2007 Religious, Moral and Philosophical Studies. Intermediate 1. Finalised Marking Instructions

Transcription

1 2007 Religious, Moral and Philosophical Studies Intermediate 1 Finalised Marking Instructions Scottish Qualifications Authority 2007 The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications only on a non-commercial basis. If it is to be used for any other purposes written permission must be obtained from the Assessment Materials Team, Dalkeith. Where the publication includes materials from sources other than SQA (secondary copyright), this material should only be reproduced for the purposes of examination or assessment. If it needs to be reproduced for any other purpose it is the centre's responsibility to obtain the necessary copyright clearance. SQA's Assessment Materials Team at Dalkeith may be able to direct you to the secondary sources. These Marking Instructions have been prepared by Examination Teams for use by SQA Appointed Markers when marking External Course Assessments. This publication must not be reproduced for commercial or trade purposes.

2 CONTENTS SECTION One: World Religions Buddhism p. 4 Christianity p. 6 Hinduism p. 8 Islam p. 11 Judaism p. 13 Sikhism p. 16 SECTION Two: Morality in the Modern World Gender p. 18 International Issues p. 21 Medical Ethics p. 24 War and Peace p. 27 SECTION Three: Existence of God p. 31 Page 2

3 Specific Marking Information Weighting of Questions: Knowledge and Understanding Approximately 60% of mark Analysis and Evaluation Approximately 40% of mark Weightings of mark allocations shown in the table are approximate, and should be flexibly rather than rigidly interpreted. Assessment objective Knowledge and understanding Generic requirements Accurate and relevant knowledge of content is demonstrated The information is presented in a clear manner Information is communicated effectively using correct terminology Analysis and evaluation Analysis of beliefs and practices is shown, and/or Evaluation is balanced and informed Where candidates have included material which is irrelevant to the question, markers may use square brackets to indicate this, [ ]. Repetition of material by candidates may be highlighted by using the abbreviation Rep. in the left margin. Otherwise, only a tick ( ) at each relevant point should be marked on scripts. Page 3

4 SECTION ONE WORLD RELIGIONS BUDDHISM 1. The Human Condition (a) In the centre of the Wheel of Life there are three creatures. What does each one represent? 3 KU 3 marks (No need to name creatures) Pig greed. Snake hatred. Cockerel ignorance. (b) What teaching of the Buddha is shown in the outer circle of the wheel? 2 Samsara cycle of rebirth. It reminds them of the twelve links of dependent origination or nidanas. These each represent the stages of becoming how we become life after life in the samsaric cycle. (c) What is the First Noble Truth? 1 KU 1 mark All life is suffering dukkha. (d) How does the First Noble Truth help Buddhists understand the human condition? Give two reasons for your answer. 4 It helps the Buddhist recognise that there is no such thing as lasting happiness everything tends towards dissatisfaction or suffering. They can see that even when they think they are happy it will not last and they will feel flat and anxious. Understanding suffering helps the Buddhist to give up their attachments that lock them in Samsara as they feel that these attachments only bring unhappiness. Page 4

5 2. The Goals (a) What do Buddhists understand by loving kindness? 2 Loving kindness is a concern for all living beings. It is the doctrine of compassion to all beings acts of kindness showing the spirit of the Buddha and in some traditions awakening the Buddha spirit within everyone. It can also be seen as a compassion for leading others to the path of enlightenment. (b) What is kamma? 2 Kamma is what carries from life to life. It is the law of cause and effect. Consequences of our actions. (c) State two examples of the use of skilful actions. 2 An act of love in this case it could be an act of selflessness towards another person. Generosity giving freely to others. Examples could include charitable giving, or sharing with others less fortunate than yourself. Wisdom meditating to learn more or teaching people in a way that they understand, it might even include bending the rules to get across an important message. (d) Loving kindness is a very difficult thing to show in this world. Would Buddhists agree with this statement? Give two reasons for your answer. 4 Agree The world is full of greed and it is difficult to show kindness towards those who seem to do well at the expense of others or those who just don t seem to care. Hatred is also common in the world between individuals and groups of people. This hatred leads to violence and it is difficult to show loving kindness in the face of some of the violence we see in our society. Loving kindness is often seen as a weak emotion that is often not respected by society. Disagree Not difficult, as by following the eightfold path and five precepts you will show loving kindness. Example of part of path/precepts. Loving kindness leads to reward of good karma. It helps to achieve the reward of enlightenment. Love can be found in many human experiences. Page 5

6 CHRISTIANITY 1. The Human Condition (a) What tree had they been told not to eat from? 1 KU 1 mark Tree in the middle of the garden. The tree that gives knowledge of what is good and what is bad. (b) Describe how the snake persuaded the woman to disobey God. 3 KU 3 marks By starting a conversation with her. She was encouraged to question God s words (did God really tell you?). The snake suggested that the consequences of disobedience would not be as God had said. (you will not die). Suggested that God did not want them to be like Him. Temptation to eat the fruit. Suggested they be like God and gain knowledge. (c) What punishment did the man receive for his disobedience? 2 He would have to work hard. Producing crops would become difficult. Death would become a reality. Put out of garden. Separated from God. (d) Adam and Eve are to blame for the problem of sin in the world. Would Christians agree? Give two reasons for your answer. 4 Agree They were the first to disobey God s instructions. As the first man and woman their choice resulted in consequences for the rest of humanity. We inherit a bias to sin because of their actions. Abused free will. Disagree Adam and Eve did not exist. Sin is the result of an individual s own choice. Blaming Adam and Eve means not accepting responsibility for our own actions. We sin because we are basically bad. Page 6

