9. Judah Encounters Hellenism 9.0
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1 9. Judah Encounters Hellenism 9.0
2 Who Brought Hellenism to Judah? The Jewish people seemed to live quietly under Persian dominance for two centuries (a Golden Age?) but beginning around 334 BCE everything changed A new power had begun to assert itself in the region. A Macedonian named Alexander created an Empire from Greece in Europe to as far East as the Indus river in the sub-continent of Asia and as far South as Egypt Alexander, though not himself a Greek, loved the language and culture of Greece and was determined to spread this culture and language to the lands that he conquered. Greek language and culture was common throughout Alexander s empire and later became common even in Rome. Despite Alexander s love for all things Greek, he seemed supportive of the Jewish faith and respected its antiquity 9.1
3 How Long Did Alexander s Rule Last? Alexander completed his conquests in less than a dozen years June 323 BCE, while still a young man (approaching his 33 rd birthday) and at the peak of his power, Alexander suddenly died while residing in the palace built by Nebuchadnezzar in Babylon. Given that his death came after drinking unmixed wine, many suspected that Alexander was poisoned. The historian Plutarch dismissed this notion and the length of time (12 days) between the onset of his illness and his death seem to argue against poisoning Alexander s sudden death caused a problem of succession. Several of Alexander s generals, collectively called the diadochoi, fought with each other for control of Alexander s empire. Two generals who dominated were Seleucus and Ptolemy 9.2
4 Which of Alexander s General Ruled the Levant? As the wars of succession wore on, four generals of Alexander gained control of significant portions of the Empire. The two generals who had significant impact on the Jewish people were Seleucus and Ptolemy Seleucus gained control of most of the lands in Asia north of Judah, Ptolemy gained Egypt. Judah, initially controlled by Ptolemy, found itself once again caught in the middle of a struggle between the Seleucids and the Ptolemies to control the small but geographically significant region of Judah. 9.3
5 What Was Jewish Life Like Under the Ptolemies? When Ptolemy I (Sotor) ruled in Egypt in (@323 BCE) and still controlled Judah and Samaria, he forced many Jews to resettle in Egypt. There they began to adopt the customs and the culture of their new masters (Hellenism) Ptolemy II (Philadelphus) succeeded his father. In Judah, he allowed the Zadokite High Priest and a Council of Elders (gerousia) to rule as his regent. In Alexandria in Egypt, the Jewish community was allowed to build synagogues. It was under Ptolemy II that Jewish scriptures were translated into Greek (the Septuagint or LXX). Some time around 242 BCE, war broke out between the Ptolemies (Ptolemy III) and the Seleucids. Some Bible scholars believe that this is the war between the King of the North and the King of the South mentioned in Daniel 11. The war ended with little territorial change. Ptolemy IV succeeded to the throne in 221 BCE and he hated everything Jewish. He went so far as to defile the Temple in Jerusalem. Ptolemy V (Epiphanes) took the throne in 204 BCE and resumed the war against the Seleucids. He chose poorly. Judah and Samaria were given over to Seleucid control as a result of his defeat 9.4
6 Why Were There Jewish Temples in Egypt? When we discuss Jewish worship in the Temple in this class, we will almost exclusively be speaking about the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem which was; - Originally built by Solomon, the last king of the united kingdom of Israel - Destroyed by the Babylonians - Rebuilt by the Jewish people with the support of the Persian King Cyrus after Cyrus defeated Babylon and released its Jewish captives Perhaps, as some evidence indicates, Ptolemaic, Hellenistic Egypt was more open to Judaism. In fact, there were two Jewish Temples built in Egypt Elephantine Island Temple Built during the reign of King Manasseh for Jewish soldiers sent there while Judah was a client Kingdom to Assyria, Judah was required by Assyria to send troops to Egypt to help defend the southern border of Egypt which Assyria then controlled. Information about this temple became known when letters written by the community in the mid to early 400s BCE were discovered in the dry soil of the Egyptian desert about 100 years ago. Onias Temple As we shall see shortly, the High Priest Onias, a descendant of Zadok, a high priest when David was King, was removed from power by his brother Jason. He and a number of his supporters fled to Egypt. Ptolemy IV of Egypt welcomed Onias and the troops he brought with him. Ptolemy IV allowed Onias to build a Temple at Leontopolis, a site north of Cairo. This temple had legitimacy in the eyes of the Talmud, as it was set up by the son of a traditional high priest and it fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah: "In that day there shall be an altar to the Lord in the midst of the land of Egypt..." (Is.19:19). 9.5
