceandstatus. e. Onlyabout25ofwhitesownedslaves,butevenfreewhiteshadabetterstatusthanblacks. f. SlavesintheChesapeakehadclosecontactwithwhites. Learning(Target(#(4( (The(characteristics(of(English(settlement(in(New(England( I. ThePlymouthColony:ThePilgrims, Separatists whohadleftthechurchofengland,migratedto Hollandin1609seekingreligioustolerance.TomaintaintheirEnglishidentitytheysailedforAmerica, withthepermissionofthevirginiacompany. a. TheMayflowerreachedCapeCodin1620. b. BeyondCompanycontrol,the Saints (Pilgrim leaders)establishedacompactbeforelandingat Plymouth. c. Althoughnotactuallyaconstitution,thedocument providedaprecedentforlatervoluntarydemocratic compacts. d. Poorlypreparedfortheharshclimate,halfofthe settlersdiedthefirstwinter. e. TheWampanoagIndians,whowereseekingallies, befriendedthecolonists.squantoactedasadvisorand interpreter. f. GovernorWilliamBradfordprovidedstrong leadership. g. Apoliticaldecisionsweremadebytownmeetingsand, later,byelectedassemblies. II. Puritans a. BeganasafactionwithintheChurchofEngland.ItsoughttoreturnChristianitytoits pure, primitive,biblicalroots.puritansbelievedtheyneededtobeanexampletotherestoftheworld,ie acityuponahill. b. PuritanscriticizedtheAnglicanChurchforretainingtoomuchoftheRomanCatholicChurch sritual andhierarchy. c. PuritansstressedtheCalvinistdoctrineofelection(pre6destination)aswellastheimportanceof bothdivinegraceandgoodworks(asasignofsalvation). d. Thebelievedreligionshouldbeappliedtodailylifeandtothefunctioningofgovernment. III. TheGreatPuritanMigration a. TheflightofPuritanstotheNewWorldlastedfrom1629to1640. b. KingCharlesIgrantedaroyalcharter((1629)tothePuritan6controlledMassachusettsBayCompany. c. Motivescombinedasenseofreligiousmission(anew covenant )witheconomicopportunity(many settlerswerefromthemiddleclass).

7 d. BostonbecamethecapitalandhuboftheNewEnglandsettlement. e. MigrationincreasedanddecreasedwithpoliticaleventsinEngland(CivilWar,Cromwell spuritan Commonwealth,theStuartRestoration). IV. KeyPuritanBeliefsandValues a. Godlypeopleweresober,hardworking,andresponsible.Englishsocietyhadbeencorruptedby foreigninfluencesandbydisorderandneededtobepurified. b. CatholicismhadunderminedtherelationshipbetweenGodandtheindividual i. Ritualsandsacramentsadministeredbyapowerfulandcomplicatedhierarchy ii. InsistenceonLatinastheonlylanguageofreligion iii. Confessiononlythroughthepriestandtheconfessionalbooth c. Election&predestination66Godchooseswhoissavedandwhoisdamned.Noonecanearnsalvation throughworks.yetthesaintsareresponsiblefortheiractions.however,thosewhodidnotsinwould showahintthattheyweresaints. d. Thecongregationofsaintschoseitsmembers,hiredandfireditsministers,andrecognizednoother religiousauthority. e. Worshipshouldbeplain,lackmystery,andbefocusedonGod,withoutstainedglass,instrumental music,orart. f. Valueofeducation i. TheBibleshouldbereadbyeveryone.NewEnglandinthe17thcenturywasthemostliterate placeintheworld(probably70literacy) ii. PubliclysupportedschoolsneededtoopposeSatan("OldDeluder"laws).Eachtownwith50 familieswasrequiredtosupportateacher. iii. HarvardCollegewasfoundedin1636totrainministers. g. Puritanstruggles i. PersecutionandexpulsionofAnneHutchinson(1638) a. Criticizedministersfornotpreachingcovenantofgrace.AccusedPuritansof preachingacovenantofworks. b. Heldreligiousmeetingsinherhome c. ChallengedthepoliticalandreligiousleadershipofMassachusettsBay. ii. RogerWilliamsexpelledfor"newanddangerousopinions"(1638) a. Preachedcompleteseparationofchurchandstate66thestateshouldhaveno influenceoveraperson'sconscience. b. Religiousgroupsshouldbesupportedbyvoluntarytithes,nottaxes. c. Indiansshouldbepaidforlands. d. SettledRhodeIslandandestablishedcompletefreedomofreligion(including Jews,Catholics,andQuakers). iii. PuritanspersecutedandexpelledBaptists(opposedtochildbaptism)andkilledQuakers (suchasmarydyer)forpreaching"innerlight"doctrinesandopposinganyreligious authority(noministersorsermons). iv. ThomasHooker6ledmigrantsseekingbetterlandintotheConnecticutValley.Itsgeneral Courtadoptedthe(FundamentalOrdersofConnecticut((aconstitution)in1639. V. PuritanPoliticalLife a. JohnWinthrop6AnEnglishlawyer,hisPuritanconvictionsimpelledhimtomigratetoMassachusetts Baywherehewasrepeatedlyelectedgovernor.HewasthefirstpresidentoftheNewEngland Confederation(1643). b. WinthropgavetheArbellaSermon,whichexplainedhowthePuritanshadenteredacovenantwith God.

