Chapter 1a - Hebrew Alphabet twenty-three consonants

Transcription

1 Chapter 1a - Hebrew Alphabet twenty-three consonants Letter Name Pronunciation Transliteration א Alef silent < ב Bet b as in boy b ג Gimel g as in God g ד Dalet d as in day d ה He h as in hay h ו Waw w as in way w ז Zayin z as in Zion z ח Óet ch as in Bach ט Tet t as in toy י Yod y as in yes y כ Kaf k as in king k ל Lamed l as in lion l מ Mem m as in mother m נ Nun n as in now n ס Samek s as in sin s ע Ayin silent > פ Pe p as in pastor p צ Tsade ts as in boots ß ק Qof k as in king q ר Resh r as in run r שׂ Sin s as in sin שׁ Shin sh as in ship ת Taw t as in toy t

2 Chapter 1b - Hebrew Alphabet five final forms Five Hebrew letters have final forms. When one of these letters occurs at the end of a word, it is written differently than when it appears at the beginning or in the middle of a word. The changing of a letter s form, however, does not change its pronunciation or transliteration. Regular Final Example Translit. Translation Form Form drk road, way דרך ך כ m< nation, people עם ם מ zqn old man, elder זקן ן נ ksp money, silver כסף ף פ <rß earth, land ארץ ץ צ Basicsא of Biblical Hebrew

3 Chapter 1c - Hebrew Alphabet six begadkephat consonants Six consonants have two possible pronunciations and are known as begadkephat consonants. To distinguish between the two pronunciations, a dot called Daghesh Lene was inserted into the consonant. The presence of Daghesh Lene indicates a hard pronunciation and its absence denotes a soft pronunciation. Begadkephat Pronunciation Transliteration Letter בּ b as in boy b ב vine v as in גּ g as in God g ג aghast gh as in דּ d as in day d ד dh as in the ƒ כּ k as in king k כ Bach ch as in פּ p as in pastor p פ ph as in alphabet º תּ t as in toy t ת thin th as in Basicsא of Biblical Hebrew

4 Chapter 1d - Hebrew Alphabet easily confused letters Hebrew consonants that look alike 1. (Bet) ב (Kaf) כ 2. (Gimel) ג (Nun) נ 3. (He) ה (Óet) ח (Taw) ת 4. (Sin) שׂ (Shin) שׁ 5. Mem) (final ם (Samek) ס 6. (Dalet) ד (Resh) ר 7. (Tsade) צ (Ayin) ע 8. (Waw) ו (Zayin) ז 9. (Waw) ו Nun) (final ן 10. Kaf) (final ך Nun) (final ן Hebrew consonants that sound alike 1. (Tet) ט Lene) (Taw with Daghesh תּ 2. (Qof) ק Lene) (Kaf with Daghesh כּ 3. (Samek) ס (Sin) שׂ Basicsא of Biblical Hebrew

5 Chapter 1e - Hebrew Alphabet modern pronunciation The pronunciation of modern Hebrew differs in a number of ways from ancient pronunciation. With the three begadkephat consonants listed below, the forms without Daghesh Lene are pronounced like the forms with Daghesh Lene in modern Hebrew. Traditional Modern Consonant Pronunciation Pronunciation ג gh as in aghast g as in God ד dh as in the d as in day ת th as in thin t as in toy ו w as in way v as in vine Basicsא of Biblical Hebrew

6 Chapter 2a - Hebrew Vowels vowels with consonants Deuteronomy 6:5 no vowel pointing ואהבת את יהוה אלהיך בכל לבבך ו א ה ב ת א ת י הו ה א ל ה יך ב כ ל ל ב ב ך with vowel pointing

7 Chapter 2b - Hebrew Vowels short vowels 2.3 Vowel Chart 1: Short Vowels. Vowel Name Pronunciation Transliteration a-type ב Pathach a as in bat a e-type ב Seghol e as in better e i-type ב Hireq i as in bitter i o-type ב Qamets Hatuf o as in bottle o u-type ב Qibbuts u as in ruler u

8 Chapter 2c - Hebrew Vowels changable long vowels 2.4 Vowel Chart 2: Changeable Long Vowels Vowel Name Pronunciation Transliteration a-type ב Qamets a as in father å e-type ב Tsere e as in they o-type ב Holem o as in role ø

9 Chapter 2d - Hebrew Vowels unchangable long vowels 2.5 Vowel Chart 3: Unchangeable Long Vowels Vowel Name Pronunciation Transliteration a-type ב י Qamets Yod ou as in bought â e-type ב י Tsere Yod e as in they ê ב י Seghol Yod e as in better ê i-type ב י Hireq Yod i as in machine ª o-type ב וֹ Holem Waw o as in role ô u-type ב וּ Shureq u as in ruler û

10 Chapter 2e - Hebrew Vowels reduced (hateph) vowels 2.6 Vowel Chart 4: Reduced (Hateph) Vowels Vowel Name Pronunciation Transliteration a-type ב Hateph Pathach a as in amuse á e-type ב Hateph Seghol a as in amuse é o-type ב Hateph Qamets a as in amuse ó

11 Chapter 2f - Hebrew Vowels summary vowel chart a e i o u ב ב ב ב ב Short Pathach Seghol Hireq Qamets Qibbuts Hatuf ב ב ב Changeable Long Qamets Tsere Holem ב וּ ב וֹ ב י ב י/ב י ב י Unchangeable Long Qamets Tsere Yod/ Hireq Holem Shureq Yod Seghol Yod Yod Waw ב ב ב Reduced Hateph Hateph Hateph Pathach Seghol Qamets

12 Chapter 2g - Hebrew Vowels shewa ב This vowel symbol is called Shewa. It is not listed in the vowel charts because it is not like any other vowel. It does not belong to any phonetic class. There are two types of Shewa in Hebrew: Silent Shewa and Vocal Shewa.

13 Chapter 2h - Hebrew Vowels daghesh forte ב This pointing symbol is called Daghesh Forte. It looks exactly like the Daghesh Lene but it is used to double the consonant in which it occurs. For example, the Hebrew word ה שּׁ מ י ם (the heavens) has a Daghesh Forte in the Shin.(שׁ ) It should be rendered, therefore, with two Shins,(שׁשׁ) ha åmayim. The Daghesh Forte can occur in.ר and (ח,ה,ע,א) any consonant except the gutturals

14 Chapter 2i - Hebrew Vowels defective writing Full Writing Defective Writing בּוֹ Holem Waw to Holem בּ Example שׁוֹפ ר שׁ פ ר ram s horn בּוּ Shureq to Qibbuts בּ Example מ דּוּע מ דּ ע why? בּ י Hireq Yod to Hireq בּ Example דּ ו יד דּ ו ד David

15 Chapter 3a - Syllabification two rules 1. Every syllable must begin with one consonant and have only one vowel. The following example has two syllables, each beginning with a consonant and each having only one vowel. då- år דּ ב ר דּ ב ר 2. There are only two types of syllables: open and closed. Open syllables end with a vowel and closed syllables end with a consonant. In the above example, דּ (då), is open because it ends in a vowel and ב ר ( år), is closed because it ends in a consonant. דּ ב ר Closed Syllable Open Syllable

16 Chapter 3b - Syllabification hebrew accent Most Hebrew words are accented or stressed on the last syllable. Some are not. The stress in words not accented on the last syllable will be indicated by an accent mark over the stressed syllable as in the following example. ס.פ ר

17 Chapter 3c - Syllabification syllable classification syllables may be classified according to their proximity to the accent ד ב רים tonic pretonic propretonic syllables may be classified without reference to accent ד ב רים ultima penultima antepenultima

18 Chapter 4a - Hebrew Nouns inflectional endings 4.2 Endings on Masculine and Feminine Nouns. Masculine Feminine Singular סוּס horse תּוֹ רה law Plural סוּס ים horses תּוֹרוֹת laws Dual two horses סוּס.י ם.י ם 4.4 Summary of Noun Endings. two laws תּוֹ רת Masculine Feminine Singular endingless ב ת/ב ת/ב ה Plural ב ים וֹת Dual ב.י ם ב.י ם /ר ת.י ם

19 Chapter 4b- Hebrew Nouns exceptions to rules 1. Endingless Feminine Nouns. Not all endingless nouns are masculine singular. In a few instances, feminine ע יר (land), א. רץ singular nouns are also endingless as in (city) and א.ב ן (stone). 2. Exception to Normal Pluralization. Some singular nouns of one gender take the plural endings of the other א ב gender. For example, the masculine singular noun.א בוֹת as in וֹת (father) takes the feminine plural ending 3. Special Dual Nouns. There are three special Hebrew words that are always dual in form but normally singular in translation: שׁ מ.י ם (heaven, heavens), מ צ ר.י ם (Egypt) and מ.י ם (water). 4. Irregular Stem Change. Some Hebrew nouns will alter their actual (consonantal) stem when they add their plural endings. For example, the plural of יוֹם (day) is (men) and א נ שׁ ים (man) is א ישׁ (days), the plural of י מ ים the plural of א שּׁ ה (woman) is נ שׁ ים (women). 5. Defective Spelling of.וֹת Occasionally, the feminine plural ending וֹת will be spelled ת (with Holem rather ע ד ה than Holem Waw). For example, the plural of (congregation) may appear either as ע דוֹת or.ע דת The shorter spelling is called defective spelling and the longer spelling is called full spelling.

