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1 table of contents m a p s, c h a rts, a n d r e con t r u ct ion s INTRODUCTION Climate Patterns of Ancient Palestine vi International Routes vii OLD TESTAMENT GENESIS Noah s Ark 10 The Table of Nations 13 A Ziggurat Dating to the Babylonian Period 14 Life of Abraham 15 The Migration of Abraham 17 Abraham in Canaan 18 Military Route of the Kings from the North 19 The Ancient Near East in the Time of the Patriarchs (ca ) 21 The Journey to Shur 22 Sodom and Gomorrah 24 Moab 25 Family of Abraham 26 Gerar 27 The Wilderness of Paran 28 Mount Moriah 29 Beer-lahai-roi Isaac s Home 35 Travels of Jacob 40 The Journeys of Joseph 54 EXODUS Egypt: Land of Bondage Plagues 82 Canaan in the Fourteenth Century: The Tell El-Amarna Tablets 89 The Route of the Exodus 90 The Ten Commandments 98 Garments of the High Priest 107 The Tabernacle and Its Court 114 Ark of the Covenant 118 LEVITICUS The Sacrificial System 129 Priests in the Old Testament 151

2 contents: maps, charts, & reconstructions Jewish Feasts and Festivals 153 NUMBERS Journey of the Spies 181 Kadesh-Barnea 182 The Journey from Kadesh-Barnea to the Plains of Moab 192 DEUTERONOMY Covenant and Law Codes 225 JOSHUA Joshua s Central and Southern Campaigns 258 Joshua s Northern Campaign 270 The Tribal Allotments of Israel 273 The Pentapolis 277 Levitical Cities and Cities of Refuge 283 Limits of Israelite Settlement and the Land Yet to Be Conquered 284 Cities of Joshua s Conquest JUDGES The Judges of Israel 296 Ehud and the Oppression of the Moabiltes 300 Deborah s Victories Over the Canaanites 301 Gideon s Battles With the Amalekites 309 Samson and the Philistines 315 RUTH 1 SAMUEL The Battle at Ebenezer and the Loss of the Ark 342 The Ministry of Samuel and the Anointing of Saul 346 The Kingdom of Saul and His Wars 349 An Ancient Judean Soldier 355 The Family of David 356 David s Flight from Saul 361 David s Rise to Power SAMUEL Jerusalem in the Time of David 388 David s Wars of Conquest KINGS Kingdom of David and Solomon 418 Solomon s Economic Enterprises 424 Solomon s Building Activities 427

3 contents: maps, charts, & reconstructions The Jordan Valley 429 Solomon s Temple 431 The Campaign of Shishak and Rehoboam s Defense Lines 443 Conflict Between Israel and Aram Damascus 446 The Omride Dynasty 448 Elijah and Elisha KINGS Conflict Between Israel and Aram Damascus 473 The Revolt of Jehu 477 The Assyrian Empire Under Tiglath-Pileser 484 Tiglath-Pileser III s Campaigns and Areas Transformed into Assyrian Provinces 486 Judah Alone 487 The Fall of Samaria and Deportation of Israelites 488 Assyrian Districts After the Fall of Samaria 490 Hezekiah s Revolt 493 Hezekiah s Jerusalem 494 The Reign of Josiah 499 The Rise of the Neo-Babylonian Empire 501 Jewish Refugees in Egypt CHRONICLES The Tribal Allotments of Israel 515 David s Rise to Power 526 Ark of the Covenant 529 Solomon s Temple 544 Solomon s Building Activities 551 Jerusalem in the time of David and Solomon 553 Solomon s Temple, Cutaway View 560 Kings of the Divided Monarchy 563 The Campaign of Shishak and Rehoboam s Defense Lines 566 Asa and the Ethiopean Invasion CHRONICLES Assyrian Supremacy in the Seventh Century 589 The Reign of Josiah 591 EZRA The Conquests of Cyrus the Great 600 Kings of Persia 606 The Returns of the Jewish Exiles to Judah 608

4 contents: maps, charts, & reconstructions NEHEMIAH The Return from Exile 618 The Province of Judah and Nehemiah s Enemies in the Fifth Century BC 622 ESTHER Heart of the Persian Empire During the Time of Esther 642 JOB PSALMS PROVERBS Forms of Wisdom Teaching in Proverbs 856 ECCLESIASTES SONG OF SONGS ISAIAH The Hebrew Prophets in History 925 Solomon s Temple 932 The Syro-Ephraimite War 934 Hezekiah s Jerusalem 973 Sennacherib s Campaign Against Judah 973 JEREMIAH Nebuchadnezzar s Campaigns Against Judah 1089 Judah During the Exile 1092 Jewish Refugees in Egypt 1095 LAMENTATIONS EZEKIEL Jewish Exiles in Babylonia 1141 Ezekiel Speaks to the Exiles 1150 The Valley of Dry Bones 1187 DANIEL Kings of the Neo-Babylonian Empire 1206 Reconstruction of Ancient Babylon 1208 The Persian Empire 1217 HOSEA JOEL AMOS Israel and Judah in the Days of Jereboam II and Uzziah 1263 An Eighth Century Hebrew Home 1269 OBADIAH JONAH