8 VI. VII. VIII. c. Freemen(adultmaleheadsoffamilies)ruledinchurchmeetingsandtownmeetings6placewhere localaffairswerediscussedandvotedon. d. Blurringofpoliticalandreligiousauthority66theocracy,wasthegoal.Peoplewerefinedfornotgoing tochurch. SalemWitchcraftCrisis(1692) a. Groupofgirlsaccusedfellowvillagersofwitchcraft b. Trials(featuring"spectralevidence")resultedinconvictionsofmanyandexecutionsof20people and2dogs. c. Goalwasrestorationofthedisciplinedcommunity.Noconfessedwitcheswerehangedorburned. d. Reactionresultedinanti6Puritansentiment,weakeningofPuritanauthority,andapologiesfrom somereligiousleaders PuritanContributions a. Self6governmentandcommunityresponsibility i. Democracyinchurchruleledtodemocracyintownmeeting. ii. Allcommunitymembersresponsibleforconductofcitizens. b. Educationwascriticalforindividualandcommunitysuccessaswellashardworkandthrift. c. Highstandardsofmoralexcellenceandconscienceaswellasthefamilybeingthecentralelementof thecommunity. Puritanstruggles a. AsPuritanismbecameacceptedinEngland,lessPuritanstraveledtotheNewWorld. b. Theeconomybegantogrowwhichputlessemphasisonreligion. c. PuritansfearedadecliningnumberofmemberssotheyputforththeHalfwayCovenantwhichwas developedtoallowunbaptizedmembers(childrenofpuritans)tovoteandthuspreserveinfluenceof Puritanauthorities.ThiswasonereasonthatledtothebreakdownofPuritanismasanexampleto therestoftheworld. Learning(Target(#(5( (The(characteristics(of(English(settlement(in(the( MidXAtlantic(Region( Overview:(ThecoloniesthatdevelopedbetweenNewEnglandandthe Chesapeakeattractedavarietyofreligionsandnationalitiesandsoon developedthrivingeconomies. I. NewNetherland(DutchNewYork): a. HenryHudson,sailingfortheDutchEastIndiaCompany, soughtanorthwestpassagethroughthecontinent.in1609 hefoundtheriverthatbearshisname.soonafter,dutchfur tradingpostswereestablishedonmanhattanislandandat FortOrange(Albany). b. NewAmsterdam,thecapital,wasbuiltonlandpurchased fromtheindiansbypeterminuit. c. TheexpandingDutchabsorbedSwedishsettlementsonthe DelawareRiver(1650s). d. Althoughthecompanyofferedlargefeudaltractsoflandto( patroons(thatwouldbringgroupsofsettlers,thepopulation remainedsparse. e. NewAmsterdam(NewYork)wasa companytown whichofferedlittlereligiousorpoliticaltoleration. f. Amixedpopulation,includingEnglishonLongIsland,wasineffectivelygoverned.