20 Chapter 4c - Hebrew Nouns patterns of noun pluralization 1. Pluralization with No Change song שׁ יר songs שׁ י רים dream ח לוֹם dreams ח לוֹמוֹת 2. Pluralization with Propretonic Reduction word דּ ב ר words דּ ב רים cloud ע נ ן clouds ע נ נ ים 3. Pluralization of Segholate Nouns king מ. ל ך kings מ ל כ ים book ס. פ ר books ס פ רים 4. Pluralization of Geminate Nouns people ע ם peoples ע מ ים statute ח ק ח ק ים 5. Irregular Pluralization son בּ ן sons בּ נ ים man א ישׁ men א נ שׁ ים

21 Chapter 5a - Introduction chapter summary 1. DEFINITE ARTICLE Basic form Translation ה ב the 2. CONJUNCTION WAW ו Basic form Translation and

22 Chapter 5b - Introduction distributional significance Total Verses 23,213 Total Words 471,096 Article 24, % 1.04 per verse Conjunction 50, % 2.2 per verse

23 Chapter 5c - Definite Article basic form In Hebrew, a noun is made definite by prefixing the definite article which consists of ה plus a Daghesh Forte in the first consonant of the noun. הב +. מ ל ך = ה מּ.ל ך Definite Article ה מ.ל ך

24 Chapter 5d - Definite Article basic form: top 10 examples.1 מ.ל ך.2 יוֹם.3 שׁ מ. י ם.4 נ ב יא.5 מ ז בּ ח.6 י ם.7 ק דשׁ.8 מ קוֹם.9 שׂ דה.10 מ. י ם

25 Chapter 5e - Definite Article with begadkephat consonants When adding the definite article to words with an initial begadkephat consonant, the Daghesh Lene is replaced by a Daghesh Forte. Indefinite Noun Definite Noun the house ה ב. י ת house a בּ.י ת the road ה ד. ר ך road a דּ. ר ך the warrior ה ג בּוֹר warrior a גּ בּוֹר

26 Chapter 5f - Definite Article with guttural consonants Compensatory Lengthening With ר,אinitial and,ע the guttural rejects the Dagesh Forte and Pathach lengthens to Qamets. the man ה א ישׁ man a א ישׁ Virtual Doubling With הinitial,חor the guttural rejects the Daghesh Forte but the Pathach does not lengthen to Qamets. the palace ה ה יכ ל palace a ה יכ ל Irregular Seghol Before unnaccented ה,ע or ח ) ח may also be accented), the definite article appears with the Seghol vowel and without the Daghesh Forte. the wise man ה ח כ ם man a wise ח כ ם

27 Chapter 5g - Definite Article מ and י with initial Words that begin with י or מ usually give up the Daghesh Forte that is associated with the definite article. boys י ל דים the boys ה י ל דים spies מ רגּ ל ים the spies ה מ רגּ ל ים

28 Chapter 5h - Definite Article alternate forms: top examples י /מ ה/ח א/ע/ר בּגּדּכּפּתּ י ל דים חוֹמ ה ע יר כּ ה ן.1 י ת רים ח טּ את א ישׁ דּ ב ר.2 מ רגּ ל ים ח ל ב א לה ים בּ.י ת.3 מ שׁ רת ים ה יכ ל ע ד ה גּוֹי.4 מ ב קשׁ ים ה ר ראשׁ כּ <ס ף.5 ח צ ר ה מוֹן ע נ ן ע פ ר

29 Chapter 5i - Definite Article summary of forms ה מ.ל ך ה ב Basic Form ה ב. י ת ה ב Begadkephat ה א ישׁ ה א/ע/ר Gutturals ה ה יכ ל ה ה/ח Gutturals ה ע נ ן ה ה /ח /ע Gutturals ה י ל דים ה י /מ Miscellaneous

30 ו Chapter 5j - Conjunction basic form Before most consonants ו the conjunction will appear as Waw with Vocal Shewa and a servant ו ע.ב ד and a woman ו א שּׁ ה and the woman ו ה א שּׁ ה and a man ו א ישׁ and the man ו ה א ישׁ

31 ו Chapter 5k - Conjunction basic form: top 10 examples א ישׁ.1 שׁ ם.2 י שׂ רא ל.3 י <ת ר 4. א ה רוֹן.5 י <י ן 6. ז ה ב.7 א ישׁ ה.8 כּ ל.9 כּ בוֹד.10

32 ו Chapter 5l - Conjunction spelled with shureq Before מ,ב or פ it is spelled with Shureq and a king וּמ. ל ך ו + מ.ל ך and Pharaoh וּפ רע ה ו + פּ רע ה Before Vocal Shewa it is spelled with Shureq and books וּס פ רים ו + ס פ רים and Samuel וּשׁ מוּא ל ו + שׁ מוּא ל

33 ו Chapter 5m - Conjunction with short vowels and qamets Before Hateph vowels it is spelled with the corresponding short vowel and men ו א נ שׁ ים ו + א נ שׁ ים and truth ו א מ ת ו + א מ ת Before some monosyllabic words or words with initial accent it may be spelled with Qamets and sheep ו צ אן ו + צ אן and bread ו ל.ח ם ו + ל.ח ם

34 ו Chapter 5n - Conjunction alternate forms: examples ב/מ/פ Vocal Shewa Hateph Vowels Monosyllabic/ Initial Accent י ל דים א נ שׁ ים שׁ א ר בּ ית.1 י ת רים ע ב דים כּ ל י בּ נוֹת.2 מ רגּ ל ים א בוֹת ד ב שׁ מ.ל ך.3 מ שׁ רת ים א ו יל ים שׁ ל מ ים מ שׁ פּ ט.4 מ ב קשׁ ים א מ ת ל ב ב פּ י.5

35 ו Chapter 5o - Conjunction summary of forms ו ה א ישׁ ו Basic Form וּמ. ל ך וּ ב/מ/פ Before וּס פ רים וּ Before Vocal Shewa ו א נ שׁ ים ו /ו Before Hateph Vowels Before Monosyllabic ו ו צ אן Initinal Accent

36 Chapter 6a - Prepositions three types Independent Prepositions These prepositions stand alone. ל פ נ י ה מּ. ל ך תּ. ח ת ה ע ץ before the king under the tree Maqqef Prepositions These prepositions are joined to their objects by Maqqef. א ל ה ה יכ ל מ ן ה א. רץ to the temple from the land Inseparable Prepositions These prepositions are prefixed directly to their objects. בּ שׂ דה כּ מ.ל ך in a field like a king

37 Chapter 6b - Prepositions three inseparable prepositions (15,559) with in, by, בּ (20,320) for to, ל (3,053) to like, as, according כּ

38 Chapter 6c - Prepositions spelling inseparable prepositions Before most consonants: Shewa בּ שׂ דה <ע ר in a field for a young man ל נ Before Hateph vowels: corresponding short vowel like men כּ א נ שׁ ים in truth בּ א מ ת Before consonants with Vocal Shewa: Hireq for prophets ל נ ב יא ים for a covenant ל ב רית

39 Chapter 6d - Prepositions inseparable prepositions with the definite article The vowel and Daghesh Forte of the definite article is retained but the consonant of the preposition replaces the article. of the definite ה in the field בּ שׂ ד ה field the ה שׂ ד ה like the king כּ מ.ל ך king the ה מ.ל ך in the fire בּ א שׁ fire the ה א שׁ

40 Chapter 6e - Prepositions מ ן the preposition The preposition מ ן occurs both as a Maqqef preposition and as an inseparable preposition. מ ן מ.ל ך Maqqef Preposition from a king Inseparable Preposition (נ (assimilated מ מ. ל ך מ ן מ.ל ך (נ (assimilated מ ב.י ת מ ן בּ.י ת lengthening) (compensatory מ א ישׁ מ ן א ישׁ lengthening) (compensatory מ ה א. רץ מ ן ה א. רץ doubling) (virtual מ חוּץ מ ן חוּץ

41 Chapter 6f - Prepositions definite direct object marker In Hebrew prose, definite direct objects.א ת/א ת are usually marked with בּ רא א לה ים א ת ה שּׁ מ.י ם נ ת ן ה נּ ב יא א ת ה סּ.פ ר ל מּ. ל ך א ה ב דּ ו ד א ת י הוֹנ ת ן נ ת ן ה מּ. ל ך א ת תּוֹרוֹת יו ל ע ם

