THE ZIONIST IDEA. A Historical Analysis and Reader. by Arthur Hertzberg EDITED AND WITH AN INTRODUCTION, AN AFTERWORD AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

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1 THE ZIONIST IDEA A Historical Analysis and Reader EDITED AND WITH AN INTRODUCTION, AN AFTERWORD AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES by Arthur Hertzberg The Jewish Publication Society Philadelphia and Jerusalem

2 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I \ INTRODUCTION I Part 1: Precursors i o i RABBI YEHUD AH ALKALAI THE THIRD REDEMPTION (1843) I O RABBI ZVIHIRSCH KALISCHER i J95-i SEEKING ZION (1862) III A Natural Beginning of the Redemption 111 The Holiness of Labor on the Land 113 MOSES HESS ^ 116 ROME AND JERUSALEM (1862) 119 My Way of Return 119 German Anti-Semitism and Jewish Assimilation 1 2 o The Reawakening of the Nations What is Judaism!- 123 The Mission of Israel 127 The Nation as Part of Humanity 128 The Sabbath of History 130 Toward the Jewish Restoration 132

3 Comments 1. JEWISH CREATIVITY 2. PREJUDICE AND DOGMA AND THE RESTORATION 3. A CHANGE OF SPIRIT 4. SOCIAL REGENERATION 5. A SPIRITUAL CENTER Part 2: Outcry in Russia the 1870's and 1880's 141 PERETZ SMOLENSKIN IT IS TIME TO PLANT (187^-1877) LET US SEARCH OUR WAYS (1881) THE HASKALAH OF BERLIN (1883) ELIEZER BEN-YEHUDAH A LETTER OF BEN-YEHUDAH (1880) MOSHE LEIB LILIENBLUM THE WAY OF RETURN (1881) LET US NOT CONFUSE THE ISSUES (1882) THE FUTURE OF OUR PEOPLE (1883) LEOPINSKER AUTO-EMANCIPATION: AN APPEAL TO HIS PEOPLE BY A RUSSIAN JEW (1882) l8l Summary 198 Part 3: Headlong into the World Arena Theodor Herzl Appears 199 THEODORHERZL FIRST ENTRY IN HIS DIARY (1895)

4 THE JEWISH STATE (1896) Preface Chapter 1; Introduction Chapter 2: The Jewish Question PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS AT A SOLUTION CAUSES OF ANTI-SEMITISM EFFECTS OF ANTI-SEMITISM THE PLAN PALESTINE OR ARGENTINA? Conclusion FIRST CONGRESS ADDRESS (1897) AFTER A MASS MEETING IN THE EAST END (1896) AXNORDAU SPEECH TO THE FIRST ZIONIST CONGRESS (1897) 23S ZIONISM (1902) 242 Part 4: The Agnostic Rabbi Ahad Ha-Am 247 AHADHA-AM(ASHERZVIGLNSBERG) THE LAW OF THE HEART (1894) 251 FLESH AND SPIRIT (1904) 256 ON NATIONALISM AND RELIGION (1910) 26l THE JEWISH STATE AND THE JEWISH PROBLEM (1897) 262 THE NEGATION OF THE DIASPORA (1909) 270 HAYYIM NAHMAN BIALIK BIALIK ON THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY (1925) 28l

5 Part 5: Rebels at Their Most Defiant 289 MICAH JOSEPH BERDICHEVSKI WRECKING AND BUILDING ( ) 293 IN TWO DIRECTIONS ( ) 295 THE QUESTION OF CULTURE ( ) 297 THE QUESTION OF OUR PAST ( ) 299 ON SANCTITY (1899) 301 JOSEPH HAYYIM BRENNER SELF-CRITICISM (1914) 307 JACOB KLATZKLN BOUNDARIES ( ) 316 Judaism Is Nationalism 316 A Nation Must Have Its Own Land and Language 318 Assimilation Is Possible 320 The Galut Is Unworthy of Survival 322 THE GALUT FALSIFIES OUR NATIONAL CHARACTER 32 2 THE GALUT IS CORRUPTING OUR HUMAN CHARACTER AND DIGNITY 323 The Galut Must Be Preserved Long Enough To Be Transcended 324 The National Renaissance and Personal Dignity 325 Part 6: The Zionism of Marxist and Utopian Socialists 329 NAHMAN SYRKIN THE JEWISH PROBLEM AND THE SOCIALIST-JEWISH STATE (1898) 333