9 II. EnglishNewYork:( a. KingCharlesIIofEnglandgrantedtheareatohisbrother,James,theDukeofYork,afterthreeAnglo6 DutchWars. b. TheDutchsurrenderedtoanEnglishfleetwithoutafight(1664). c. Blackslavesmadeupone6fifthofthediversepopulationofNewYorkCity. d. TheDutchinfluencepersistedforsometime. III. NewJersey: a. Establishedin1664whentheDukeofYorkturnedoverthelandsbetweentheHudsonandDelaware RiverstotwonobleproprietorswhodivideditintoEastandWestJersey.In1702theyweremergedasa crowncolony. IV. Pennsylvania: a. EstablishedasarefugeforQuakersbyWilliamPenn,whoreceivedaroyallandgrantasaresultofhis father sfriendshipwiththestuartmonarchy. b. TheQuakers,whobelieveindirectinspirationfromGodandwhorefusedtodefertopoliticalauthority, werepersecutedinengland. c. Asproprietorofthecolony,Pennofferedreligioustolerationasherecruitedsettlerswithpromotional literature. d. QuakerswerepacifistsandattemptedtotreattheIndiansfairly.PennlearnedanIndianlanguageand purchasedlandbytreaties. e. GermanandScotch6IrishsettlerswhoarrivedlaterdidnotrelateaswelltotheIndians. f. SomeGermansettlersretainedtheirculturaluniqueness(the PennsylvaniaDutch ). g. Penn sproprietarygovernmentofferedmorepoliticalinvolvementbyfreemanthanmostcoloniesdid. h. Awidevarietyofnationalandreligiousgroupswereattractedtothecolony. i. ThetownofPhiladelphiaprosperedcommercially,rivalingBoston. j. Philadelphiarapidlydevelopedintoapoliticalandculturalcenter. k. GermanfarmersnearLancasterconstructedConestogawagons. l. Pennsylvania sfarmsproducedabundantgrain. V. Delaware: a. AtfirstpartofPenn sroyalgrant,after1701itchoseitsownassembly.itsseparationfrompennsylvania cameduringtheamericanrevolution. Learning(Target(#(6( (Colonial(Governments(and(Imperial(Policy(in(British(North(America( TheMercantileSystem Overview6Theimplementationofthedoctrineofmercantilism,whichattemptedtocreateapowerful, prosperous,nationstatethroughtheregulatedeconomicself6sufficiency,wascomplicatedbytheself6governing traditionsofthebritishnorthamericancolonies.( I. ImperialBritain:Attemptedtofollowawidelypracticesandhighlynationalisticcommercialtheorylater knownasmercantilism. a. Nationstateswereseenaspursuingthelimitedwealthoftheworld. b. EachNationsoughttobecomeeconomicallyself6sufficient. c. Anothergoalwastoachieveafavorablebalanceoftrade(thevalueofexportsshouldexceedthe valueofimports). d. Homeindustrieswouldbeprotectedfromforeigncompetition. e. Coloniescouldbenefitthemothercountrybyprovidinginexpensiverawmaterialsaswellasa guaranteedmarketformanufacturedgoods. f. Thesystemshouldresultinanetflowofgoldandsilvertothemothercountry. g. Toguaranteeitseffectiveoperation,mercantilismrequiredgovernmentregulation. h. Tooperateprofitablyandsafely,largemerchantandbattlefleetswerenecessary.

10 II. Legislation:ParliamentpassedaseriesofTradeandNavigationActs(1651to1673)designedtobenefit EnglandinitscommercialcompetitionwithHollandandothers. a. ColonialtradewastobecarriedononlyinEnglishorColonialShips. b. Certainenumeratedgoods(sugar,tobacco,navalsupplies,andfurs)couldbesoldonlytoEnglandby hercolonies. c. NearlyallforeigngoodscouldbeimportedtothecoloniesonlyiftheywereshippedthroughEngland andpaidimporttaxesthere. d. Englandpaid bounties toencourageproductionofsomematerialsinthecolonies. e. Later,colonieswereforbiddentomakeorexportcertaingoodsthatcompetedwithEnglishproducts (WoolenAct,IronAct,HatAct).Colonialinterestsappearedtobesubordinatedtothoseofthe mothercountry. III. TheBoardofTrade: a. Createdin1696todealwithcolonialquestions. b. OnadviceoftheBoard,theCrowncoulddisallowactionsofcoloniallegislature. c. TheBoard,anadvisorygroup,broughtameasureofefficiencytogoverningtheempire. d. However,thereweremanyotheroverlappingauthoritiesandmanagementwasinefficient. IV. ColonialDevelopmentUnderMercantilism a. LargenumbersofblackAfricanslaveswereimportedtoworkonplantations,particularlyonthe WestIndiessugarcrop. b. Manyarticlesnotonthe enumerated listscouldbefreelytransportedandsoldabroad. c. Acolonialunfavorablebalanceoftradedrainedhardcurrencytopayforimports. d. Debtorssoughtinflationthroughtheprintingofmoney. V. EffortsatMercantilism: a. Benefittedsomeintheempire(shipbuildersinNewEngland)andhurtothers(Virginiatobacco growers). b. Someprotestedthepolicy seffects. c. Somecolonists,resistanttorigidregulation,resortedtosmugglingandotherprofitablemethodsof evasion. VI. ImperialControl: a. In1675warbrokeoutbetweenIndiansandcolonistsintheChesapeakeandNewEngland. b. ThiswarhappenedbecausecolonistswereintrudingonIndianlands. c. MetacometorKingPhilip,ascolonistscalledhim,ledaseriesofraidsknownasKingPhilip swar. d. ThecolonistswereleftwithahugedebtbecauseofthewarandtheEnglishcrownalsorealizedthat thepeopleofnewenglandwerenotabidingbyallenglishlaws.

