ARCHAEOLOGY & THE BIBLE. Introduction and Overview
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1 ARCHAEOLOGY & THE BIBLE Introduction and Overview
2 LIMITATIONS, USES, PROBLEMS
3 Introduction: Limitations Cannot prove the Bible in a theological sense
4 Introduction: Limitations Cannot always, or even frequently, prove historicity of biblical people & events
5 What it can do, and has done 1. Provide backgrounding to biblical events / stories / people
6 What it can do, and has done 2. Demonstrate coherence of biblical events / stories / people
7 What it can do, and has done 3. Validate existence of biblical person or place occasionally
8 What it can do, and has done 4. Illumine understanding of ancient customs, beliefs data for interpretation
9 What it can do, and has done 5. Situate biblical events in history chronology, reference points
10 Also produces problems 1. Archaeological Ages (metals, urbanism, pottery) 2. Chronology (synchronisms, astronomical basis, literalism of biblical material?) 3. Expectations raised by the above
11 General Observations 1. Archaeology = friend, not foe of the Bible
12 General Observations 1. Archaeology = friend, not foe of the Bible 2. Doesn t answer every question; creates some difficulties for further study.
13 General Observations 3. Evangelicals often given stilted view because of apologetics. 4. Commitment to interpretation in light of ancient context = Commitment to truth Realization of cultural / worldview gaps
14 OVERVIEW OF EXAMPLES Old Testament: Genesis 1-11
15 BC 1. Shabaka Stone (Memphite Theology)
16 BC 1. Shabaka Stone (Memphite Theology)
17 BC 1. Shabaka Stone (Memphite Theology)
18 BC 1. Shabaka Stone (Memphite Theology)
19 1. Shabaka Stone (Memphite Theology) (Wikipedia) BC A relic from the Nubian 25th Dynasty (??) of Egypt incised with an Egyptian religious text. The text claims to contain the surviving content of a worm-ridden, decaying papyrus that was found as pharaoh Shabaka was inspecting the temple of Ptah in Memphis, Egypt.
20 BC 1. Shabaka Stone (Memphite Theology)... [A]dvances in our understanding of Egyptian grammar and theology have now made a date in the Nineteenth Dynasty more likely. = New Kingdom ( BC); dynasty of Ramesses II (the Great) James P. Allen Memphite Theology; Text 1.15, vol 1 of William W. Hallo and K. Lawson Younger, The Context of Scripture (Leiden; New York: Brill, 1997), 2122.
21 2. Sumerian King List Several sources; oldest ca BC This one: WB 444 List of kings in Sumer before and after the great flood
22 2. Sumerian King List Resemblances to Genesis 5 Very long-lived antediluvians Flood comes Shorter-lived post-diluvians. Gen 5 has ten generations from Adam to Noah SKL = 8, 9, or 10 (depending on the version)
23 2. Sumerian King List
24 Enmeduranna / Enmeduranki 7 th king from beginning Name = "chief of the powers of Dur-an-ki "Dur-an-ki" = the meeting-place of heaven and earth"
25 Enmeduranna / Enmeduranki seventh from Adam -? The figure of Enoch is to some degree modelled on Enmeduranki, founder of the guild of barûs, or Babylonian diviners Enoch is listed in Genesis as seventh in line from Adam. In the Sumerian King List, the seventh king is Enmeduranki or Enmeduranna. Sippar, the city ruled by this king, was a center of the cult of Shamash, the sun god.
26 Enmeduranna seventh from Adam -? Enoch is associated with the solar calendar: his age is given as 365 years in Genesis and the Astronomical Book [contained in 1 Enoch] presupposes a calendar of 364 days. Enmeduranki was also the founder of a guild of diviners and a recipient of revelations. John J. Collins, The Apocalyptic Imagination (1998), 26, 45.
27 2. Sumerian King List Nature of the two lists? Ziusudra = hero of the Sumerian flood story
28 3. Erra Epic / Poem of Erra Tablet IV One of major sources for the apkallu Another source = Adapa and Enmeduranki = cuneiform lists of seven sages (apkallu) and the kings they taught.
29 4. Sumerian Akkadian Flood Stories Dates for Mesopotamian texts vary widely due to: Version of story / tablet recovered Sumerian precursor (?) Incompleteness of an entire story / text
30 4. Sumerian Akkadian Flood Stories Eridu Genesis (ca BC) Sumerian
31 4. Sumerian Akkadian Flood Stories
32 4. Sumerian Akkadian Flood Stories Atrahasis Epic (ca BC) Akkadian / Babylonian
33 4. Sumerian Akkadian Flood Stories Gilgamesh Epic ( BC) Akkadian / Babylonian
34 4. Sumerian Akkadian Flood Stories
35 4. Sumerian Akkadian Flood Stories
36 4. Sumerian Akkadian Flood Stories
37 4. Sumerian Akkadian Flood Stories
38 4. Sumerian Akkadian Flood Stories
39 4. Sumerian Akkadian Flood Stories Latest contribution Tablet shown to Irving Finkel in 1985; brought to BM Babylonian clay tablet, acquired by man s father in in Iraq in the 1940s. Part of a Babylonian story of the flood Owner would not leave the tablet for study. Finkel only allowed to examine it in coracle
40 Coracle Ark (?)
41 Coracle Ark (?)
42 Coracle Ark (?)
43 5. Biblical World Geography The Babylonian World Map 6th century BCE one of the oldest known world maps Discovered in 1899
44 5. Biblical World Geography
45 5. Biblical World Geography
46 6. Tower of Babel Leading candidate: Etemenanki ( temple of the foundation of heaven and earth ) ziggurat dedicated to the Mesopotamian god Marduk by Nabopolassar 6th century BC A ziggurat at Babylon is mentioned much earlier (in Enuma Elish)
47 6. Tower of Babel
48 6. Tower of Babel
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