7 2. The Goals (a) Why did the women go to the tomb of Jesus? 1 KU 1 mark Went with the spices and perfumes they had prepared for the body of Jesus. (b) What happened when they got to the tomb? 3 KU 3 marks Found the stone had been rolled away. The body of Jesus had gone. Two men in shining clothes appeared to them. They were told that Jesus had been raised to life as he had told them he would be. No soldiers there. Jesus appeared to Mary. (c) State two ways in which Christians celebrate the resurrection of Jesus. 2 By holding special Easter day services. Sunrise services outside. Use the greeting Christ is Risen He is Risen indeed. Churches will be brightly decorated. Eggs used to symbolise new life and the stone being rolled away. (d) You must believe Jesus rose from the dead to be a Christian. Would all Christians agree with this statement? Give two reasons for your answer. 4 Agree Resurrection has always been a central Christian belief. If he did not rise then His claims about Himself can t be believed. If he didn t rise then sins can t be forgiven. The teaching of the church. Hope for eternal life. Disagree Following the example of Jesus is more important than beliefs about the resurrection. Can be a Christian without belief in the miraculous. Other possible explanations for the missing body other than resurrection. Can believe in the resurrection but that in itself does not make you a Christian. Christians don t have to believe everything in the Bible. Page 7

8 HINDUISM 1. The Human Condition (a) What do Hindus call the supreme God? 1 KU 1 mark Brahman. (b) State three Hindu beliefs about the role of Shiva. 3 KU 3 marks Shiva represents the destroyer aspect of Brahman. Shiva is the cosmic dancer keeping the earth moving through its cycles of birth and death. Shiva also controls the destruction necessary to continue the cycle of life. (c) What is meant by the law of karma? 2 The law of moral cause and effect good actions/karma bring about good consequences and bad actions/karma brings bad consequences. The idea of "you reap what you sow." A continual reminder to Hindus about how they should act/behave that actions have moral consequences. Moral law of action/behaviour which Hindus are expected to follow. Karma is a law which must work itself out so that life of an individual at any time is directly related to state of their atman (soul) from a previous incarnation. (d) Explain the link between karma and samsara in Hindu belief. 3 AE 3 marks Karma is moral behaviour; samsara is the cycle of reincarnation. The better the karma, the more likely the Hindu will escape from the cycle of samsara. The path of karma is one of the margas which can be followed to achieve moksha and hence release from the cycle of samsara. The karma which someone has carried out in previous lives/incarnations directly affects the position of the soul (atman) in the next stage of samsara. Living according to your dharma (duty) can gain good karma and assist release from samsara. Karma gives an explanation of why people continue to be trapped in the cycle of samsara. Good and bad actions are simply working themselves out in samsara and explain the different levels/varnas that people are born into in life. Page 8

9 2. The Goals (a) What is the final goal in Hinduism? 1 KU 1 mark Moksha or to achieve moksha. (b) Describe two duties of the Brahmin caste. 4 KU 4 marks They are priests or professionals responsible for the performing of rituals and sacrifices. They are responsible for study of and teaching of the scriptures. They are expected to have complete control over their minds by meditation. They are expected to resist the temptations of their senses as an example to others. (c) Explain the importance of the dharma for Hindus. 2 AE 2 marks Dharma is regarded as the foundation of the whole universe and so has a cosmic significance. Dharma is the highest good a Hindu can achieve. Dharma also related to law and order in society and therefore how society operates. Duties as a Hindu. (d) The caste system in Hinduism is out of date and must be changed. Would all Hindus agree with this statement? Give two reasons for your answer. 4 Agree The untouchable caste abandoned since Gandhi so no reason why the other ones cannot be abandoned too. Hinduism as a religion does not support caste system. The focus of Hinduism is on the individual and his salvation not on his caste or its privileges. The caste system and its origin was an invention to justify a system that was otherwise completely unjustified. Modern life and society has resulted in a mixing of the various castes with few problems. There is no reason to perpetuate a system which is no longer valid. Caste system has affected human progress and caused a great deal of suffering. It is no more than a slave system and an invention of Vedic people to perpetuate religious and social privilege. Page 9

10 Disagree The caste system has worked for thousands of years and maintains harmony in Hindu society as well as economic security for millions. Caste system still gives millions of Hindus a sense of community and belonging and loyalty to a caste is difficult to eliminate as it s a long tradition. The caste system has enabled Hindu civilisation to survive all invasions and to develop without revolutions or important changes, throughout more than four millennia, with a continuity that is unique in history. The caste system has been crucial to the survival of Hinduism under Muslim rule. Caste also provided a framework for integrating immigrant communities: Jews, Zoroastrians and Syrian Christians into Indian culture. Page 10