42 Chapter 7a - Hebrew Adjectives inflection (form) Inflected Adjective Masculine Feminine Singular טוֹב טוֹב ה Plural טוֹב ים טוֹבוֹת Inflectional Endings Masculine Feminine Singular ב ה Plural ב ים וֹת

43 Chapter 7b - Hebrew Adjectives the use of adjectives 1. Attributive Use. Directly modifies a noun and agrees with that noun in gender, number and definiteness. good man or a good man א ישׁ טוֹב the good man ה א ישׁ ה טּוֹב 2. Predicative Use. Asserts something about the noun and agrees with that noun in gender and number, but not definiteness. A predicate adjective will never take the definite article. good. The man is ה א ישׁ טוֹב good. The woman is טוֹב ה ה א שּׁ ה 3. Substantival Use. Adjectives may be used independently as nouns with no noun for the adjective to modify. man. the wise ה ח כ ם the good women ה טּוֹבוֹת

44 Chapter 7c - Hebrew Adjectives the directional ending In Hebrew, a special ending may be added to a word in order to express the idea of motion toward someone or something. This special ending is the directional ending it )ב ה is always unaccented). to the house ה בּ.י ת ה house בּ.י ת toward the city ה ע.יר ה city ע יר heavenward ה שּׁ מ.י מ ה heaven שׁ מ.י ם to Egypt מ צ ר.י מ ה Egypt מ צ ר.י ם to there שׁ.מּ ה there שׁ ם toward the sea י <מּ ה sea י ם

45 Chapter 7d - Hebrew Adjectives basic patterns of inflection 1. Inflection with No Change טוֹב טוֹב ה טוֹב ים טוֹבוֹת 2. Inflection with Propretonic Reduction גּ דוֹל גּ דוֹל ה גּ דוֹל ים גּ דוֹלוֹת ב ה 3. Inflection of Adjectives Ending in ק שׁ ה ק שׁוֹת ק שׁ ה ק שׁ ים 4. Inflection of Geminate Adjectives רב רב ה רב ים רב וֹת

46 Chapter 8a - Hebrew Pronouns independent personal pronouns Singular Plural 1 com א נ י,א נ כ י I א נ< ח נוּ we 2 masc א תּ ה you א תּ ם you 2 fem א תּ you א תּ.נ ה you 3 masc הוּא he/it ה ם,ה.מּ ה they 3 fem ה יא,ה וא she/it ה ן,ה.נּ ה they Notes 1. The independent personal pronoun is labelled independent because it stands alone and is not prefixed or suffixed to another word. 2. Independent personal pronouns are subjective, meaning they are used as the subject of a verb, never as the object of the verb. 3. Independent personal pronouns may also appear as the subject of a verbless clause. For this reason, they are sometimes called subject pronouns.

47 Chapter 8b - Hebrew Pronouns independent personal pronouns The following examples illustrate how independent personal pronouns are used with other nouns or adjectives in a predicative relationship. The pronoun may precede or follow the noun or adjective. A form of the verb to be is required in translation. Lord). I am Yahweh (the א נ י י הו ה prophet. He is a righteous הוּא נ ב יא צ ד יק king. You (2ms) are a good א תּ ה מ.ל ך טוֹב We are brothers א ח ים א נ <ח נוּ woman. She is a wise ה יא א שּׁ ה ח כ מ ה city. You (2mp) are in the great א תּ ם בּ ע יר ה גּ דוֹל ה

48 Chapter 8c - Hebrew Pronouns demonstratives Singular Plural Masc ז ה this א.לּ ה these Fem ז את this א.לּ ה these Masc הוּא that ה ם,ה.מּ ה those Fem ה יא that ה ן,ה.נּ ה those Notes 1. They may be used either as adjectives (this man, those women) or as pronouns (this is the man, those are the women). 2. The masculine and feminine singular forms, הוּא and are identical to the third person masculine and,ה יא feminine independent personal pronouns. 3. The demonstrative א.לּ ה (these) is both masculine and feminine plural. Remember that the designation for this phenomenon is common, meaning not inflected for gender.

49 Chapter 8d - Hebrew Pronouns demonstratives Hebrew demonstratives may be used either as adjectives or as pronouns. Demonstrative Adjectives follow the noun and agree in gender, number and definiteness. this man ה א ישׁ ה זּ ה this woman ה א שּׁ ה ה זּ את these good men ה א נ שׁ ים ה טּוֹב ים ה א.לּ ה these good women ה נּ שׁ ים ה טּוֹבוֹת ה א.לּ ה Demonstrative Pronouns precede the noun and agree in gender and number but not definiteness. man. That is the הוּא ה א ישׁ woman. That is the ה יא ה א שּׁ ה men. These are the good א.לּ ה ה א נ שׁ ים ה טּוֹב ים women. Those are the good ה.נּ ה ה נּ שׁ ים ה טּוֹבוֹת

50 Chapter 8e - Hebrew Pronouns the relative pronoun א שׁ ר (who, which, that) The form of this word does not change in order to indicate the gender or number of its antecedent. It may appear with or without Maqqef. When functioning as a relative pronoun introducing a relative clause, it immediately follows the noun it is modifying. the tree that (is) in the middle ה ע ץ א שׁ ר בּ תוֹ ך ה גּ ן of the garden the mountains that (are) under ה ה רים א שׁ ר תּ.ח ת ה שּׁ מ. י ם the heavens the king whom you chose ה מּ.ל ך א שׁ ר בּ ח רתּ ם David, who (is) in the house of דּ ו ד א שׁ ר בּ ב ית י הו ה the Lord

51 Chapter 8f - Hebrew Pronouns interrogative pronouns Who? מ י What? מ ה Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question. These pronouns do not inflect and can appear with or without the Maqqef. The vocalization of מ ה may change slightly a Daghesh Forte will usually,מ ה When spelled.(מ ה or מ ה) appear in the first consonant of the following word. name? What (is) his מ ה שּׁ מוֹ done? What have you מ ה ע שׂ.ית dream? What (is) this מ ה ה ח לוֹם ה זּ ה you? Who (are) מ י א תּ ה man? Who (is) this מ י ה א ישׁ ה זּ ה men? Who (are) these מ י ה א נ שׁ ים ה א.לּ ה

52 Chapter 8g - Hebrew Pronouns the interrogative particle ה The interrogative particle is prefixed to the first word of the sentence. Compare the following examples. The first example is a statement. The second example is a question because the interrogative particle has been prefixed to the first word of the sentence. prophet. The king sent the שׁ ל ח ה מּ. ל ך א ת ה נּ ב יא prophet? Did the king send the ה שׁ ל ח ה מּ. ל ך א ת ה נּ ב יא The Spelling of the Particle before most consonants as in the above example ה 1. before gutturals or any consonant with Shewa ה 2. before gutturals with Qamets ה 3.

53 Chapter 9a - Pronominal Suffixes grammar summary Pronominal suffixes are pronouns that can be either possessive (his, her, our) or objective (him, her, us). These possessive and objective pronouns appear as suffixes on nouns, prepositions and the definite direct object marker. When appearing on nouns, they are possessive as in his book or her wisdom. When appearing on prepositions or the definite direct object marker, they are objective as in to them, for them, or them. All pronominal suffixes have person, gender and number. There are two sets of pronominal suffixes: Type 1 and Type 2. Both types have the same possessive and objective translation values. With few exceptions, Type 1 suffixes occur with singular nouns and Type 2 suffixes occur with plural nouns.

54 Chapter 9b - Pronominal Suffixes summary paradigm Type 1 Type 1 Type 2 Translation Suffixes Alternate Suffixes 1cs י נ י י my/me 2ms ך.י ך 2fs ך.י ך your/you your/you 3ms וֹ הוּ יו his/him 3fs ב הּ ה.יה her/her 1cp נוּ. ינוּ our/us 2mp כ ם יכ ם your/you 2fp כ ן יכ ן your/you 3mp ה ם ב ם יה ם their/them 3fp ה ן ב ן יה ן their/them

55 Chapter 9c - Pronominal Suffixes on masculine nouns Type 1 Suffixes Noun ms Type 2 Suffixes Noun mp 1cs סוּס י my horse סוּס י my horses 2ms סוּס ך your horse סוּס. י ך your horses 2fs סוּס ך your horse סוּס. י ך your horses 3ms סוּסוֹ his horse סוּס יו his horses 3fs סוּס הּ her horse סוּס. יה her horses 1cp סוּס. נוּ our horse סוּס. ינוּ our horses 2mp סוּס כ ם your horse סוּס יכ ם your horses 2fp סוּס כ ן your horse סוּס יכ ן your horses 3mp סוּס ם their horse סוּס יה ם their horses 3fp סוּס ן their horse סוּס יה ן their horses Note: When pronominal suffixes are added to masculine plural nouns, the masculine plural ending (ז ים) is dropped. With the absence of this ending, a masculine noun is recognizable as plural only by the use of Type 2 pronominal suffixes.