11 VII. VIII. e. ThecharterofMassachusettswasrevoked. f. TheDominionofNewEnglandwascreatedtounifycolonialadministration(1686). g. Charterswererevoked,assembliesdissolved,andGovernorEdmundAndrosofMassachusettswas givenextraordinarypowers. TheColonistsResponsetoIncreasedControl a. In1689,rebelsthrewAndrosinjail,destroyedtheDominionofNewEnglandandreestablishedthe formerchartergovernment. b. NewYorkersbehindtheleadershipofJacobLeislerseizedtheroyalgovernorin1689andruledthe colonyformorethanayear. c. JohnCoode,theleaderoftheProtestantAssociation,ledanoverthrowofMaryland spro6catholic government d. Therebelgovernmentsdidnotlastlong.LeislerwasexecutedforTreason e. TheRoyalgovernortookoverMaryland f. JohnWinthrop scityuponahillbecameanotherroyalcolonyin1691. g. Thekingwouldnowchoosethegovernorandpossessionofpropertynowreplacedchurch membershipasaprerequisiteforvoting. h. WealthreplacedGod sgraceasthedefiningcharacteristicofmassachusetts scitizenship. TheGloriousRevolution(1689): a. ReplacedJamesIIwithProtestantmonarchs(WilliamsandMary. b. TheGloriousRevolutionreassertedparliamentarypowerinLondon,butroyalcontrolwas reimposedontheamericancolonies. Learning(Target(#(7( (Characteristics(of(Colonial(America(in(the(18 th (century( FourMajorRegions(PlantationSouth,MiddleColonies,NewEngland,andFrontier) I. PlantationSouth a. Tidewaterregionfeaturedwidecoastalplain,widerivers,andrichsoilparticularlywell6suitedto tobaccofarming. i. Largeplantationsbecameeconomicallymore successfulassoilwasexhausted,leadingtoself6 sufficingeconomicunits. ii. Asindenturedservantsbecamehardertoobtain(and retain),demandforslavesincreased(400,000)in coloniesby1776. b. Onlychildrenofplanterswereeducatedandhighereducation wasonlyforthosewhocouldaffordit. c. Plantationownersbecametheleadingeconomic,political,and socialforcesofthesouth.democracywaslimitedtowealthy landowners. II. MiddleColonies66farming,manufacturingcenter a. Threelargerivers(Hudson,Delaware,andSusquehanna) flowednorthtosouthandservedastradepaths. b. Largenumbersofimmigrants c. DutchinHudsonValley d. GermansinPennsylvania e. Scotch6IrishinPennsylvania

12 III. IV. NewEngland66rapidriversandrockysoil a. 95Englishimmigrants,mostfromvillages b. Cameingroupsandsettledinself6governingtowns.NewEnglandtownmeetingascenterofpower atfirst,butshiftedtoselectmenintime. c. Occupationsincludedfarming(scarcelabor,toughconditions),fishing,andcommerce i. Shipbuildingbecamemajorsupplementtofishingandtrade. ii. Slavery,rumandthetriangulartradewithWestIndiesandAfricabroughteconomicwealth tonewengland. Backcountry/Frontier66continuallymovingregion:"TheWest." a. Largefamilies,exhaustedsoilandencouragedwestwardmovement. b. Religiousdissenters,immigrants,andcriminalsallfound"refuge"intheWest. c. Vigorousspiritofdemocracyandemphasisonindividualfreedom i. Strenuousobjectiontoanygovernmentalinterferenceindailylife ii. Anti6aristocratictraditionandresentmentofurbanareas Economic(Overview:EconomicsystemsvariedwidelythroughtheBritishNorthAmericancolonies.Sectional economicdifferenceswerelargelydeterminedbyvariationsinclimateandgeography. I. Agriculture: a. LandacquiredbyEuropeansettlershadbeentransformedtoalimitedextentbyNativeAmericans whohadalreadyoccupiedit. b. Throughoutthecolonialperiodover90oftheeconomywasagricultural. c. Mostearlysettlersengagedinsubsistence(self6sufficient)farming;thispatterncontinuedonthe frontier. II. NewEngland: a. Aharshclimateandrockysoilmadefarmingdifficultanddiversifiedeconomy. b. Landwasusuallygrantedtoagroup(oftenacongregation)andthentownssubdivideditamong families. c. Profitablefishingindustryincludedwhaling(oilwasusedforlighting). d. Shipbuildingandcoastalandtrans6Atlanticcommercewereeconomicallyimportant. e. Somesmall6scalemanufacturingbegandespitediscouragementfromBritain. III. IV. Middle6Atlanticeconomy:Blendedeconomicsoftheothertworegions. a. Thisareabecamethecolonial"breadbasket"asitsclimateandsoilproducedagrainsurplus. b. RiversystemsandportssuchasPhiladelphiaandNewYorkCityprovidedaccesstothebackcountry