11 ISLAM 1. The Goals (a) What are the first words a Muslim baby should hear? 1 KU 1 mark The word God. The Adhan, the call to prayer. (b) Why is the baby s head shaved soon after birth? 2 For some it is a symbol of removing all misfortune. For some it is a symbol of purity. The equivalent weight of the child s hair in gold or silver is given to the poor. It is the baby s first act of charity and an opportunity for the parents to thank Allah. (c) Give one religious reason why Muslims might practise circumcision. 2 It follows the tradition of Ibrahim. It is a physical mark of a spiritual commitment. Taught in the Qur an. (d) The baby cannot benefit from the birth ceremonies because it is too young to understand what is happening. Would all Muslims agree? Give two reasons for your answer. 4 Agree The child is not capable of agreeing to what is happening so the ceremony is meaningless. Submission requires consent, the child has not given consent so the birth ceremonies have no value. Disagree All that matters is that the parents are obedient to Allah. The effectiveness of the ceremony relies on the parents faith not the child s understanding. Page 11

12 2. The Means (a) Describe the ritual of wudu. 4 KU 4 marks First the Muslim washes the right hand to the wrist, then the left hand. Next the mouth and throat is gargled. Then the nose and face are washed. Right arm up to the elbow, then the left. The head is wiped with the wet hand, then the ears are cleaned. Finally, the feet are washed up to the ankles, right first then left. (b) State one other way that Muslims prepare themselves for prayer. 1 KU 1 mark The place where the worshipper prays should be clean. The worshipper s mind should be attentive. The worshipper s body and clothes should be clean. A man s clothes should cover his body from the navel to the knees. A woman s entire body should be covered except for hands and face. A woman should not be wearing make-up or perfume. (c) Why is the Friday noon prayer important to Muslims? 2 Friday (Jumu ah) is the Muslim holy day. Friday is the Day of Assembly. It is an act of obedience to the teaching of the Qur an. All Muslim males are expected to attend the Friday congregational prayers. (d) Salah is the most important of the Five Pillars. Would Muslims agree? Give two reasons for your answer. 4 Agree Praying five times a day is an outward religious act that proves a person s submission is genuine. The success of the other pillars relies on Salah being performed properly. Disagree Each pillar is equally important a person needs to do all five to be a true Muslim. The Shahadah is more important as it is the statement of a Muslim s faith. Page 12

13 JUDAISM 1. The Human Condition (a) What other name do Jewish people give to the day of atonement? 1 KU 1 mark Yom Kippur. (b) Why is Rosh Hashanah an important festival for Jewish people? 2 Also called the Day of Judgement. A person s fate is settled for the coming year. Also called Day of Remembrance the day God remembers all of his creatures and their needs. On this day three books are opened. One book has the name of the good, who are rewarded. One book has the names of the bad, they are punished. The third book in-between are given ten days to show they are worthy for next year. (c) Describe how a shofar is used on Rosh Hashanah. 3 KU 3 marks A Shofar is a Ram s horn blown on Rosh Hashanah. It is blown at the end of morning prayer. It is blown many times throughout the festival service. There are three types of blowing: - a long drawn out sound everyone listen - a broken plaintive sound repentant people of Israel - a sharp staccato sound the cries of repentance. (d) How might celebrating Rosh Hashanah help a Jewish person to become a better person? 4 They will spend time looking back at the last year and think how they have lived their life. Maybe they need to change their life. Rosh Hashanah is the start of a period of repentance, as everybody s fate is settled for the coming year. On this day three books are opened in Heaven, in these books are the actions deciding who should be rewarded and who should be punished. Jewish people have ten days to show they are worthy of heaven. During the service on Rosh Hashanah, they look forward to the coming of the Messiah, will they be ready. In other words they will ensure they are living a good life. They will also know Yom Kippur, the day of Atonement, is ten days away a day of asking for forgiveness for the wrongs a person has made in the last year. They have time to change. Page 13

14 2. The Goals (a) Why do Jewish males wear tefillin? 2 The Law tells them to wear it. The box holds a copy of the shema, which has to be worn on the head and near the heart. The special box is worn while praying. Symbolic heart and mind centred on God. (b) Why is prayer important in Judaism? 2 It is a way of communicating with God. It is a way of worshipping God. Deut 6:9 the Torah tells them it is and what to do as a result. It is a way of continuing the Covenant established years before. It brings the Jewish people together as a community. It brings them closer to God. (c) What does the Shema teach Jewish people about God? 2 It is a reminder of the basic beliefs of Judaism. Their God is the true God. There is only one God. He is to be loved, worshipped with heart, soul and mind. (d) Jewish people should be doing more about this life and its problems, rather than spending their time praying. Would all Jewish people agree? Give two reasons for your answer. 4 Agree Jewish people have to concentrate on the present and what they are facing in life now. They have a responsibility to those around them. There are too many Mitzvah, Commandments, to keep them all. Just keep the most important ones about looking after family and others in the community. There is no life after death, Jewish people will be judged on how they treated other people in this life. Working to solve poverty, famine and drought is far more important than praying. Page 14