6 1. Jews and Gentiles Emancipation and Anti-Semitism Jews and Socialism Zionism 345. The Socialist-Jewish State 349 BERBOROCHOV THE NATIONAL QUESTION AND THE CLASS STRUGGLE (190^) 355 OUR PLATFORM (1906) 360 AARON DAVID GORDON LOGIC FOR THE FUTURE (1910) 371 PEOPLE AND LABOR (1911) 372 SOME OBSERVATIONS (191 1) 375 OUR TASKS AHEAD (1920) 379 YOM KIPPUR (1921) 383 FINAL REFLECTIONS (1921) 384 BERL KATZENELSON REVOLUTION AND TRADITION (1934) 390 Part 7: Religious Nationalists, Old and New 397 RABBI SAMUEL MOHILEVER MESSAGE TO THE FIRST ZIONIST CONGRESS (1897) 4OI YEHLEL MICHAEL PINES ON RELIGIOUS REFORMS (i ) 409 The Religious Idea 409 Methods in Reforms 410 JEWISH NATIONALISM CANNOT BE SECULAR (1895) 411

7 RELIGION IS THE SOURCE OF JEWISH NATIONALISM (189J) 412 JEWS WILL ACCEPT HARDSHIP ONLY IN THE HOLY LAND (1892) 414 RABBI ABRAHAM ISAAC KOOK THE LAND OF ISRAEL ( ) 419 THE WAR ( ) 422 THE REBIRTH OF ISRAEL ( ) 424 LIGHTS FOR REBIRTH ( ) 427 SAMUEL HAYYIM LANDAU TOWARD AN EXPLANATION OF OUR IDEOLOGY (1924) 434 JUDAH LEON MAGNES "LIKE ALL THE NATIONS?" (1930) 443 MARTIN BUBER THE JEW IN THE WORLD (1934) 453 HEBREW HUMANISM (1942) 457 FROM AN OPEN LETTER TO MAHATMA GANDHI (1939) 463 Part 8: Intellectuals in Search of Roots 467 BERNARD LAZARE JEWISH NATIONALISM AND EMANCIPATION ( ) 47 I EDMONDFLEG WHY I AM A JEW (1927) 480 LUDWIGLEWISOHN A YEAR OF CRISIS (1933) 488

8 Part 9: In the New World 493 RICHARD JAMES HORATIO GOTTHELL THE AIMS OF ZIONISM (1898) 496 SOLOMON SCHECHTER ZIONISM: A STATEMENT (1906) 504 LOUIS DEMBITZ BRANDEIS THE JEWISH PROBLEM AND HOW TO SOLVE IT (191^) 517 HORACE MAYER KALLEN JEWISH LIFE IS NATIONAL AND SECULAR (1918) 526 ZIONISM AND LIBERALISM (1919) 528 JEWISH UNITY (1933) 531 MORDECAIMENAHEM KAPLAN born THE FUTURE OF THE AMERICAN JEW (1948) 536 No Jewish Homeland without Judaism in the Diaspora 536 The Negation of Jewish Life in the Diaspora 539 The Need of a Twofold Norm for Jewish Life 541 Educational Aim in Terms of Tradition and Social Structure 542 Part 10: Ideologists in Action 545 RABBI MEIR BAR-ILAN (BERLIN) WHAT KIND OF LIFE SHOULD WE CREATE IN ERETZ ISRAEL? (1922) 548 VLADIMIR JABOTINSKY EVIDENCE SUBMITTED TO THE PALESTINE ROYAL COMMISSION (1937) 559

9 CHAIMWEIZMANN ZIONISM NEEDS A LIVING CONTENT (1914) 575 REMINISCENCES (1927) 578 ON THE REPORT OF THE PALESTINE COMMISSION (1937) 583 RABBI ABBA HILLEL SILVER TOWARD AMERICAN JEWISH UNITY (1943) 592 AMERICAN JEWRY IN WAR AND AFTER (1944) 600 DAVID BEN-GURION THE IMPERATIVES OF THE JEWISH REVOLUTION (1944) 606 AFTERWORD 62 1 NOTES 637 A NOTE ON SOURCES 646 SOURCES 647

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