56 Chapter 9d - Pronominal Suffixes on feminine nouns Type 1 Suffixes Noun fs Type 2 Suffixes Noun fp 1cs תּוֹ רת י my law תּוֹרוֹת י my laws 2ms תּוֹר,ת ך your law תּוֹרוֹת.י ך your laws 2fs תּוֹ רת ך your law תּוֹרוֹת. י ך your laws 3ms תּוֹ רתוֹ his law תּוֹרוֹת יו his laws 3fs תּוֹ רת הּ her law תּוֹרוֹת. יה her laws 1cp תּוֹ רת. נוּ our law תּוֹרוֹת.ינוּ our laws 2mp תּוֹ רת כ ם your law תּוֹרוֹת יכ ם your laws 2fp תּוֹ רת כ ן your law תּוֹרוֹת יכ ן your laws 3mp תּוֹ רת ם their law תּוֹרוֹת יה ם their laws 3fp תּוֹ רת ן their law תּוֹרוֹת יה ן their laws Note: When a feminine singular noun ending in as )ב ה in (תּוֹ רה receives a pronominal suffix, the ה is replaced.( תּוֹ רת becomes תּוֹ רה) ת by

57 Chapter 9e - Pronominal Suffixes on monosyllabic nouns Type 1 Suffixes Noun ms Type 2 Suffixes Noun mp 1cs א ח י my brother א ח י my brothers 2ms א ח. י ך your brother א ח. י ך your brothers 2fs א ח. י ך your brother א ח. י ך your brothers 3ms א ח יו his brother א ח יו his brothers 3fs א ח. יה her brother א ח.יה her brothers 1cp א ח. ינוּ our brother א ח. ינוּ our brothers 2mp א ח יכ ם your brother א ח יכ ם your brothers 2fp א ח יכ ן your brother א ח יכ ן your brothers 3mp א ח יה ם their brother א ח יה ם their brothers 3fp א ח יה ן their brother א ח יה ן their brothers Note: Certain singular monosyllabic nouns add י to their stem before a pronominal suffix. The addition of this י to singular nouns with Type 1 suffixes may cause them to be confused with plural nouns having Type 2 suffixes. The singular noun paradigm has Hireq Yod your brother). The plural noun paradigm varies,א ח. י ך) its vowel but it is never Hireq Yod,א ח. י ך) your brothers).

58 Chapter 9f - Pronominal Suffixes on prepositions Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 Suffixes 1cs ל י to me ע ל י on me 2ms ל ך to you ע ל. י ך on you 2fs ל ך to you ע ל. י ך on you 3ms לוֹ to him ע ל יו on him 3fs ל הּ to her ע ל.יה on her 1cp ל. נוּ to us ע ל.ינוּ on us 2mp ל כ ם to you ע ל יכ ם on you 2fp ל כ ן to you ע ל יכ ן on you 3mp ל ה ם to them ע ל יה ם on them 3fp ל ה ן to them ע ל יה ן on them Note: The prepositions ל (to, for), בּ (in, on), ע ם (with) and א ת (with) all take Type 1 suffixes. Prepositions that take Type 2 suffixes include: ע ל (on, upon), א ל (to, for), (after). א ח רי (under) and תּ. ח ת

59 Chapter 9g - Pronominal Suffixes מ ן and כּ on מ ן כּ 1cs כּ מ.וֹנ י like me מ מּ. נּ י from me 2ms כּ מ.וֹ ך like you מ מּ ך from you 2fs כּ מוֹ ך like you מ מּ ך from you 3ms כּ מ.וֹהוּ like him מ מּ. נּוּ from him 3fs כּ מ.וֹה like her מ מּ.נּ ה from her 1cp כּ מ.וֹנוּ like us מ מּ.נּוּ from us 2mp כּ כ ם like you מ כּ ם from you 2fp כּ כ ן like you מ כּ ן from you 3mp כּ ה ם like them מ ה ם from them 3fp כּ ה ן like them מ ה ן from them Note: With the preposition,כּ forms with singular and 1cp suffixes exhibit a longer, alternate spelling of the preposition.(כּ מ.וֹ) With the preposition,מ ן forms with singular and 1cp suffixes also exhibit a longer, alternate spelling of the preposition.

60 Chapter 9h - Pronominal Suffixes א ת/א ת on Object Marker Preposition 1cs א ת י me א תּ י with me 2ms א ת ך you א תּ ך with you 2fs א ת ך you א תּ ך with you 3ms א תוֹ him א תּוֹ with him 3fs א ת הּ her א תּ הּ with her 1cp א ת. נוּ us א תּ. נוּ with us 2mp א ת כ ם you א תּ כ ם with you 2fp א ת כ ן you א תּ כ ן with you 3mp א ת ם them א תּ ם with them 3fp א ת ן them א תּ ן with them Note: The object marker is distinguished by a Holem vowel over the initial consonant.(א ת י) It is Seghol in the 2mp and 2fp forms.(א ת כ ם) The preposition is distinguished by Hireq under the initial consonant and Daghesh.(א תּ י) ת Forte in the

61 Chapter 9i - Pronominal Suffixes ע ם and ע ם on ע ם ע ם 1cs ע מּ י with me ע מּ י my people 2ms ע מּ ך with you ע מּ ך your people 2fs ע מּ ך with you ע מּ ך your people 3ms ע מּוֹ with him ע מּוֹ his people 3fs ע מּ הּ with her ע מּ הּ her people 1cp ע מּ.נוּ with us ע מּ. נוּ our people 2mp ע מּ כ ם with you ע מּ כ ם your people 2fp ע מּ כ ן with you ע מּ כ ן your people 3mp ע מּ ם with them ע מּ ם their people 3fp ע מּ ן with them ע מּ ן their people Note: The preposition has Hireq,ע מּ י) with me) and the noun has Pathach,ע מּ י) my people). Both words take a Daghesh Forte in the מ when pronominal suffixes are added.

62 Chapter 10a - Construct Chain construct and absolute The first of the two nouns in the construct chain is called the construct noun and is said to be in the construct state. The second of the two nouns is called the absolute noun and is said to be in the absolute state. The absolute form of a noun is also its lexical form. ע.ב ד ה מּ.ל ך Absolute Noun Construct Noun the servant of the king

63 Chapter 10b - Construct Chain with attributive adjectives When an adjective modifies either the construct or absolute noun, it must follow the entire chain. It must agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number and definiteness. מ.ל ך ה א. רץ ה טּוֹב the good king of the land מ.ל ך ה א. רץ ה טּוֹב ה the king of the good land ד ב ר ה מּ. ל ך ה טּוֹב the word of the good king

64 Chapter 10c - Construct Chain with demonstrative adjectives Just like attributive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives must also follow the construct chain. ד ב רי ה נּ ב יא ה א.לּ ה these words of the prophet ד ב רי ה נּ ב יא ה זּ ה the words of this prophet ד ב רי ה נּ ב יא ה טּוֹב ה זּ ה the words of this good prophet ד ב ר ה נּ ב יא ה זּ ה the word of this prophet or this word of the prophet

65 Chapter 10d - Construct Chain vowel reduction (spelling) A construct noun surrenders its primary accent and a. Qamets (and sometimes Tsere) changes to Pathach in a final closed syllable. judgement of מ שׁ פּ ט judgement מ שׁ פּ ט altar of מ ז בּ ח altar מ ז בּ ח b. Qamets or Tsere changes to Vocal Shewa in an open, unaccented syllable. peace שׁ לוֹם peace of שׁ לוֹם place מ קוֹם place of מ קוֹם c. Both rules a and b may apply to the formation of a noun in the construct state. word דּ ב ר word of דּ ב ר heart ל ב ב heart of ל ב ב d. Monosyllabic nouns with changeable long vowels reduce to the corresponding short vowel. son בּ ן son of בּ ן all כּ ל all of כּ ל

66 Chapter 10e - Construct Chain masculine plural and dual The masculine plural ב ים and dual ב.י ם endings change to ב י (Tsere-Yod) in the construct state and then the rules of vowel reduction apply. God א לה ים God of א לה י sons בּ נ ים sons of בּ נ י eyes two ע ינ <י ם (two) eyes of ע ינ י words ד ב רים words of ד ב ר י In the last example, both propretonic reduction and Rule of Shewa apply. ד ב רי ד ב רי ד ב רים

67 Chapter 10f - Construct Chain feminine singular Feminine singular nouns ending in ב ה change this ending to ב ת in the construct state and then the rules of vowel reduction apply. law of תּוֹר ת law תּוֹ רה queen of מ ל כּ ת queen מ ל כּ ה year of שׁ נ ת year שׁ נ ה