15 Disagree Praying to God is not a waste of time, it is important that Jewish people have a relationship with God. Praying cannot be a waste of time as the shema says Love the Lord your God with all your heart, soul and all your might. Surely this can only be done by praying regularly. The Torah tells the Jewish people to pray and wear tefillin, with the Shema inside. If it is part of the Torah it must be important. Praying is an important part of Jewish heritage, you are carrying on the Jewish tradition. Judaism would not be the same without prayer. Page 15

16 SIKHISM 1. The Human Condition (a) State two other Sikh beliefs about God. 2 Reference should be made to the other aspects of the Mool Mantra which sum up Sikh beliefs about God. One God. Name is truth. Beyond birth and death. Self existent. Can be known by the Guru s grace. (b) Why is human life important to Sikhs? 2 Human life is the highest form of life. Only humans are capable of knowing and loving God. Purpose of human life is to know and love God. It is only in human existence that the soul has the opportunity to search out the love of God. Through human life a Sikh can experience reunion with God and break out of the cycle of reincarnation. (c) What do Sikhs believe happens to the soul after death? 2 Soul is reborn. Transmigration of the soul determined by kama. Good actions and bad actions have consequences in a future lifetime. After many rebirths the soul reaches the human level of existence. Soul will be reincarnated until it is united with God. (d) It is only by the grace of the Guru that a Sikh can achieve reunion with God. Would all Sikhs agree? Give two reasons for your answer. 4 Agree God takes the first step in making the soul aware of his love. It is God who helps the mind to understand truth. God s grace allows a Sikh to achieve salvation. It is God s will that all people should come to know and worship him. God s grace can overrule the law of kama. Disagree Must do good deeds to earn good kama. Being devout as a Sikh is essential to salvation. Your future is not settled by God it is up to you. God s grace needs to be earned to neutralise previous bad kama. Way to liberation of the soul is in everyday life. Moral responsibilities must be taken seriously. Page 16

17 2. The Means (a) Why is the Guru Granth Sahib usually kept in a Gurdwara? 2 It must be given great care and respect. It requires to be kept in a room of its own. (Babaji s room) Not every Sikh has the space to do this. Very expensive for an individual Sikh to own. (b) State two ways Sikhs show respect for the Guru Granth Sahib in a Gurdwara. 2 Have a bath before going to the Gurdwara. Take off their shoes. Cover their heads. Kneel and bow in front of the GGS. Bring an offering. Never turn their back on the GGS. Will not point their feet towards the GGS. Everyone sits at the feet of the scripture. (c) In what way is the Guru Granth Sahib used during a Sikh marriage ceremony? 2 The ceremony must take place in the presence of the GGS. The couple sit in front of the GGS. A passage will be read from the GGS. The bride and groom walk round the GGS four times. On the fourth time they are married. (d) The Guru Granth Sahib is the living Guru. How might Sikhs benefit from this belief? 4 More than a book. Living word of God. Message which the gurus taught is not dead. GGS has relevance for today. Can give guidance for daily living. Can influence important decisions and stages of life. No need for any further human gurus. Page 17

18 SECTION TWO MORALITY IN THE MODERN WORLD GENDER 1. (a) What does the term gender stereotyping mean? 2 Gender relates to whether you are a man or a woman. Stereotyping is to attribute certain characteristics or qualities to a group of people, eg women are weaker than men or they are more emotional than men, or men are more aggressive than women. (b) In the past, girls did not get the same education as boys. Why was this? 3 KU 3 marks Women were expected to marry and get a husband to support them so education was not seen as so important. Women were expected to keep the home for their family so they learned things like home craft. Boys were to go out and work so they were trained for this. Girls were thought to be inferior. (c) Everyone having the opportunity to learn the same skills has improved family life. Do you agree? Give two reasons for your answer. 4 Agree Women can now compete in the jobs market the same as men by learning the skills that will open up job opportunities to them. The man is able to contribute to the running of the home by learning the same household skills as women. It is no longer seen as the woman s role to be caring while the man of the family is distant. Girls and boys get positive images of the opposite gender which will break down the stereotypical images of the past. Boys and girls get the opportunity to excel in whatever things they are good at regardless of gender. Disagree Women are better equipped to look after children and this skill should be encouraged. Boys and girls might be better at different things. It has led to the breakdown of the traditional family unit which is important to an ordered society. Page 18