andtooverseascommerce. c. Merchantsandartisansflourishedincoastaltowns. d. BenFranklinpublishedthePennsylvaniaGazettein1728. e. Franklinalsoopenedamerchantshopselling,cheese,codfish,coffee,goosefeathers,sealingwaxand soap. f. FranklinbecameamicrocosmoflifeinPennsylvania. g. FranklinalsowrotePoorRichard salmanack,whichpreachedtheideathatlong6termrewards wouldcomefromtirelesslabor. TheMiddleColonies:Immigrants,WheatWork a. Germansmadeupthelargestcontingenttothemiddlecolonies. b. ThestandardoflivinginruralPennsylvaniawasprobablyhigherthaninanyotheragricultural regionintheworld. V. SouthernColonies: a. Withafavorableclimateandabundantland,theydevelopedtheplantationsystem. b. Stapleexportcropswereoftengrownonlargeestates.Examples:tobaccoinVirginia,riceandindigo dyeinsoutherncarolina. c. 506acreheadrights(wenttosettlers. d. Southernfarmstendedtobescattered;therewaslessurbandevelopment.

13 VI. Frontierareas:(Providedopportunitiesforventuresomeindividuals. a. Conditionswereharshonisolatedfarms. b. Beyondthereachofgovernmentauthority,bothindividualandcooperativeeffortswerenecessary. VII. Georgia:ThelastoftheEnglishmainlandcolonies,foundedin1732. a. Aroyalcharterwasgrantedtotrusteeswhowouldestablishamilitary buffer betweenthe CarolinasandSpanishFlorida. b. GeneralJamesOglethorpe,thefounder,wasapromoterofprisonreformandsoughttomakethe colonyarefugefordebtors. c. Initiallyalcoholandslaveswereforbiddeninthecolony. d. AvariedpopulationincludedlargenumbersofGermans e. In1753,whenthecharterexpired,Georgiabecamearoyalcolony. Social(Structure(Overview:Although(most(voluntary(settlers(were(transplanted(Europeans,(the(economic(conditions(in(the( colonies(and(the(evolution(of(the(slave(system(produced(a(significantly(different(social(structure( I. Population:(GrowthinBritishNorthAmericawasextraordinary. a. Despitehighinfantmortalityandlowlifeexpectancy(higherthan),populationdoubledeachgeneration. b. Populationinthethirteenmainlandcolonieshadreached2.5millionby1775,and4millionbythe1790 census. c. Menoutnumberedwomen,particularlyearlyon,resultinginsomewhatbetterstatusforfemalesthanin Europe. d. African6Americansconstitutednearly20percent.Indianswerenotcounted. II. Women a. Tendedtomarryearlyandbearmanychildren. b. Marriedwomenweredeprivedofmostlegalrights. c. Mostwomenwerelimitedtodomesticroles,butsomebecameactiveinfarming,crafts,business,and education. III. Family: a. Thebasicsocialandeconomicunit b. Childrenwereeconomicassetsinanagriculturalsocietyandfamiliestendedtobelarge. c. Parentstaughtchildrentheirgenderrolesandresponsibilities. d. Epidemicdiseases,suchassmallpox,diphtheria,and,intheSouth,malariatookheavytolls,especiallyin towns. IV. Class: a. Differencesexisteddespitelevelinginfluences,butwerenotasextremeasinEurope. b. The bettersort (upperclass)includedwealthymerchants,southernland6owninggentry,and professionals. c. Classstatuswassometimesreflectedinpeoples clothingandinseatinginchurch. d. Thelargestgroupofpeoplewerefarmerswithsmallholdings. e. Loweststatusfelltopropertylesswhites,indenturedservants,andslaves. f. OpportunitiesforupwardsocialmobilityweregenerallygreaterthaninEurope V. Towns: a. Had10percentofcolonialpopulationby1775. b. Philadelphia,withabout34,000people,passedBostonasthelargestcity. c. Townfacilitieswereprimitive.Firesandcrimeweremajorthreatstosafety. d. Punishments(flogging,hanging)forcrimeswereharsh(QuakersinPhiladelphiaintroducedareform penitentiarysystem). e. Taverns,intownsandalongpostroads,wereimportantsocialcenter. f. Southerntidewatergentry(anumericallysmallgroup)oftenhadtownhousesinadditiontoGeorgian mansionsontheirplantations. VI. Labor: a. Scarceandexpensiveandnewsourceswereconstantlysought.