68 Chapter 10g - Construct Chain feminine plural Feminine plural nouns ending in וֹת retain this plural ending and then the rules of vowel reduction will apply. kingdoms מ מ ל כוֹת kingdoms of מ מ ל כוֹת names of שׁ מוֹת names שׁ מוֹת fields of שׂ דוֹת fields שׂ דוֹת blessings of בּ רכוֹת blessings בּ רכוֹת In the last example, both propretonic reduction and Rule of Shewa apply. בּ רכוֹת בּ רכוֹת בּ רכוֹת

69 Chapter 10h - Construct Chain miscellaneous nouns (a) Certain singular monosyllabic nouns add Hireq Yod to their stem in the construct state. Do not to confuse this Hireq Yod with the 1cs pronominal suffix א ב י) my father ). father א ב father of א ב י brother א ח brother of א ח י The diphthong ב. י as in בּ.י ת (house) changes to Tsere Yod in the construct state. house בּ. י ת house of בּ ית spring ע.י ן spring of ע ין

70 Chapter 10i - Construct Chain miscellaneous nouns (b) The singular absolute of Segholate nouns is identical to its singular construct form. The plural construct form follows the pattern of מ ל כ י (kings of). king king of מ.ל ך מ.ל ך servant servant of ע.ב ד ע.ב ד kings of מ ל כ י kings מ ל כ ים servants of ע ב די servants ע ב דים Nouns ending in ה (with Seghol) have a singular construct form ending in ה (with Tsere). field of שׂ ד ה field שׂ דה camp of מ ח נ ה camp מ ח נ ה

71 Chapter 11a - Numbers cardinals:1-10 Masculine Feminine Absolute Construct Absolute Construct One א ח ד א ח ד א ח ת א ח ת Two שׁ נ <י ם שׁ נ י שׁ תּ. י ם שׁ תּ י Three שׁ ל שׁ שׁ ל שׁ שׁ ל שׁ ה שׁ ל. שׁ ת Four א רבּ ע א רבּ ע א רבּ ע ה א רבּ.ע ת Five ח מ שׁ ח מ שׁ ח מ שּׁ ה ח מ.שׁ ת Six שׁ שׁ שׁ שׁ שׁ שּׁ ה שׁ.שׁ ת Seven שׁ.ב ע שׁ ב ע שׁ ב ע ה שׁ ב ע ת Eight שׁ מ נ ה שׁ מ נ ה שׁ מ נ ה שׁ מ נ ת Nine תּ.שׁ ע תּ שׁ ע תּ שׁ ע ה תּ שׁ ע ת Ten ע.שׂ ר ע.שׂ ר ע שׂ רה ע שׂ. רת

72 Chapter 11b - Numbers cardinals:11-19 With Masculine Nouns With Feminine Nouns Eleven א ח ד ע שׂ ר א ח ת ע שׂ רה ע שׁ תּ י ע שׂ ר ע שׁ תּ י ע שׂ רה Twelve שׁ נ י ע שׂ ר שׁ תּ י ע שׂ רה שׁ נ ים ע שׂ ר שׁ תּ ים ע שׂ רה Thirteen שׁ ל שׁ ה ע שׂ ר שׁ ל שׁ ע שׂ רה Fourteen א רבּ ע ה ע שׂ ר א רבּ ע ע שׂ רה Fifteen ח מ שּׁ ה ע שׂ ר ח מ שׁ ע שׂ רה Sixteen שׁ שּׁ ה ע שׂ ר שׁ שׁ ע שׂ רה Seventeen שׁ ב ע ה ע שׂ ר שׁ ב ע ע שׂ רה Eighteen שׁ מ נ ה ע שׂ ר שׁ מ נ ה ע שׂ רה Nineteen תּ שׁ ע ה ע שׂ ר תּ שׁ ע ע שׂ רה 7:1) thirteen years (1 Kgs שׁ ל שׁ ע שׂ רה שׁ נ ה 12:6) fourteen days (Ex א רבּ ע ה ע שׂ ר יוֹם 27:7) fifteen shekels (Lev ח מ שּׁ ה ע שׂ ר שׁ קל

73 Chapter 11c - Numbers cardinals:20-99 Twenty Thirty Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety ע שׂ רים שׁ ל שׁ ים א רבּ ע ים ח מ שּׁ ים שׁ שּׁ ים שׁ ב ע ים שׁ מ נ ים תּ שׁ ע ים 24:18) twenty-one (2 Kgs ע שׂ רים ו א ח ת 4:24) seventy-seven (Gen שׁ ב ע ים ו שׁ ב ע ה 17:24) ninety-nine (Gen תּ שׁ ע ים ו ת שׁ ע 31:40) thirty-two (Num שׁ נ י ם וּשׁ ל שׁ ים

74 Chapter 11d - Numbers cardinals:100+ One Hundred Two Hundred Three Hundred One Thousand Two Thousand Three Thousand Ten Thousand Twenty Thousand Thirty Thousand מ א ה מ את.י ם שׁ ל שׁ מ אוֹת א. ל ף א ל פּ.י ם שׁ ל שׁ ת א ל פ ים רב ב ה רבּוֹת. י ם שׁ ל שׁ רבּוֹת

75 Chapter 11e - Numbers ordinal numbers Masculine Feminine First ראשׁוֹן ראשׁוֹנ ה Second שׁ נ י שׁ נ ית Third שׁ ל ישׁ י שׁ ל ישׁ ית Fourth רב יע י רב יע ית Fifth ח מ ישׁ י ח מ ישׁ ית Sixth שׁ שּׁ י שׁ שּׁ ית Seventh שׁ ב יע י שׁ ב יע ית Eighth שׁ מ ינ י שׁ מ ינ ית Ninth תּ שׁ יע י תּ שׁ יע ית Tenth ע שׂ י רי ע שׂ י רית 23:7) on the first day (Lev בּ יּוֹם ה ראשׁוֹן 2:2) on the seventh day (Gen בּ יּוֹם ה שּׁ ב יע י 26:31) in the fortieth year (1 Chr בּ שׁ נ ת ה א רבּ ע ים

76 Chapter 12a - Intro to Verbs verbal stems: names English Hebrew Spelling Spelling Spelling Diagnostics Qal קל unaugmented Niphal נ נ פ ע ל prefix; Pathach stem vowel Piel פּ ע ל Hireq-Tsere vowel pattern Pual פּ ע ל Qibbuts-Pathach vowel pattern Hiphil ה ה פ ע יל prefix; Hireq Yod stem vowel Hophal ה ה פ ע ל prefix; Pathach stem vowel Hithpael ה ת ה ת פּ ע ל prefix; Tsere stem vowel

77 Chapter 12b - Intro to Verbs verbal stems: meaning Qal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal Hithpael Simple/Active. Qal verbs are active in voice, though a few passive forms do exist. The Qal stem also exhibits the simple or unnuanced type of action. Simple/Passive or Reflexive. The Niphal stem is used to express simple action with either a passive or reflexive voice. In other words, whatever a verb means in the Qal stem, it becomes passive or reflexive in the Niphal stem. Intensive/Active. The Piel stem is sometimes used to express an intensive type of action with an active voice. In other words, the simple action of the Qal stem will take on some type of intensive nuance in the Piel stem. Intensive/Passive. The Pual is the passive form of the Piel. The Pual stem, therefore, is used to express an intensive type of action with a passive voice. Causative/Active. The Hiphil stem is used to express causative action with an active voice. For example, the verb stem. means he was king or he reigned in the Qal מ ל ך The Hiphil form, however, is ה מ ל י ך and means he caused to reign or he made (someone) king. Causative/Passive. The Hophal is the passive form of the Hiphil. The Hophal stem, therefore, is used to express causative action with a passive voice. For example, the Hiphil verb ה מ ל י ך means he made (someone) king. The Hophal form is ה מ ל ך and it is translated he was made king. Intensive/Reflexive. The Hithpael stem is used to express an intensive type of action with a reflexive (or sometimes passive) voice. For example, the verb ח ב א means he hid in the Qal stem. The Hithpael form is ה ת ח בּ א and it means he hid himself.