19 (d) Describe the role of men in one religious community you have studied. 3 KU 3 marks Christianity men are the priests and ministers and lead the religious ceremonies in most traditions. Men are the interpreters of the religious traditions of Christianity and are the teachers of the beliefs of the religion. In some Christian traditions men are seen as representing Christ the head of the church. Islam men are the Imams and religious teachers in Islam. They interpret the teachings of the religion for the faithful. They lead prayers in the mosque. They are seen as taking charge in the wider religious community of Islam. It is the duty of men to study and instruct others on the teachings of the Qu ran. Hinduism men become the Gurus and holy men who lead others to the paths of enlightenment. Men perform the religious ceremonies in the temple and offer worship and sacrifices to the gods. They are the interpreters of the holy writings. (e) Name one religion you have studied. What does it teach about the roles of men and women in the family? 4 KU 4 marks In most religious traditions men are seen as the head of the family. They are the ones charged with taking care of the needs of the family. Men make the major decisions that affect the family. Men work to provide the family with its material needs. Women are seen as responsible for bringing up the children. They are responsible for making a comfortable home for the family. In most religious traditions the men and women s roles are seen as equal but different. Some exceptions to these general rules might be in Judaism women have a specific role in taking charge of the spiritual/religious devotions in the family set up. In Sikhism there is a strong emphasis on men and women having the same duties in an equal partnership. Page 19

20 (f) You have studied a viewpoint independent of religion. Why might it support the idea of separate gender roles within the family? 4 Separate gender roles compliment each other and create a stable family environment for children. It is good for children to have at least one parent at home to support them. Some research suggests that children brought up in such stable family relationships do well. The same evidence points to children coming from non traditional family units having problems some have even gone as far as to link this with the apparent problems with so called ned or chav culture, teenage trouble makers, etc. From this argument separate roles would be advantageous to the family. Candidates may use press reports as evidence of this particular viewpoint being held independent of religious teaching. Candidate may point out that these separate roles do not need to conform to traditional male female roles men can be as good at home as mothers. Page 20

21 INTERNATIONAL ISSUES 2. (a) State two causes of poverty in the developing world. 2 Financial debts of countries they cannot pay back the money they borrowed years previously. Unfair trade the rich countries, as represented by the WTO, do not allow the developing countries to trade the same way as them. Natural disasters which have resulted in crop failures leading to famine, disease etc. Corruption in countries which result in money being re-directed away from where it is needed. War. Overpopulation. (b) How does poverty affect people s lives in the developing world? 4 KU 4 marks Starvation and malnutrition people are dying from it every day. Bad housing not enough money to build proper houses. Poor sanitation the living conditions are not good/a high risk of disease. Very poor public health there is not appropriate money to sustain a proper health service. Very high unemployment there are no jobs because no one wants to invest in poor countries. Poor education systems money is needed, first budget to be cut is education. Keep the masses uneducated easier to control. Large national debts countries borrow to bring money into the country. They cannot afford to settle the debt they end up in more debt. (c) We should give food instead of weapons to poor countries. Do you agree? Give two reasons for your answer. 4 Agree Survival is the important thing in life, we need to give them what they need food. Countries should not be buying weapons when the money could be used to improve people s life in the country. Improve the social conditions first. Giving weapons increases the possibility of war, this will be detrimental to the developing countries. Disagree All countries have the right to defend themselves and their citizens they need weapons to do this. Countries need to stabilise their countries, they may need weapons to do this. By arming some countries this can lead to them having a deterrent against other groups who could threaten them or their country. Fighting for one s country can create national unity, then they can start to work on other problems in their country Page 21

22 (d) Describe one way that people s skills and expertise can be used as a form of aid. 2 Candidates must show how the person s expertise could be used in developing countries. Engineers can be sent to developing countries to help build the infrastructure. Doctors and nurses can be utilised in working in health programmes in developing countries. Bricklayers, plumbers etc can be used to help the living standards of people. Schoolteachers can teach basic skills to help the people help themselves. (e) Name a religion you have studied. What does it teach about helping the poor? 4 KU 4 marks Christian Jesus taught his followers to help other people Love your neighbour as you love yourself. Jesus told the story of The Good Samaritan as an example for his followers what it means to love your neighbour a Christian should do everything in their power to help others. Matt 25: Jesus teaches final judgement will be based on how we helped poor people. The parable of the rich man and Lazarus a Christian s duty is to help the poor. Liberation Theology challenges Christians to do something about injustice when they see it taking place. They should be working against poverty. Judaism Isaiah 58:7 Jewish people are encouraged to help the poor feed them, clothe them, house them. Gemilut hasadim kind actions, Judaism considers it import to show compassion to those in need. Tzedaka is the financial support of the poor charity. Maimonides taught that helping others was important the best way of giving is to help a person help themselves. The Talmud teaches that Jewish people by helping the poor could earn a place in the world to come. Gifts for the Poor is one of the four mitzvos of Purim. Jewish people see it as an integral part of their religion. Islam Surah 2:177 encourages muslims to give to the needy. The fourth pillar of Islam is Zakah, this shows its importance as it is at the heart of Islam. Surah 2:110 this encourages muslims to be steadfast in prayer and regular charity Allah sees well all that ye do. In the Hadith it teaches He is not a believer who eats his fill while his neighbour remains hungry by his side. Page 22

