UNIT 1 WESTWARD EXPANSION: NATIVE AMERICANS/PURITANS NOTEBOOK CHECK

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1 1. UNIT 1 WESTWARD EXPANSION: NATIVE AMERICANS/PURITANS NOTEBOOK CHECK

2 THE NATIVE AMERICANS (p. 10) NOTEBOOK CHECK #1 INTRODUCTION TO UNIT 1: WESTWARD EXPANSION/RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE THE COLONIAL PERIOD (The Beginning Mid 1700s) arrived in the Western Hemisphere in the late 1400s claiming that they had discovered a new world; however, the continent of North America was already inhabited by. Many of their ancestors had come there from by crossing the, a land bridge that connected Asia to Alaska. These descendants spread throughout the land, adapting to the areas they settled in; as a result, these inhabitants were not all alike. While some settled in Mexico and Central America and created complex societies, others remained in what is now known as the United States. These Native Americans hunted, lived simply in dwellings, and passed on their knowledge through. THE SACRED EARTH AND THE POWER OF STORYTELLING (pp )) Native Americans believed that the and were sacred, and they cared deeply about the natural world. This respect was handed down throughout generations. As a result, and were valued members of Native American communities. The Native Americans attitude toward the earth and all its creations formed their. They believed that all living things, as well as all forces of nature, were part of a great that must be respected, and all of their religious ceremonies revolved around the events of this natural cycle. They also saw spiritual value in the natural world, and they contacted these spirits through their and. These people s view of the sacredness of the natural world is evident in their tales and songs. Since the Native Americans believed that the natural world was sacred, they felt that should own land; instead, land should belong to. As a result of this belief, they conflicted with the early settlers who insisted on owning their own land. This disagreement often led to the Native Americans signing treaties with the white settlers that they didn t understand, which resulted in open land for white settlement. Native American stories have been passed down orally for thousands of years, were often a mix of and, and were thought to link the spirits of and.

3 EUROPEAN CONTACT (p. 10) In the early 1400s, Europeans decided to start exploring the rest of the world due to a growth in between Europe and Asia and advances in and. Once Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, cultural contact between Europe and the Western Hemisphere began. What resulted from this contact affected the history of the world, for this European exploration, conquest and settlement led to the founding of many new. However, this caused great tragedy for the, as the Europeans them for their land and brought that killed many of them. A COLLISION OF CULTURES (p. 14) As European explorers set off for this New World, they kept of the hardships they encountered on their journeys. Once Europeans began creating settlements, started to develop between them and the American Indians, which led to. However, the Europeans were able to overcome the Native Americans due to their. This combined with the rapid spread of illness among the Native Americans by diseases brought by the Europeans caused few Native Americans to past the end of the 1600s. TERMS IMPORTANT TO NATIVE AMERICAN MYTHOLOGY (pp ) The Tradition Oral Literature: Primarily oral literature [Why?]

4 Myth: What is the purpose of a myth? Relationship With Nature Origin Myth: The literature emphasizes Creation Myths Creation Myths Rituals and Songs

5 Tales of Heroes and Tricksters (archetypes) Archetype Creation Myth Characteristics Characteristics include: The trickster The first man and woman whose job it is to continue to create both offspring and plants and animals The flood hero who saves mankind from the great waters and begins again Trickster Tales.

6 NOTEBOOK CHECK #2 ARCHETYPES Archetypal Character Description Examples The Hero A larger-than-life character that often goes on some kind of journey or quest. In the course of his journey, the hero demonstrates the qualities and abilities valued by his culture. The Father Figure The Mother Figure The Fatal Woman or Temptress The Witch Monster/Villain The Innocent The Alter Ego or Double Helpers Wise Old Woman or Man ~ Wise Animal The Trickster/The Fool The Underdog The protector and leader The protective nurturer and gentle provider A woman who uses her power (intellect, magic, or most of all, beauty) to make men, especially the Hero, weak A woman, often a hag (though she may be disguised as a beautiful young woman), who attempts to trap and destroy the protagonist The antagonist, especially in opposition to the hero. An inexperienced male or female character that is exposed to the evils in the world Reveals the dual nature of man Characters that assist or guide the protagonist Characters who trick others to get them to do what s/he wants they can be both virtuous and nefarious. Characters who are always in the wrong place at the wrong time, but who usually win something of value in the end.