14 VII. Indenturedservitude:Amajorsourceoflaborinthecoloniesinthe17 th century. a. Contractsprovidedforlabor(usuallysevenyears)topaypassagefromabroad. b. Englishcourtsoftensentconvicts,debtors,andpoliticalprisonersasindentures. c. Atterminationofservice, freedomdues (often50acres,equaltoaheadright)wereusuallyprovided. Colonial(Culture(Overview:(Colonialcultureandvalues,originallypatternedafterEngland's,werereflectedinthepressand educationsystemsandinthepersonofbenjaminfranklin. ( I. Localizedcultures:Variedgeographically. a. Amajorityofthepopulationwasilliterateandreliedprimarilyonoralcommunication. b. Communities,especiallyinNewEngland,focusedontheirchurchesaswellasspecialpoliticalorcivicevents, suchaselectiondaysorthetrainingofthemilitia. c. Alessconcentratedpopulation,thegrowthofslavery,andanAnglicanchurchcontrolledfromEnglandall restrainedculturaldevelopmentinthesouth. d. Inallsectionsasmallbutinfluentialculturaleliteemergedinthe18thcentury. II. Painting:Wasprovincialandlackedpatronage. a. Miniatureportraitswerepopular. b. Untrained("primitive")artistspainted"genre"(realistic,every6day)scenes. c. ManypainterswenttoEuropetostudy. d. UnderroyalpatronageBenjaminWestpaintedlargehistoricalscenes("TheDeathofWolfe")inhisLondon studio. e. Colonialsculpturetookformssuchasgravestoneandshipfigure6headcarving. III. Music:Focusedonreligiousworks. a. "TheBayPsalmBook"(1640)wastheearliestColonialhymnal. b. PennsylvaniaGermansstressedchoralandorganmusic. c. Concertswereoccasionallypresentedbymusicalsocieties. IV. Theater a. DespitePuritanandQuakerdisapproval,grewinpopularity. b. EnglishtouringgroupspresentedShakespeareplays. c. ThomasKean(organizedthefirstactingcompany(inPhiladelphia). V. Architecture a. AttemptedtoduplicatefamiliarEuropeanstructurebutalsoadaptedtonewenvironments. b. NewEngland"saltbox"housesandSouthernplantationhousesrepresentextremesofregionalstyles. c. Swedesintroducedthelogcabin. Learning(Target(#(8(X(Growth(of(Plantation(Economies(and(Slave(Societies( I. Slavery searlypresence a. FirstAfrican6AmericansthatarrivedinJamestownin1619werebroughtasservants,notslaves. b. VerysmallnumbersofslavesintheSoutherncoloniesintheearlyyears.Indenturedservantswere cheaperandavailable.by1650,only300blackslivedinvirginia i. After1660,whiteservantsbecamehardertoobtainasEnglisheconomyimproved. ii. Slavesbecameseenasabetterlong6terminvestmentandweremoreeasilyrecaptured. c. SlaveryformallyestablishedbytheHouseofBurgessesin1670withlawdeclaring"allservantsnot beingchristiansimportedintothiscolonybyshippingshallbeslavesfortheirlives." d. By1700therewere25,000slavesintheAmericancoloniesandby1750therewere100,000slaves invirginia,faroutnumberingindenturedservants. i. BreakingoftheRoyalAfricanCo.monopolyin1697openedtheslavetradetocompetition, forcingpricesdownandincreasingthenumberofslaves. ii. Insomesouthernareas,slaveswerebeginningtooutnumberwhites.