23 (f) Just giving money as international aid is not enough. Do you agree with this statement? Give two reasons for your answer. 4 Agree It seems that corruption in the past has meant that food and money has landed up in the wrong hands. Corruption has to be fought, so creating fair governments is more important. International aid could be other workers, builders, plumbers, etc to help build the infrastructure in the country. Fair trade could be used to break down the trade barriers which have held countries back in the past. Disagree Food and money is enough and is the international aid some people need. It is how it is distributed that needs to be looked at. Charity organisations need to stop giving the food and money to the countries. Instead they need to go into the country themselves and distribute the aid. The food needs to be distributed fairly so those who need it get it and it does not end up on sale or in the wrong hands. The money, if it is properly used, can help to get people back on their feet and develop the country for the future. Page 23

24 MEDICAL ETHICS 3. (a) State two guidelines the British Medical Association (BMA) gives to doctors about voluntary euthanasia. 2 The BMA is opposed to the legalisation of euthanasia. Euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide is in tension with the traditional role of doctors as healers. The doctor should be accountable to the law. They agree with the House of Lords that although in individual cases euthanasia may seem appropriate it would be wrong for society as a whole as it could be abused. The interests of society must overrule those of individuals. Also, that it is not possible to set secure limits on voluntary euthanasia. If doctors were involved in euthanasia it would change the way long-term illness, disability or needing substantial health resources was viewed by society. (b) Identify four conditions which make euthanasia legal in the Netherlands. 4 KU 4 marks The patient must personally volunteer a request for euthanasia. The patient must be terminally ill. Euthanasia must be a last resort. Two doctors must agree that euthanasia is the best option for the patient. Children between years require parental consent unless the doctors regard the patient as competent. If the patient suffers from mental or psychological illness. The patient must be a citizen of the Netherlands. (c) What reasons might be given for practising involuntary euthanasia? 2 As an act of mercy to end suffering. The patient may be incapable of asking for euthanasia. The patient may have made an earlier request for euthanasia but is no longer capable of asking. Page 24

25 (d) Name one religion you have studied. Describe two teachings it might use against voluntary euthanasia. (Students can answer with two different viewpoints from within the same religion.) 4 KU 4 marks Buddhism The first precept states that a Buddhist should not harm any living thing. Action affects karma. Involvement in euthanasia can cause spiritual harm to the person performing it. Euthanasia can never be an escape from suffering. Christianity Life is sacred and a gift from God Job 1:21. Do not commit murder Exodus 20:13. Euthanasia is a grave violation of the law of God Pope John Paul ll. Nothing and no one can in any way permit the killing of an innocent human being. No one is permitted to ask for this act of killing Catholic Truth Society, Human life is on loan from God. We have responsibilities to care for one another Church of Scotland, There can be a purpose in suffering. Hospices provide an alternative. Suffering is accepted because of hope of life after death. Hinduism Suicide is a crime and a sin. People should die naturally. Bad actions attract bad karma and suffering in future rebirths Bhagavad Gita 14:16. Islam No one dies unless Allah permits. The term of every life is fixed Surah 3:145. Suicide is wrong. Euthanasia is a form of suicide. It is interfering with Allah s will. There can be value in suffering; it is part of Allah s will. Surah 31:17. It is the code of life the doctor aims to maintain and not the process of dying Islamic Code of Medical Ethics, Anyone who kills a believer deliberately will receive as his reward a sentence to live in hell forever. God will be angry with him and curse him and prepare dreadful torment for him Surah 4:93. Judaism Do not commit murder Exodus 20:13. Life is sacred and should only be ended by God Job 1:21. Euthanasia is not allowed. Everything should be done to save life. Page 25

26 (e) There are benefits in carrying out voluntary euthanasia in the case of terminally ill patients. Do you agree? Give two reasons for your answer. 4 Agree It ends suffering and shows respect for life. It shows respect for the patient s own free choices and shows that human rights are respected in society. It allows the patient to die with dignity. Religious people may believe they are going to a better place. Disagree It ends life it is legalised killing. It will devalue life and will encourage the killing of others in society eg the disabled. People will lose their respect and trust of medical staff. (f) It is wrong for doctors to refuse to carry out voluntary euthanasia. Do you agree? Give two reasons to support your answer. 4 Agree The patient requested euthanasia the doctor simply respected the patient s human rights. The doctor has acted in the patient s best interests. The law is wrong and should be changed. Disagree It is against the law and is murder. It will create mistrust in doctors. Doctors should preserve life not deliberately end it. Failure of doctors to act may result in assisted suicide. Religious beliefs of doctors can influence their views. Page 26