7 When Did Judah Fall to the Seleucids? Around 200 BCE, Ptolemaic Egypt lost control over Judah. The Syrian Seleucid King, Antiochus III, defeated the troops of the Ptolemaic Egyptian King, Ptolemy V, in the battle of Paneas (Pannion) and, as a result of that victory, the Seleucid Syria moved its borders south to include Judah and Samaria at the expense of Ptolemaic Egypt 9.6
8 What Was Jewish Life Like Under the Seleucids? (I) Given their experience under Ptolemy IV, the Jews were at first happy to welcome Seleucid rule under Antiochus III but Antiochus III had grand international aspirations. Antiochus III conspired with Hannibal against Rome. When Hannibal was defeated, Antiochus III was forced to cede most of his lands in Asia Minor to Rome (this is the beginning of the Roman presence in the general region). Antiochus III also had to pay a huge indemnity to Rome. His youngest son, also named Antiochus, was sent to Rome as a hostage to guarantee payment of that indemnity Seleucus IV succeeded Antiochus III in 187 BCE. He imposed heavy taxes on the people of his Empire, including the people of Judah, to make the payments owed to Rome. The Jewish Zadokite High Priest Onias did not support paying these heavy taxes. His brother Jason did. This issue came to a head under the next and most brutal ruler of the Seleucid Empire, Antiochus IV, the same son of Antiochus III who had been sent to Rome as a hostage 9.7
9 What Was Jewish Life Like Under the Seleucids? (II) Rome had been holding the younger son of Antiochus III as a hostage to ensure the payment of the indemnity imposed by Rome. The younger son was later released by the Romans and allowed to return to his homeland. Once there, he quickly murdered his older brother Seleucus IV and, in 175 BCE, Antiochus IV took over the Seleucid Empire. He ruled as Antiochus IV Epiphanes The reigning High Priest in Jerusalem when Antiochus IV took over was Onias III. His brother Jason saw Onias opposition to the tax burden imposed by the Seleucids as an opportunity to try to replace his brother as High Priest. He pledged to support to Antiochus IV in all things and even offered him a bribe to name him as High Priest in place of Onias. Antiochus IV accepted the bribe and named Jason to replace Onias. Since Jason was the brother of Onias, the hereditary line of High Priest which began with Zadok was still maintained. Jason s treachery, however, started a pattern that would soon end the Zadokite line of High Priests A few years after Jason offered his bribe to Antiochus IV, a man named Menelaus, not a descendant of Zadok, offered a larger bribe to Antiochus IV and replaced Jason as High Priest. Jason was later killed. The Zadokite line of High Priests which began during the time of David and had lasted for over 800 years, had come to an end. Faithful Jews (Hasidim) were outraged and the situation in Judah began to deteriorate 9.8
10 Why Were the People of Judah Hostile of Antiochus IV? Along with dealing with his troubles in Jerusalem, Antiochus IV was still at war against the Ptolemies in Egypt. When it was incorrectly reported that Antiochus had died in battle, Jason threw Menelaus out and managed to reclaim he office of High Priest and briefly restore the Zadokite line. When Antiochus IV, still alive and in charge, returned to Jerusalem, he restored Menelaus to the position of High Priest and then, perhaps to make his point, entered the Temple and stole some of its treasure Antiochus IV had not only made the people of Judah angry by his appointment of Menelaus as High Priest, he also made the Samaritans angry by appointing his own High Priest for Mount Gerizim. Antiochus looked on both groups as Jews who were standing in the way of Hellenism. Antiochus IV began to persecute both groups equally. According to Josephus (Ant. XII), the Samaritans wrote a letter to Antiochus claiming they were Sidonians (from the region of Sidon) and not really Jews. The inhabitants of Judah never forgot this letter even to the time of Jesus and beyond Antiochus IV later resumed his war against the Ptolemies but this time he was stopped by Egypt s new allies, the Romans. In anger, Antiochus IV returned to Jerusalem, tore down the city walls, brought ritual prostitution and the worship of Greek gods into the Temple. He burned Jewish scriptures and outlawed the keeping of the Sabbath and other Jewish feasts. As a last straw, he offered a pig to Zeus on the altar of God in the Temple. Antiochus IV Epiphanes had become Antiochus IV Epimanes (Madman). The stage was set for revolt. 9.9