7 NOTEBOOK CHECK #3 NATIVE AMERICAN MYTHS THE SKY TREE ABOUT THE AUTHOR/ BUILDING BACKGROUND The Sky Tree is a creation myth of the tribe who lived northeast of the Great Lakes. This myth is an example of an myth because it involves a living being diving down into the water to retrieve mud that will be spread onto the back of the Great Turtle. This mud will eventually grow around the back to form. LITERARY ELEMENTS Oral Tradition Myth The Sky Tree Huron Eastern Woodland Retold by Joseph Bruch In the beginning, Earth was covered with water. In Sky Land, there were people living as they do now on Earth. In the middle of that land was the great Sky Tree. All of the food which the people in that Sky Land ate came from the great tree. The old chief of that land lived with his wife, whose name was Aataentsic, meaning Ancient Woman, in their longhouse near the great tree. It came to be that the old chief became sick and nothing could cure him. He grew weaker and weaker until it seemed he would die. Then a dream came to him and he called Aataentsic to him. I have dreamed, he said, and in my dream I saw how I can be healed. I must be given the fruit which grows at the very top of the Sky Tree. You must cut it down and bring that fruit to me. Aataentsic took her husband s stone ax and went to the great tree. As soon as she struck it, it split in half and toppled over. As it fell a hole opened in Sky Land and the tree fell through the hole. Aataentsic returned to the place where the chief waited. My husband, she said, when I cut the tree it split in half and then fell through a great hole. Without the tree, there can be no life. I must follow it. Then, leaving her husband she went back to the hole in Sky Land and threw herself after the great tree. As Aataentsic fell, Turtle looked up and saw her. Immediately Turtle READ & RESPOND TO THE TEXT What is the Sky Tree, and why is it important to the people in Sky Land? Why does Aataentsic cut down the tree, and what does that action reveal about her relationship with her husband? Which animal observes Aataentsic s fall? What role does this animal assume? ANALYZE & EVALUATE What is the function of the old chief s dream in this myth?

8 called together all the water animals and told them what she had seen. What should be done? Turtle asked. Beaver answered her, You are the one who saw this happen. Tell us what to do. All of you must dive down, Turtle said. Bring up soil from the bottom, and place it on my back. Immediately all of the water animals began to dive down and bring up soil. Beaver, Mink, Muskrat, and Otter each brought up pawfuls of wet soil and placed the soil on Turtle s back until they had made an island of great size. When they were through, Aataentsic settled down gently on the new Earth and the pieces of the great tree fell beside her and took root. What does this myth suggest about the importance that Native Americans attribute to knowledge gained from dreams? What motivates Aataentsic to follow the Sky Tree into the hole? How do you view her actions? READ & RESPOND TO THE TEXT Questioning Why is the old chief s dream important to the story? Why do you think the Huron preserved and perpetuated this piece of oral literature? Big Idea How is the Native American attitude toward the natural world reflected through the action of the water animals who dive down and bring up soil to place on Turtle s back? Drawing Conclusions Based on the actions of the wife and the fact that she has been given a vital role in the myth, what do you conclude about the Huron s beliefs about the role of husbands and wives? CONNECT TO THE BIG IDEA What does the role of water animals in the creation of Earth suggest about Native American attitudes toward other living creatures?

9 NOTEBOOK CHECK #4 NATIVE AMERICAN MYTHS HOW THE WORLD WAS MADE ABOUT THE AUTHOR/ BUILDING BACKGROUND How the World was Made is a creation myth of the Cherokee Indians that explains how the world began. Like many of the tribe s myths, we are able to read them today thanks to James Mooney, a Smithsonian Institution anthropologist who lived with the tribe between 1887 and After gaining their trust, he collected tribe members firsthand accounts of their rituals and stories. LITERARY ELEMENTS Oral Literature Creation Myth Archetype HOW THE WORLD WAS MADE A Cherokee creation story, as written down in the late 1800s. BY JAMES MOONEY From Myths of the Cherokee, Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology , Part I [1900]. The earth is a great island floating in a sea of water, and suspended at each of the four cardinal points by a cord hanging down from the sky vault, which is of solid rock. When the world grows old and worn out, the people will die and the cords will break and let the earth sink down into the ocean, and all will be water again. The Indians are afraid of this. When all was water, the animals were above in Gälûñ lätï, beyond the arch; but it was very much crowded, and they were wanting more room. They wondered what was below the water, and at last Dâyuni sï, Beaver s Grandchild, the little Water-beetle, offered to go and see if it could learn. It darted in every direction over the surface of the water, but could find no firm place to rest. Then it dived to the bottom and came up with some soft mud, which began to grow and spread on every side until it became the island which we call the earth. It was afterward fastened to the sky with four cords, but no one remembers who did this. At first the earth was flat and very soft and wet. The animals were anxious to get down, and sent out different birds to see if it was yet dry, but they found no place to alight and came back again to Gälûñ lätï. At last it seemed to be time, and they sent out the Buzzard and told him to go and make ready for them. This was the Great Buzzard, the father of all the buzzards we see now. He flew all over the earth, low down near the ground, and it was still soft. When he reached the Cherokee country, he was very tired, and his wings began to flap and strike the ground, and wherever they struck the earth there was a valley, and where they turned up again there was a mountain. When the animals above saw this, they were afraid that the whole world would be mountains, so they called him back, but the Cherokee country remains full of mountains to this day. When the earth was dry and the animals came down, it was still dark, so they got the sun and set it in a track to go every day across the island from east to west, just overhead. It was too hot this way, and Tsiska gïlï, the Red Crawfish, had his shell scorched a bright What is the little Waterbeetle s role in the creation of Earth? What does this tell you about Cherokee reverence for all creatures? What do the conjurers do? Who do you think the conjurers are? Explain. ARCHETYPE What traits does the Great Buzzard share with characters you know from other stories? What do you conclude is the reason that the Cherokee don t eat crawfish?