27 WAR AND PEACE 4. (a) Choose a religion you have studied. Describe two teachings it might use to support going to war. 4 KU 4 marks Christianity St Thomas Aquinas drew up the Just War Theory if all conditions were met, then it was justifiable to go to war. It is the last resort, all other avenues have been followed without success. You cannot be the aggressor, you must be defending yourself or someone else. To rid the world of greater evil. You can only use enough force to subdue the enemy. Love your neighbour as you love yourself. If you feel it is right to defend yourself, then it is right to fight to defend someone who is weaker than you. This teaching could be used to support going to war. The Old Testament justifies Deut 19:21 a life for a life, an eye for an eye some people may use this as an argument to support going to war. In John 18:36, the response of Jesus to Pilate is my men would fight to keep me from being handed over. Some Christians argue that this statement shows that society may have to fight against an injustice this could relate to war. Jesus used force to clean the temple when he threw out all the money men this was a great injustice. Therefore some Christians believe it is right to go to war to rid the world of a great evil. St Paul encouraged the early Christian s to obey the law of their country. If the country decide to go to war, then it is a Christian s duty to fight. Liberation Theology Armed struggle is justified to fight injustice if all other avenues have been fruitless. Islam To those against whom war is made, permission is given Surah 22:39 permits Muslims to defend themselves against an aggressor. Therefore they could support going to war for this reason. Jihad is considered by many Muslims to be the sixth pillar of Islam. Jihad can be greater or lesser the lesser jihad is military struggle. Muslims can support going to war if they think they are defending the Ummah, the muslim community. There are conditions which must be met before the lesser jihad is acceptable. Defence, not as aggressor. Last resort, all other channels must be exhausted. Only use sufficient force to subdue your enemy. Judaism Milchement mitzvah are obligatory wars which God commands them to fight in order to defend themselves there are three reasons. First is in self defence, if another army invades Ex 17:8-13. Secondly, more controversially, if they feel threatened they can make a preemptive strike attacking an enemy in order to avoid being attacked or to avoid lots of casualties. Thirdly, responding to another country who are being invaded in case you are next. Milchement reshut is an optional war, on the same lines as the Just War Theory in Christianity Violence is justifiable on certain conditions Judg 11: Page 27

28 (b) Give one reason why religious people might object to going to war. 2 Christianity The teachings of Jesus preach peace Love your neighbour other sayings of Jesus If anyone slaps you, turn the other cheek. (Matt 5:39) and Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you (Matt 5:44). Do not commit murder (Ex 20:14) is one of the Ten Commandments. Some will see killing in war as murder. The Eight Beatitudes Mathew 5 says Blessed are the peacemakers. This would make some Christians object to war. Christians are meant to respect life, this may make them object to going to war. Unwilling to destroy the earth by using modern warfare, including possibly nuclear weapons He who lives by the sword, dies by the sword. Judaism Jews are encouraged to avoid war where possible Proverbs: If your enemy is hungry, give him bread water to drink they should go to great lengths not to fight. Shalom means Peace and is the greeting used by Jews everyday. It expresses the hope that one time all mankind will live in peace. In Isaiah 2: 2-4, a time in the future is looked forward to when there will be no war and their swords turned into ploughshares. This is what Jews should be working towards, not going to war. Micah 6:8 to do what is just, to show constant love, and to live in humble fellowship with our God at the heart of God s plan for humans is peace not going to war. Islam The Qur an states that violence is wrong. Muslims should be looking after the welfare of others, not killing them. Peace is one of the basic aims of Islam, it is the final part of daily prayer peace be upon you. Therefore Muslims may object to going to war. Human rights are important since Muslims believe Allah created all humans Let not the hatred of others to you make you swerve to wrong and depart from justice. Allah has 99 names which often relate to peaceful qualities the one who gives safety and peace or the gentle and tolerant interesting no names describe Allah in terms of a fighter or soldier. Page 28

29 (c) Pacifism is unrealistic. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. 4 Yes Great pacifist thinkers from the past did not stop war or violence taking place. Martin Luther King protested against the Vietnam War as well as promoting non-violence. He did not stop the war and was assassinated. Gandhi preached and practised peace and non-violence. He was assassinated. Dietrich Bonhoeffer at first preached non-violence, but when he saw what the Nazis were doing he realised the only thing to do was to use violence to solve the situation. No Pacifism is not unrealistic, it is just that other people claim it is. Violence breeds more violence, it only results in further violence. Pacifism is the way forward. Violence does not solve a conflict, it masks proper solutions. People are left aggrieved because there is not a proper solution to people s grievances. People have to respect others human rights, this cannot be done by use of force. It has to be discussed properly. (d) Using an example you have studied, describe how pacifists object to war. 4 KU 4 marks Mohammed Ali refused to fight in the Vietnam War. Martin Luther King refused to resort to violence to further political fight over civil rights and protest against the Vietnam War. Mahatma Gandhi did not use violence in the struggle for equality in India at the time of the British Empire. M.A. 1. He argued that he had no reason to fight the Vietnamese I ain t got no quarrel with them Viet Cong. 2. He marched against the war and spoke up at rallies. 3. Went to trial to argue his case that the war in Vietnam was unjust. He lost his case and went to jail for 3.5 years. M.L.K. 1. He marched against the war and spoke up at rallies. 2. Actively encouraged people not to use violence in their struggle for civil rights. 3. Instead he organised civil disobedience, non-violent protests whenever and wherever possible protest marches, sit-ins, non payments of fines, being sent to prison. M.G. 1. Gandhi organised people against the might of the British Empire. 2. When faced with violence, Gandhi responded with non-violence. 3. He organised protest marches, blockades, peaceful demonstrations. Page 29