78 Chapter 12c - Intro to Verbs summary: stem meaning and translation Simple Intensive Causative Action Action Action Active Voice Qal Piel Hiphil Passive Voice Niphal Pual Hophal Reflexive Voice Niphal Hithpael Form Translation Qal שׁ מ ע he heard Niphal נ שׁ מ ע he was heard Piel שׁ בּ ר he smashed into pieces Pual שׁ בּ ר he was smashed into pieces Hiphil ה מ ל י ך he made king Hophal ה מ ל ך he was made king Hithpael ה ת ח בּ א he hid himself

79 Chapter 12d - Intro to Verbs verbal conjugations Perfect Imperfect Imperative Completed Action. The Perfect aspect denotes completed action, whether in the past, present or future. Incomplete Action. The Imperfect aspect denotes incomplete action, whether in the past, present or future. 2nd Person Command. The Imperative conjugation is used primarily to express direct commands, demanding immediate action from the one being addressed. Cohortative 1st Person Volitional. The Cohortative is used to express a wish, request or command. It may also be used to express purpose (in order to) or result (resulting in). Jussive Infinitive Construct Infinitive Absolute Participle 3rd Person Volitional. The Jussive conjugation is also used to express some type of mild command or strong wish. Verbal Noun. The Infinitive Construct can function much like an English Infinitive, usually translated with the preposition to plus a verb as in to study or to learn. Verbal Noun. The Hebrew Infinitive Absolute has no real English counterpart. It may be used in conjunction with other verbs to emphasize or intensify the verbal action. It may also be used in the place of an Imperative to express a command. Verbal Adjective. Verbally, the Participle expresses some type of verbal action such as studying or learning. Adjectivally, it is used much like a Hebrew adjective: attributively, predicatively or substantively.

80 Chapter 12e - Intro to Verbs roots, stems & conjugations Root קטל Qal Stem ק ט ל Derived Stems Niphal נ קט ל Piel קטּ ל Pual קטּ ל Hiphil Hophal ה קט יל ה קט ל Hithpael ה ת קטּ ל Verbal Conjugations Perfect Imperfect Imperative Cohortative Jussive Inf Construct Inf Absolute Participle

81 Chapter 12f - Intro to Verbs weak verb classification Class Example Description I-Guttural ע מ ד guttural in first root position II-Guttural גּ א ל guttural in second root position ע/ח- III בּ רח ח or ע in third root position א- III מ צ א א in third root position ה- III בּ נ ה ה in third root position י- I י שׁ ב י in first root position נ- I נ פ ל נ in first root position Doubly Weak ע ל ה I-Guttural and ה- III (for one example) Biconsonantal ק ם only two root consonants Geminate ס ב ב identical second and third consonants

82 Chapter 12g - Intro to Verbs verbal sentence word order Normal word order for a verbal sentence is verb-subject-object. object object subject verb בּ רא א לה ים א ת ה שּׁ מ י ם ו א ת ה א רץ God created the heavens and the earth. Gen 1:1 It is not uncommon for the direct object to stand at the beginning of a Hebrew sentence for the purpose of emphasis. verb object א ת י הו ה א לה י ך תּ י רא Yahweh your God you shall fear. Deut 10:20

83 Chapter 13a - Qal Perfect: Strong introduction The Qal Stem Qal verbs are active in voice with the simple or unnuanced type of action. The simple action of the Qal stem is further divided into transitive, intransitive and stative. 1. Transitive. Transitive verbs may take a direct object. In the example the prophet wrote the book, the word book is the direct object of the verb wrote because it receives the verbal action. 2. Intransitive. Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object. In the example the king perished in the battle, the verb perished cannot take a direct object. Other examples of intransitive verbs include to live, to die and to fast. 3. Stative. Stative verbs are used to describe a state of being. In the example, the priest is old, the verbal construction is old describes the state or condition of the subject (the priest). In English, a stative (or state-of-being) idea is expressed with a form of the verb to be (is) and an adjective (old). In Hebrew, a stative idea is expressed ק ט ן (to be heavy) and כּ ב ד through various verbs themselves, such as (to be small). Most stative verbs are considered to be intransitive because they cannot take a direct object. The Perfect Conjugation The Perfect conjugation is used to express a completed action or state of being. It must be emphasized that the Hebrew Perfect does not have tense (time of action) apart from context and issues of syntax. Rather, it signifies aspect (type of action). The Perfect aspect designates a verbal action with its conclusion envisioned in the mind of the speaker or writer. To state it differently, the Perfect aspect denotes completed action, whether in the past, present or future.

84 Chapter 13b - Qal Perfect: Strong qal perfect paradigm Sufformative Perfect Translation 3ms ק ט ל he killed 3fs ק,ט ל ה ל ה she killed 2ms ק ט.ל תּ לתּ you killed 2fs ק ט ל תּ לתּ you killed 1cs ק ט.ל תּ י לתּ י I killed 3cp ק,ט לוּ לוּ they killed 2mp קט ל תּ ם לתּ ם you killed 2fp קט ל תּ ן לתּ ן you killed 1cp ק ט.ל נוּ לנוּ we killed

85 Chapter 13c - Qal Perfect: Strong other strong verbs י שׁ ב ז כ ר כּ ת ב שׁ מ ר ק ב ץ to dwell to remember to write to keep to gather ק ב ץ שׁ מ ר כּ ת ב ז כ ר י שׁ ב 3ms ק,ב צ ה שׁ,מ ר ה כּ>ת ב ה ז>כ ר ה י>שׁ ב ה 3fs ק ב.צ תּ שׁ מ. רתּ כּ ת.ב תּ ז כ. רתּ י שׁ. ב תּ 2ms ק ב צ תּ שׁ מ רתּ כּ ת ב תּ ז כ רתּ י שׁ ב תּ 2fs ק ב.צ תּ י שׁ מ. רתּ י כּ ת.ב תּ י ז כ. רתּ י י שׁ. ב תּ י 1cs ק,ב צוּ שׁ,מ רוּ כּ>ת בוּ ז>כ רוּ י>שׁ בוּ 3cp קב צ תּ ם שׁ מ רתּ ם כּ ת ב תּ ם ז כ רתּ ם י שׁ ב תּ ם 2mp קב צ תּ ן שׁ מ רתּ ן כּ ת ב תּ ן ז כ רתּ ן י שׁ ב תּ ן 2fp ק ב.צ נוּ שׁ מ. רנוּ כּ ת.ב נוּ ז כ. רנוּ י שׁ. ב נוּ 1cp

86 Chapter 13d - Qal Perfect: Strong נ and ת verbal roots ending in When a verbal root ending in ת receives a sufformative beginning with,ת the two identical consonants become one consonant with a Daghesh Forte תת).(תּ Five of the.ת Perfect sufformatives begin with 2ms you cut כּ ר.ת כּ ר.ת תּ 2fs you cut כּ רת כּ רת תּ 1cs I cut כּ ר.ת י כּ ר.ת תּ י 2mp you cut כּ רת ם כּ רת תּ ם 2fp you cut כּ רת ן כּ רת תּ ן When a verbal root ending in נ receives a Perfect sufformative beginning with,נ the two identical consonants become one consonant with Daghesh Forte ננ).(נּ The only sufformative that begins with נ is the 1cp.(נוּ) The final נ of a verbal root may also assimilate into suffirmatives.(תּ נת) ת ending in 1cp we dwell שׁ כ. נ וּ שׁ כ. נ נוּ 1cp we dwell נ ת. ת י נ ת. נ תּ י

87 Chapter 13e - Qal Perfect: Strong stative verbs Stative verbs are classified by their stem vowel. The stem vowel is the vowel that is associated with the second root consonant. In transitive strong verb paradigms, the stem vowel is Pathach as in שׁ מ ר,ק ט ל and.ז כ ר With stative verbs, the stem vowel is variable. Pathach-Stative Tsere-Stative Holem-Stative to be great גּ ד ל to be heavy כּ ב ד to be small ק ט ן to be wise ח כ ם to be old ז ק ן to be able י כ ל Pathach- Tsere- Holem- Stative Stative Stative 3ms גּ דל כּ ב ד ק ט ן 3fs גּ> דל ה כּ>ב ד ה ק,ט נ ה 2ms גּ ד.ל תּ כּ ב. דתּ ק ט.נ תּ 2fs גּ דל תּ כּ ב דתּ ק ט נ תּ 1cs גּ ד.ל תּ י כּ ב. דתּ י ק ט. נ תּ י 3cp גּ> דלוּ כּ>ב דוּ ק,ט נוּ 2mp גּ דל תּ ם כּ ב דתּ ם קט נ תּ ם 2fp גּ דל תּ ן כּ ב דתּ ן קט נ תּ ן 1cp גּ ד.ל נוּ כּ ב. דנוּ ק ט. נּוּ

88 Chapter 13f - Qal Perfect: Strong parsing The parsing of Perfect verbs involves the identification of the verbal stem, conjugation, person, gender, number and verbal root. When parsing, give the appropriate information in the proper order as the following examples illustrate (translation is not a required part of parsing information). I remembered ז כ ר Qal Perfect 1cs ז כ. רתּ י you observed שׁ מ ר Qal Perfect 2fs שׁ מ. רתּ

89 Chapter 13g - Qal Perfect: Strong לא the negative particle Perfect (and Imperfect) verbs are negated with the particle, לא usually translated not. It may also be spelled.לוֹא The negative particle is always placed immediately before the verb. לא שׁ מ רתּ ם א ת ה תּוֹרוֹת You did not observe the laws. לא ז כ. רתּ א ת ה בּ רית You did not remember the covenant.