15 II. III. e. TheMiddlePassage i. Slavescametothecolonies alongthemiddlepassage, whichwasthetreacherous journeyfromafrica. ii. OlaudahEquianopublishedan accountofhisslavejourneyin iii. Equianodiscussedhowhe fearedbeingeatenbywhite men,thehorrorsofwomen screaming,andthefoulsmells. iv. Onaverage15ofslaveson theshipsdied. Slavery,Race&Economics a. Slavery,thoughoriginallyadoptedforeconomicreasons,eventuallywasjustifiedbySouthernwhites onthebasisofrace. i. WhitesconcludedthatexterminationofIndiansandenslavementofAfricanswaslogicalin thatwhiteswerecivilizedandotherswerebarbaric. ii. LanguageusedtodescribeblacksandIndianswassimilar:"brutes,heathen,naked,etc."It alsowashoweducatedenglishmendescribedpoormembersofsociety. b. Legalcodesgraduallymaderacismtheofficialpolicyofthecolonialgovernments. i. Itwasmadeacrimeforaslavetoinsultanywhite,regardlessofposition. ii. Slave6ownerswereallowedtopunish,maim,orevenkillslaves. c. Informalsocialbargainbetweenwealthyandpoorwhitessoughttopreventclassrebellion,which eruptedinbacon'srebellion(1676). d. Slaveeconomics i. TobaccowasthemostimportantexportfromBritishNorthAmerica. ii. Itrepresented1/3ofallcolonialexports. iii. TobaccowasthereligionoftheChesapeake. iv. SoutherncolonieswerebyfartherichestinNorthAmerica v. Theslaveholdinggentrylookeddownonthepoorwhitesinprivate,butviewedthemas equalsinpublic. vi. Yeomenfarmersunderstoodtheirroleandwerehappythattheslaveholdinggentrygranted favortopoorwhitesandupheldwhitesupremacy. PlantationCulture a. Someplantationswereenormous(40,000acres,hundredsofslaves),butmostweresmall,self6 containedcommunities. b. Overthree6fourthsofallblackslivedonplantationsofatleast10slaves;overhalflivedin communitiesof50slavesormore. c. Familyrelationships i. Marriagewasnotencouragedamongslavesbyowners. ii. Slavesattemptedtoconstructstrongfamilies,thoughanymembercouldbesoldatanytime. iii. Creationofkinshipnetworksandsurrogate"relatives"unrelatedtofamilies. d. Languagedevelopment66Gullah(hybridofEnglishandAfricanlanguages)allowedconnectionwith ancestryandconversationsthatwhitescouldnotunderstand.

16 e. Workpatterns i. Mostslaves(menandwomen)workedasfieldhands. ii. Houseservantslivedinbettercircumstances,butwereisolatedfromotherslavesonthe plantation. iii. Onlargerplantationsslaveslearnedtradesandcrafts66blacksmithing,carpentry,shoemaking, midwifery. f. Economically,plantationswereoftenefficientandproductive.Sociallytheyachievedstabilityatthe costofhumanfreedomanddignity. IV. Geographicdifferenceamongslaves a. ChesapeakeSlaves i. Workedcloselywithwhitesinthetobaccofields. b. LowerSouthSlaves i. Workedunderthetasksystem. ii. Thissystemallowedslavesmoreautonomyandcontroloverthepaceoftheirwork. iii. Whenslavesfinishedtheirtask,theywerefreetousetherestofthedayastheywish. V. SlaveRebellions a. Mostslavesresistedbyslowingdownworkorbreakingtools. b. Someslavesresistedwithphysicalforce,buttheretaliationbythemasterwasmuchworse. c. StonoRebellion17396twentyslavesattackedacountrystore,killingtwostorekeepers,and confiscatedweapons. d. Theslavesthenburnedplantationsandkilledmorethantwentywhitemen,women,andchildren. e. Therebellionwasquicklyrepressedandslavesrealizedthattheyhadverylittlechanceofchanging theslavesystem. Learning(Target(#(9(X(The(Enlightenment(and(the(Great(Awakening( I. TheEnlightenment a. AEuropeanmovementwherethinkerstendedtoagreethatscienceandreasoncoulddiscloseGod slaws inthenaturalorder. b. ManycolonistsbecamedeistslookingforGod splaninnature. c. Enlightenmentideasencouragedpeopletostudytheworldaroundthem. d. TheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety,foundedin1769fosteredcommunicationamongleadingcolonial thinkers. e. Most18 th centurycolonistswenttochurchseldomornotatall,althoughtheyconsideredthemselves Christians. f. Peoplealsobecameenamoredwithpossessionsandworriedmoreaboutcommercethanreligion. II. ElementsoftheGreatAwakening a. Aperiodduringthemid1730 swherepreachersattemptedtoconcertnonbelieversandtorevivethe pietyofthefaithfulwithanewstyleofpreaching. b. Enthusiasm66emotionalmanifestations(weeping,fainting,physicalmovements)incontrasttoformal AnglicanandCongregationalworship. c. GeorgeWhitefieldwasanEnglishpreacherwhocametothecoloniesseventimesandwouldpreachto crowdsaslargeas30,000withgreatemotion. d. WilliamTennent6ledrevivalsthatdramatizedspiritualrebirthwithaccountsofGod smiraculouspowers, suchasraisinghissonfromthedead. e. JonathanEdwardspreached SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod.