30 (e) State two way governments can avoid going to war. 2 To seek negotiations with the other parties involved in the conflict. Break off diplomatic relations with other countries to show your displeasure. Seek an independent mediator, another country, to help solve the conflict. Call a Summit meeting with other interested parties or countries, in the hope of stopping a conflict. Go to UN and seek their involvement. The use of national and international sanctions, etc should be used rather than violence. This could affect the economy of the countries involved. (f) It is right to go war to help those who can t defend themselves. Do you agree? Give two reasons for your answer. 4 Yes We have to make the world a safer place to live in, we can achieve this by going to war to help those who can t defend themselves. We have to set an example for other countries, sometimes you have to go to war. Atrocities and genocide cannot be ignored, they must be stopped. If we do not stand up against open aggression directed at another country, who says that it won t be us next. You have to stand up against a bully. Disagree We do not have the right to go into somebody else s country to fight. They have to find a solution for themselves. The vast majority of people killed in wars these days are civilians. It is not right for us to fight our war in somebody else s country they suffer. The cities, towns and countryside are often destroyed during war, therefore people s living conditions are affected normally for the worse. If we fight we will bring the war to our own country, our country will suffer. Page 30

31 SECTION THREE EXISTENCE OF GOD (a) The passage above suggests that the world has been designed by God. Describe one Design Argument for the existence of God. 4 KU 4 marks Paley s argument If someone walking over a heath, stumbled against a stone and asked how it got there, they might say it had always been there it had no purpose or reason. But if they found a watch they might say that its various parts are complex and do/must have a purpose. Also the watch must have had a watchmaker someone who had designed it as a complex machine. The universe, like the watch, gives the impression of a vast designed machine. All machines are the product of intelligent design they have been designed by someone superior in intelligence. Therefore the designer of this complex universe must also be a superior intelligent being whom we can call God. (b) Give two other examples of evidence from nature to support the Design Argument. 2 The eye, human or otherwise, seems to be perfectly designed for its purpose to see. The individual design of a snowflake shows evidence of a unique structure, order and pattern. The way in which life on earth has developed in relation to the location of the planet in solar system and factors like the ozone layer. The ways in which animals are perfectly adapted to their environments for survival. The design of the human thumb in relation to the hand. The design of crystalline materials, etc all appear to be unique in construction. (c) Describe one traditional objection to the Design Argument. 2 Idea of the universe/life being a designed machine not appropriate it s more like a growing/developing organism in response to its environment (Hume). Because certain parts of life appear to be designed doesn t mean the whole process is or in need of a designer. A great deal of evidence of bad design nature red in tooth and claw argues against designer. There is so much suffering and cruelty in nature. A great deal of waste is involved in process opposite of organisation and design. Apparent design can occur even if the process is subject to natural selection and adaptation. Life forms would not have survived without ability to adapt. Page 31

32 (d) If God had designed the world, He would have made a better job of it. How might religious people respond to this statement? 4 When you consider the whole variety of species in the world most, if not all, are well adapted to their environment in the way they are designed. The way in which organisms have developed especially humans shows a marvellous organisational power and hence a supermind or intelligence. Laws of nature are good evidence to suggest an overall organiser/designer who made a good job of it. Many things that go wrong with the human body are the result of people abusing it rather than bad design. A number of scientists are now proposing an intelligent design theory believing that the universe does show objective evidence of design. Human free will is the cause of any problems; God made it perfect, humans spoiled it. However Some religious people accept that God may not be all powerful and cannot control things that go wrong in the process influenced by laws of nature. Purpose of religion is not to look for evidence of design but to respond to the problems created by things that have gone wrong eg illness, disease, natural disasters, etc. (e) What are the main points of the theory of evolution? 4 KU 4 marks Life has developed over many millions of years from tiny microbes into all the different species you find in the world today including human beings. All forms of life originate from the same beginnings so life has a common source. Many forms of life have become extinct in the process or have developed into more complex forms in relation to the way they have adapted to natural changes in the environment and by heredity. There has been a struggle for existence for forms of life which have survived and those which could not adapt have died out (the survival of the fittest). No need to suggest that life must have had a creator it is a natural selection process which originated and developed in conjunction with the conditions on earth. (f) The theory of evolution proves that God did not create the world. Do you agree? Give two reasons for your answer. 4 Agree Scientific evidence and theory of evolution can provide sufficient explanation for world being a natural process not dependant on any God. Evolution shows many examples of extinction of species and waste that it is incredible to think that an intelligent power is behind it all. There is so much suffering, predation, illness and disease in nature that any kind of benevolent, loving God as creator seems out of the question. Page 32

33 Disagree Evolution has shown remarkable process in nature that it is difficult to deny some creative power behind it all. The most recent point of evolution so far are intelligent conscious human beings which would seem to suggest an intelligent power/process involved in it all. Even if evolution was the process which brought about the world and life, it is reasonable to believe that there must be a source of all this, ie God. [END OF MARKING INSTRUCTIONS] Page 33