90 Chapter 13h - Qal Perfect: Strong ה נּ ה the particle The word ה נּ ה (also as ה ן and (ה ן is commonly translated behold. It can stand alone or take Type 1 pronominal suffixes. ה נּ <נּוּ/ה נ נוּ 1cp ה נּ <נ י/ה נ נ י 1cs ה נּ כ ם 2mp ה נּ ך 2ms 2fs ה נּ ך 2fp ה נּ ם 3mp ה נּוֹ 3ms 1. The particle ה נּ ה may be used to add emphasis. ו יּ רא א לה ים א ת כּ ל א שׁ ר ע שׂ ה ו ה נּ ה טוֹב מ א ד And God saw all that he had made, and behold, (it was) very good (Gen 1:31). 2. The particle ה נּ ה may be used to indicate the immediate presence of someone or something. ו ה נּ ה א נ כ י ע מּ ך And behold, I am with you (Gen 28:15). 3. The particle ה נּ ה may be used to introduce a fact or situation upon which a subsequent statement is based. ו יּ אמ ר שׁ מוּא ל א ל כּ ל י שׂ רא ל ה נּ ה שׁ מ ע תּ י ב קל כ ם ל כ ל א שׁ ר א מ רתּ ם ל י ו א מ ל י ך ע ל יכ ם מ ל ך And Samuel said to all of Israel, Behold, I have listened to all that you have said to me and (therefore) I have caused a king to reign over you (1 Sam 12:1).

91 Chapter 14a - Qal Perfect: Weak ע/ח- III I-Guttural, II-Guttural and I-Guttural II-Guttural ע/ח- III Strong ק ט ל שׁ מ ע בּ ח ר ע מ ד 3ms ק,ט ל ה שׁ,מ ע ה בּ>ח רה ע>מ דה 3fs ק ט.ל תּ ק ט ל תּ ק ט.ל תּ י שׁ מ.ע תּ בּ ח. רתּ ע מ. דתּ 2ms שׁ מ.ע תּ בּ ח רתּ ע מ דתּ 2fs שׁ מ.ע תּ י בּ ח. רתּ י ע מ. דתּ י 1cs ק,ט לוּ שׁ,מ עוּ בּ>ח רוּ ע>מ דוּ 3cp קט ל תּ ם שׁ מ ע תּ ם בּ ח רתּ ם ע מ דתּ ם 2mp קט ל תּ ן שׁ מ ע תּ ן בּ ח רתּ ן ע מ דתּ ן 2fp ק ט.ל נוּ שׁ מ.ע נוּ בּ ח. רנוּ ע מ. דנוּ 1cp

92 Chapter 14b - Qal Perfect: Weak א- III א- III Strong ק ט ל מ צ א 3ms ק,ט ל ה מ,צ א ה 3fs 2ms ק ט.ל תּ מ צ.את ק ט ל תּ מ צ את 2fs 1cs ק ט.ל תּ י מ צ.את י ק,ט לוּ מ,צ אוּ 3cp קט ל תּ ם מ צ את ם 2mp קט ל תּ ן מ צ את ן 2fp 1cp ק ט.ל נוּ מ צ.אנוּ

93 Chapter 14c - Qal Perfect: Weak ה- III ה- III Strong ק ט ל בּ נ ה 3ms ק,ט ל ה בּ>נ ת ה 3fs ק ט.ל תּ בּ נ.ית 2ms ק ט ל תּ בּ נ ית 2fs ק ט.ל תּ י בּ נ.ית י 1cs ק,ט לוּ בּ נוּ 3cp קט ל תּ ם בּ נ ית ם 2mp קט ל תּ ן בּ נ ית ן 2fp ק ט.ל נוּ בּ נ.ינוּ 1cp

94 Chapter 14d - Qal Perfect: Weak doubly weak verbs /ה- III /ה- III Strong II-Gutt I-Gutt Verb ק ט ל ע ל ה רא ה 3ms ק,ט ל ה ע,ל ת ה רא ת ה 3fs ק ט.ל תּ ע ל.ית רא. ית 2ms ק ט ל תּ ע ל ית רא ית 2fs ק ט.ל תּ י ע ל.ית י רא. ית י 1cs ק,ט לוּ ע לוּ ראוּ 3cp קט ל תּ ם ע ל ית ם רא ית ם 2mp קט ל תּ ן ע ל ית ן רא ית ן 2fp ק ט.ל נוּ ע ל.ינוּ רא. ינוּ 1cp

95 Chapter 14e - Qal Perfect: Weak geminate verbs Geminate Geminate Geminate Strong Strong Weak 1 Weak 2 Verb ק ט ל תּ ם א רר ס ב ב 3ms ק,ט ל ה תּ. מ ה א, ר רה ס,ב ב ה 3fs ק ט.ל תּ תּ מ.וֹת א ר.וֹת ס ב.וֹת 2ms ק ט ל תּ תּ מ וֹת א רוֹת ס ב וֹת 2fs ק ט.ל תּ י תּ מ.וֹת י א ר.וֹת י ס ב.וֹת י 1cs ק,ט לוּ תּ. מ וּ א, ררוּ ס,ב בוּ 3cp קט ל תּ ם תּ מ וֹת ם א רוֹת ם ס ב וֹת ם 2mp קט ל תּ ן תּ מ וֹת ן א רוֹת ן ס ב וֹת ן 2fp ק ט.ל נוּ תּ מ.וֹנוּ א ר.וֹנוּ ס ב.וֹנוּ 1cp

96 Chapter 14f - Qal Perfect: Weak biconsonantal verbs Strong Strong Strong Weak Verb ק ט ל בּ א שׂ ם ק ם 3ms ק,ט ל ה בּ. א ה שׂ.מ ה ק. מ ה 3fs ק ט.ל תּ בּ. את שׂ.מ תּ ק. מ תּ 2ms ק ט ל תּ בּ את שׂ מ תּ ק מ תּ 2fs ק ט.ל תּ י ק,ט לוּ בּ.את י שׂ. מ תּ י ק.מ תּ י 1cs בּ.אוּ שׂ.מוּ ק. מוּ 3cp קט ל תּ ם בּ את ם שׂ מ תּ ם ק מ תּ ם 2mp קט ל תּ ן בּ את ן שׂ מ תּ ן ק מ תּ ן 2fp ק ט.ל נוּ בּ.אנוּ שׂ. מ נוּ ק. מ נוּ 1cp

97 Chapter 14g - Qal Perfect: Weak ה י ה and נ ת ן information: advanced Strong ה י ה נ ת ן to give to be Verb ק ט ל ה י ה נ ת ן 3ms ק,ט ל ה ה>י ת ה נ>ת נ ה 3fs ק ט.ל תּ ה י< ית נ ת.ת 2ms ק ט ל תּ ה י ית נ ת.ת 2fs ק ט.ל תּ י ה י< ית י נ ת.ת י 1cs ק,ט לוּ ה יוּ נ>ת נוּ 3cp קט ל תּ ם ה י ית ם נ ת ת ם 2mp קט ל תּ ן ה י ית ן נ ת ת ן 2fp ק ט.ל נוּ ה י< ינוּ נ ת. נ וּ 1cp

98 Chapter 14h - Qal Perfect: Weak מוּת and י רא information: advanced Strong מוּת י רא to be afraid to die Verb ק ט ל מ ת י רא 3ms ק,ט ל ה ק ט.ל תּ מ.ת ה י> רא ה 3fs מ.תּ ה י ר.את 2ms ק ט ל תּ מ תּ י ר.את 2fs ק ט.ל תּ י ק,ט לוּ מ.תּ י י ר.את י 1cs מ.תוּ י> ראוּ 3cp קט ל תּ ם מ תּ ם י ראת ם 2mp קט ל תּ ן מ תּ ן י ראת ן 2fp ק ט.ל נוּ מ.ת נוּ י ר.אנוּ 1cp

99 Chapter 15a - Qal Imperfect: Strong master paradigm Suffor- Imperfect Prefor- Translation mative Paradigm mative 3ms י י קט ל he will kill 3fs תּ תּ קט ל she will kill 2ms תּ תּ קט ל you (ms) will kill 2fs תּ תּ קט ל י ב י you (fs) will kill 1cs א א קט ל I will kill 3mp י י קט לוּ וּ they (mp) will kill 3fp תּ תּ קט. ל נ ה נ ה they (fp) will kill 2mp תּ תּ קט לוּ וּ you (mp) will kill 2fp תּ תּ קט. ל נ ה נ ה you (fp) will kill 1cp נ נ קט ל we will kill