17 III. Democraticreligiousmovement a. Insistedthatallshouldhavethereligiousexperience. b. Stirredimpulsetowardsindependenceamongcolonists. c. Brokedownstrongdenominationalties. d. Challengedreligiousauthority.BaptistsintheSouthpreachedto slavesandagainsttheostentatiouswealthoftheplanterclass. IV. ContentofMessage a. Salvationcamethroughfaithandprayer,notritualsorgoodworks. b. Theindividual,notanyreligiousauthority,judgedhisorherown behaviorbasedonone'sunderstandingofgodandthebible. c. Personalpiety66breakawayfromtheconstraintsofthepastandstart fresh.revivalsresultedinchangedbehaviors(decreaseincard6 playing,drunkenness,increaseinchurchattendance,biblestudy). d. Individualrevival66rejectionofcoldrationalismofPuritanismand Anglicanismandmorerelianceonthe"heart"ratherthanthe"head." e. Leadingpreachers:GeorgeWhitefield,JonathanEdwards, WilliamandGeorgeTennent.Originallywelcomedbylocalministers, theyoftenharshlycriticizedlocalreligiousleaders. V. ImpactoftheGreatAwakening a. Creationofnewcollegestotrain"newlight"ministers66Princeton,Brown,Rutgers. b. Divisionsindenominationsandasharpeningofthedifferencesbetweenthosewhodefinedreligionasa rationalprocess(oldlights)andthosewhofocusedonexperience(newlights). c. Religiouschallengestoauthoritystrengthenedpoliticalchallengestoauthority.ManyRevolutionaryWar soldierswere"newlight"believers,particularlymethodists,presbyterians,andbaptists. d. DevelopmentofrevivalismtraditioninAmericanreligion.Futureoutbreaks: i. SecondGreatAwakeninginfirsthalfof19thcentury66campmeetingsandfrontierrevivals featuringemotionalappealsandspontaneousreligiousexpressions. ii. CharlesG.FinneyandDwightMoody6619thcenturyurbanrevivalismwithcampaignsinmany cities. iii. BillySunday,BillyGrahamandmassmeetings6620thcenturyrevivalism.

18 American Colonies Colony Region Founder Founded Purpose Note Roanoke Southern Sir Walter Raleigh Virginia Southern John Smith 1607 Trade and profits Plymouth New England William Bradford 1585 Establish English colony in New World Colonists disappeared without a trace Religious freedom for Separatists New York Middle Peter Minuit 1626 Trade and profits Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire Maryland Connecticut Rhode Island New England New England Middle New England New England John Winthrop John Mason 1630 George Calvert Thomas Hooker Roger Williams 1630 Religious freedom for Puritans Escape for those constricted by religious and economic rules 1634 Religious freedom for Catholics 1636 Religious and economic freedom Delaware Middle Peter Minuit 1638 Trade and profits North Carolina Southern Group of proprietors New Jersey Middle Lord Berkeley 1660 Trade and profits South Carolina Southern Group of proprietors Pennsylvania Middle William Penn 1682 Georgia Southern James Oglethorpe Founded as joint-stock company. House of Burgesses (1619). Only 60 of 1st 900 colonists survived. Mayflower Compact. Led by William Bradford Set up as Dutch colony, taken over by English in 1664 Led by John Winthrop. 18,000 settlers by 1642 Puritan harshness led these settlers north and inland. Founded by George Calvert. Slow growing (only 600 by Maryland Toleration Act (1649) Leaders of Massachusetts asked Hooker and followers to leave Religious freedom Williams set up most tolerant colony Established by Sweden; taken by English in Trade and profits Joint business venture Established by Sweden; taken by English in Trade and profits Rice major crop Religious freedom for Quakers; trade and profits Debtor colony. Buffer for Spanish colonies Restrictions on blacks,size of plantations kept colony small. Originally Quaker, this colony became home to many European immigrants