11 Why Is Antiochus IV Called Epiphanes? Antiochus IV, a descendant of one of Alexander s generals, Seleucus, tried to follow Alexander s lead and spread Hellenism throughout his kingdom. This did not bode well for Judaism. Antiochus is reputed to have considered himself as the manifestation of Zeus on earth (his name Epiphanes can be translated to mean a manifestation of god). Antiochus IV was NOT a humble man. Antiochus IV s ongoing wars against the Ptolemies of Egypt actually went well for him (1 Macc. 1:16-19). In 170 BCE, Antiochus defeated Ptolemy VI and named his brother Ptolemy VIII as king. Unexpectedly, the two Ptolemy brothers agreed to share power once Antiochus left the region. Antiochus launched another war in 168 BCE and captured all of Egypt (except the city of Alexandria). Antiochus also sent a fleet to capture the island of Cyprus. Antiochus IV was forced to withdraw when a Roman envoy (Popilius) met with him just outside of Alexandria. The Roman envoy told Antiochus that it was Rome s desire that Antiochus withdraw from Egypt and from Cyprus. Antiochus replied that he would consider Rome s request by consulting with his advisors. The envoy then drew a circle in the sand around Antiochus. The envoy then said that if Antiochus did not respond to Rome s request before he stepped out of the circle, he would find himself at war with Rome. Antiochus withdrew his forces (Livy, History of Rome 45:12). This is the first real instance where Rome intersects with the rulers of Judah. It will not be the last. 9.10
12 Why Is Antiochus IV Called Epimanes? When the High Priest Onias fled from Jerusalem to Egypt, he sought the help of Ptolemy IV of Egypt to regain his position. According to Josephus (Ant. 13:62-68), Ptolemy was not able to offer Onias direct aid Meanwhile, Jason and his supporters (the Tobiads) lost their hold on the position of High Priest when Menelaus (ethnically Jewish but not a religious man) followed Jason s precedent and offered an even larger bribe to Antiochus. Jason returned from exile mistakenly believing that Antiochus was killed in his wars in Egypt, Jason led a rebellion of anti-hellenist Jewish forces, re-took the position of High Priest and expelled Antiochus troops. Antiochus responded quickly upon his return. Menelaus was restored to the position of High Priest in Jerusalem and Jason was executed. The Zadokite line of High Priests that originated at the time of David was broken. Antiochus made matters worse by erecting a statue of Zeus (in the image of Antiochus, of course) in the Temple and sacrificed a pig on the altar of the Temple. This became known as the Abomination of Desolation. Keeping in mind where Antiochus real heart was located, he also robbed the Temple of many of its sacred treasures 9.11
13 What Effect Did Antiochus IV Have On Judah and Judaism? Though some historians still try to portray Antiochus IV as Epiphanes, a man with a zeal to spread Hellenism, most historians portray him as Epimanes, a madman driven by ego and lust for wealth and fame Antiochus IV s treatment of the Jews in Judea turned many of the region s inhabitants against any association with Hellenism. Recently, there has been some interesting speculation about what might have happened to Judaism on the world stage had Antiochus been a more benign ruler. Ethnic Jewish communities had been established in many of the principal cities in the Greek and Roman world. Oskar Skarsaune in his work In the Shadow of the Temple, notes that Judaism was more of a proselytizing faith in the third and second centuries BCE. Even the Christian Scriptures note a number of God Fearers in Jerusalem at the time of Jesus. At the time of Antiochus IV, interest in what the ancient faith of Israel had to teach was growing in the Hellenistic world The Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt were far more open to these teachings than were the Seleucids. Had the Seleucid rulers of Judah been more tolerant, Judaism might have found the words to express the teachings of their faith that would resonate with Hellenistic ears. The writings of Philo, a Jewish sage from Alexandria in Egypt, provide a sample of what a Hellenized version of Judaism might have sounded like. You could even hear a hint of Christian thought in Philo s writings The treatment of Judaism shown by Antiochus IV in Judah ended any chance of any union of thought between Hellenism and Judaism Most of the Jewish faithful in Judah wanted no parts of Hellenism. Only rebellion against their Hellenists rulers was in their hearts 9.12
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