10 red, so that his meat was spoiled; and the Cherokee do not eat it. The conjurers put the sun another hand-breadth higher in the air, but it was still too hot. They raised it another time, and another, until it was seven handbreadths high and just under the sky arch. Then it was right, and they left it so. This is why the conjurers call the highest place Gûlkwâ gine Di gälûñ lätiyûñ, the seventh height, because it is seven hand-breadths above the earth. Every day the sun goes along under this arch, and returns at night on the upper side to the starting place. There is another world under this, and it is like ours in everything animals, plants, and people save that the seasons are different. The streams that come down from the mountains are the trails by which we reach this underworld, and the springs at their heads are the doorways by which we enter, it, but to do this one must fast and, go to water and have one of the underground people for a guide. We know that the seasons in the underworld are different from ours, because the water in the springs is always warmer in winter and cooler in summer than the outer air. When the animals and plants were first made we do not know by whom they were told to watch and keep awake for seven nights, just as young men now fast and keep awake when they pray to their medicine. They tried to do this, and nearly all were awake through the first night, but the next night several dropped off to sleep, and the third night others were asleep, and then others, until, on the seventh night, of all the animals only the owl, the panther, and one or two more were still awake. To these were given the power to see and to go about in the dark, and to make prey of the birds and animals which must sleep at night. Of the trees only the cedar, the pine, the spruce, the holly, and the laurel were awake to the end, and to them it was given to be always green and to be greatest for medicine, but to the others it was said: Because you have not endured to the end you shall lose your, hair every winter. Men came after the animals and plants. At first there were only a brother and sister until he struck her with a fish and told her to multiply, and so it was. In seven days a child was born to her, and thereafter every seven days another, and they increased very fast until there was danger that the world could not keep them. Then it was made that a woman should have only one child in a year, and it has been so ever since. CONNECT TO THE BIG IDEA Why do you think the Cherokee people explain natural phenomena in story form? What do their explanations suggest about their relationship with nature? What does the narrator say when Cherokee tradition has no answer or explanation for an occurrence? According to the Cherokee, why are animals such as owls and panthers nocturnal? We see that the animals and plants that were able to keep awake for seven nights were rewarded with special characteristics. What moral lesson might the Cherokee have been trying to teach through these animals and plants? Another archetype found in many myths and folktales is a daunting challenge or test that only heroic characters can overcome. How does this archetype appear in this myth? For the Cherokee, are humans more important than plants or animals or equal to them? Support your answer with examples from the myth.

11 Notebook Check #5 Creation Narratives Comparison Chart The creation and fall of man, from Genesis From the King James Bible, Genesis 1:1 2:9, 2:15 17, 3:1 24. The Garden of Eden, as depicted by Hieronymus Bosch in 1504 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day. And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good. And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so. And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good. And the evening and the morning were the third day. And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years: And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so. And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also. And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good. And the evening and the morning were the fourth day. And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good. And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth. And the evening and the morning were the fifth day. And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth. And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat. And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so. And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day. Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them. And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had

12 made. And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made. These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens, And every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew: for the LORD God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground. But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground. And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. And the LORD God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed. And out of the ground made the LORDGod to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it. And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat: But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which thelord God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden? And the woman said unto the serpent, We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden: But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die. And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die: For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil. And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat. And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons. And they heard the voice of the LORD God walking in the garden in the cool of the day: and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the LORD God amongst the trees of the garden. And the LORD God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou? And he said, I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself. And he said, Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hast thou eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat? And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat. And the LORD God said unto the woman, What is this that thou hast done? And the woman said, The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat. And the LORD God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life: And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel. Unto the woman he said, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee. And unto Adam he said, Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life; Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field; In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return. And Adam called his wife s name Eve; because she was the mother of all living. Unto Adam also and to his wife did the LORD God make coats of skins, and clothed them. And the LORD God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever: Therefore the LORD God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken. So he drove out the man; and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden Cherubim, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life.

13 Creation Story Comparison Chart Short description of the way this culture describes the Creation of the world. Huron Cherokee European Who created the earth in this story? Why was the earth created in this story? Why were humans created in this Creation story? What did the creator of the humans in this Creation story see as their proper relationship to the land? How might the differences that you see in these views of the role for humans affect these cultures when they meet in the Americas? How might it affect their differing view and treatment of the land?