100 Chapter 15b - Qal Imperfect: Strong other imperfect strong verbs ק ב ץ שׁ מ ר כּ ת ב ז כ ר to remember to write to keep to gather י קבּ ץ י שׁ מ ר י כ תּ ב י ז כּ ר 3ms תּ קבּ ץ תּ שׁ מ ר תּ כ תּ ב תּ ז כּ ר 3fs תּ קבּ ץ תּ שׁ מ ר תּ כ תּ ב תּ ז כּ ר 2ms תּ קבּ צ י תּ שׁ מ רי תּ כ תּ ב י תּ ז כּ רי 2fs א קבּ ץ א שׁ מ ר א כ תּ ב א ז כּ ר 1cs י קבּ צוּ י שׁ מ רוּ י כ תּ בוּ י ז כּ רוּ 3mp תּ קבּ. צ נ ה תּ שׁ מ. רנ ה תּ כ תּ. ב נ ה תּ ז כּ. רנ ה 3fp תּ קבּ צוּ תּ שׁ מ רוּ תּ כ תּ בוּ תּ ז כּ רוּ 2mp תּ קבּ. צ נ ה תּ שׁ מ. רנ ה תּ כ תּ. ב נ ה תּ ז כּ. רנ ה 2fp נ קבּ ץ נ שׁ מ ר נ כ תּ ב נ ז כּ ר 1cp

101 Chapter 15c - Qal Imperfect: Strong stative verbs With the Imperfect inflection of stative verbs, the stem vowel is Pathach regardless of the stem vowel in the Perfect. Perfect Imperfect י ג ד ל גּ דל Pathach-Stative י כ בּ ד כּ ב ד Tsere-Stative י קט ן ק ט ן Holem-Stative גּ דל כּ ב ד ק ט ן Pathach- Tsere- Holem- Stative Stative Stative 3ms י ג ד ל י כ בּ ד י קט ן 3fs תּ ג ד ל תּ כ בּ ד תּ קט ן 2ms תּ ג ד ל תּ כ בּ ד תּ קט ן 2fs תּ ג ד ל י תּ כ בּ די תּ קט נ י 1cs א ג ד ל א כ בּ ד א קט ן 3mp י ג ד לוּ י כ בּ דוּ י קט נוּ 3fp תּ ג דּ. ל נ ה תּ כ בּ. דנ ה תּ קט. נּ ה 2mp תּ ג ד לוּ תּ כ בּ דוּ תּ קט נוּ 2fp תּ ג דּ. ל נ ה תּ כ בּ. דנ ה תּ קט. נּ ה 1cp נ ג ד ל נ כ בּ ד נ קט ן

102 Chapter 15d - Qal Imperfect: Strong parsing When asked to parse Qal Imperfect verbs, you will be required to identify the verbal stem, conjugation, person, gender, number and verbal root. When parsing, give the required information in the proper order as the following examples illustrate (translation is not a required part of the parsing information). they will hear שׁ מ ע Qal Imperfect 3mp י שׁ מ עוּ he will reign מ ל ך Qal Imperfect 3ms י מ ל ך

103 Chapter 15e - Qal Imperfect: Strong א ל and לא negative particles The Imperfect can be negated with. לא This negative particle is always placed immediately before the verb. It can simply negate the verb or it may be used with the Imperfect for an absolute or permanent prohibition. לא תּ רצ ח you shall not kill (Ex 20:13) לא תּ נ א ף you shall not commit adultery (Ex 20:14) The Imperfact can also be negated with א ל (with Maqqef.(א ל This negative particle is used with the Imperfect to express an immediate, specific and non-durative prohibition. א ל תּ י רא Do not fear! (Gen 15:1) א ל תּ שׁ מ עוּ א ל ד ב רי נ ב יא יכ ם Do not listen to the words of your prophets! (Jer 27:14)

104 Chapter 16a - Qal Imperfect: Weak ע/ח- II-guttural/III II-Guttural ע/ח- III Strong 3ms י ב ח ר י שׁ ל ח י קט ל 3fs תּ ב ח ר תּ שׁ ל ח תּ קט ל 2ms תּ ב ח ר תּ שׁ ל ח תּ קט ל 2fs תּ ב ח רי תּ שׁ ל ח י תּ קט ל י 1cs א ב ח ר א שׁ ל ח א קט ל 3mp י ב ח רוּ י שׁ ל חוּ י קט לוּ 3fp תּ ב ח. רנ ה תּ שׁ ל. ח נ ה תּ קט. ל נ ה 2mp תּ ב ח רוּ תּ שׁ ל חוּ תּ קט לוּ 2fp תּ ב ח. רנ ה תּ שׁ ל. ח נ ה תּ קט. ל נ ה 1cp נ ב ח ר נ שׁ ל ח נ קט ל

105 Chapter 16b - Qal Imperfect: Weak א- III א- III Strong 3ms י מ צ א י קט ל 3fs תּ מ צ א תּ קט ל 2ms תּ מ צ א תּ קט ל 2fs תּ מ צ א י תּ קט ל י 1cs א מ צ א א קט ל 3mp י מ צ אוּ י קט לוּ 3fp תּ מ צ. אנ ה תּ קט. ל נ ה 2mp תּ מ צ אוּ תּ קט לוּ 2fp תּ מ צ. אנ ה תּ קט. ל נ ה 1cp נ מ צ א נ קט ל

106 Chapter 16c - Qal Imperfect: Weak ה- III ה- III Strong י קט ל י ב נ ה 3ms תּ קט ל תּ ב נ ה 3fs תּ קט ל תּ ב נ ה 2ms תּ קט ל י תּ ב נ י 2fs א קט ל א ב נ ה 1cs י קט לוּ י ב נוּ 3mp 3fp תּ קט. ל נ ה תּ ב נ.ינ ה תּ קט לוּ תּ ב נוּ 2mp 2fp תּ קט. ל נ ה תּ ב נ.ינ ה נ קט ל נ ב נ ה 1cp

107 Chapter 16d - Qal Imperfect: Weak I-guttural I-Guttural I-Guttural Type 1 Type 2 Strong י קט ל י ע מ ד י ח ז ק 3ms תּ קט ל תּ ע מ ד תּ ח ז ק 3fs תּ קט ל תּ ע מ ד תּ ח ז ק 2ms תּ קט ל י תּ ע מ די תּ ח ז קי 2fs א קט ל א ע מ ד א ח ז ק 1cs י קט לוּ י ע מ דוּ י ח ז קוּ 3mp תּ קט. ל נ ה תּ ע מ. דנ ה תּ ח ז < קנ ה 3fp תּ קט לוּ תּ ע מ דוּ תּ ח ז קוּ 2mp תּ קט. ל נ ה תּ ע מ. דנ ה תּ ח ז < קנ ה 2fp נ קט ל נ ע מ ד נ ח ז ק 1cp

108 Chapter 16e - Qal Imperfect: Weak א- I א- I א- I Type 1 Type 2 Strong 3ms י א ס ר י אמ ר י קט ל 3fs תּ א ס ר תּ אמ ר תּ קט ל 2ms תּ א ס ר תּ אמ ר תּ קט ל 2fs תּ א ס רי תּ אמ רי תּ קט ל י 1cs א א ס ר א מ ר א קט ל 3mp י א ס רוּ י אמ רוּ י קט לוּ 3fp תּ א ס. רנ ה תּ אמ. רנ ה תּ קט. ל נ ה 2mp תּ א ס רוּ תּ אמ רוּ תּ קט לוּ 2fp תּ א ס. רנ ה תּ אמ. רנ ה תּ קט. ל נ ה 1cp נ א ס ר נ אמ ר נ קט ל

109 Chapter 16f - Qal Imperfect: Weak biconsonantal classification Qal Perfect 3ms Qal Imperfect 3ms Lexical Entry - Class וּ he arose קם he will arise י קוּם to arise קוּם Class -ב י he placed שׂ ם he will place י שׂ ים to place שׂ ים - Class וֹ he entered בּ א he will enter י בוֹא to enter בּוֹא

110 Chapter 16g - Qal Imperfect: Weak biconsonantal paradigms Class וּ Class ב י Class וֹ קוּם שׂ ים בּוֹא Strong י קט ל י בוֹא י שׂ ים י קוּם 3ms תּ קט ל תּ בוֹא תּ שׂ ים תּ קוּם 3fs תּ קט ל תּ בוֹא תּ שׂ ים תּ קוּם 2ms תּ קט ל י תּ ב.וֹא י תּ שׂ. ימ י תּ ק.וּמ י 2fs א קט ל א בוֹא א שׂ ים א קוּם 1cs י קט לוּ י ב.וֹאוּ י שׂ. ימוּ י ק.וּמוּ 3mp תּ קט. ל נ ה תּ ב.וֹאנ ה תּ שׂ ימ. ינ ה תּ קוּמ.ינ ה 3fp תּ קט לוּ תּ ב.וֹאוּ תּ שׂ. ימוּ תּ ק.וּמוּ 2mp תּ קט. ל נ ה תּ ב.וֹאנ ה תּ שׂ ימ. ינ ה תּ קוּמ.ינ ה 2fp נ קט ל נ בוֹא נ שׂ ים נ קוּם 1cp