5 contents: maps, charts, & reconstructions MICAH Prophets of the Eighth Century BC 1301 NAHUM HABAKKUK ZEPHANIAH HAGGAI ZECHARIAH MALACHI INTERTESTAMENTAL HISTORY Alexander the Great s Empire Division of Alexander s Empire The Ptolemies and the Seleucids 1362 Palestine Under the Ptolemies 1363 The Seleucid Empire and Antiochus Campaign of Antiochus IV Against Egypt Family of Mattathias and the Maccabean Revolt 1368 Selected Events in the Maccabean Revolt 1369 Hasmonean Rulers 1371 Jewish Expansion Under the Hasmonean Dynasty 1373 Early Rome 1374 The Rise of Rome 1375 Events and Personalities of Rome, B.C The Emperors of Rome 1377 Roman Expansion in the Third and Second Centuries B.C Civil Wars and the Expansion of Rome in the First Century B.C Pompey s Campaign Against Jerusalem 1382 Pompey s Siege of Jerusalem 1383 The Roman Empire in the Age of Augustus Roman Rule in Palestine 1388 Kingdom of Herod the Great 1389 Herod s Building Program 1390 Reconstruction of NT Jericho 1391 Herodian Jericho Herodian Rulers 1394 Roman Governors of the First Procuratorship, (A.D. 6-41) 1394 Divisions of Herod s Kingdom 1395

6 contents: maps, charts, & reconstructions Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls 1399 Qumran Caves 1399 NEW TESTAMENT MATTHEW First Century A.D. House in Israel 1417 The 12 Apostles and Their History 1419 First Century Synagogue 1422 The Ministry of Jesus Beyond Galilee 1431 First Century Winepress 1438 Titus s Campaigns 1442 MARK John the Baptizer 1457 Galilee in the Time of Jesus 1459 LUKE Floor Plan for Herod s Temple Jesus Birth and Early Childhood 1494 The Ministry of Jesus Around the Sea of Galilee 1500 Model of First Century Jerusalem 1518 Jesus in Judea and Jerusalem 1526 Reconstruction of Jerusalem at the Time of Jesus 1529 The Siege of Jerusalem, A.D JOHN Jerusalem in the NT Period 1545 John the Baptizer in Aenon and Salim 1547 The Pool of Bethesda at Jerusalem 1549 Jesus Journey from Galilee to Judea 1563 The Passion Week in Jerusalem 1573 ACTS Pentecost and the Jewish Diaspora 1586 Reconstruction of Herod s Temple 1588 Expansion of the Early Church in Palestine 1591 Paul s Conversion and Early Ministry 1599 The First Missionary Journey of Paul 1608 The Second Missionary Journey of Paul 1612 Reconstruction of First Century Athens, Greece 1616 The Third Missionary Journey of Paul 1619 Reconstruction of the Artemesion in Ephesus 1621

7 contents: maps, charts, & reconstructions Reconstruction of Miletus 1624 Paul s Arrest and Imprisonment 1627 Reconstruction of Caesarea Maritima 1630 Paul s Voyage to Rome 1635 Reconstruction of Rome 1639 ROMANS 1 CORINTHIANS Reconstruction of First Century Corinth 1666 Lighthouse in the Harbor at Alexandria CORINTHIANS GALATIANS Galatia 1702 EPHESIANS PHILIPPIANS COLOSSIANS 1 THESSALONIANS 2 THESSALONIANS 1 TIMOTHY 2 TIMOTHY TITUS Crete 1770 PHILEMON HEBREWS The Holy Place 1788 The Veil Separating the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place 1788 JAMES Climate Patterns of Ancient Palestine PETER 2 PETER 1 JOHN 2 JOHN 3 JOHN JUDE REVELATION The Seven Churches of the Revelation 1846 Through the Gate of the Eternal City 1866 BULLET NOTES HCSB 873

8 contents: maps, charts, & reconstructions 8 APPENDIX Millennial Perspectives on Revelation Prophecies of Jesus Second Coming The Expansion of Christianity in the Second and Third Centuries AD Ancient Versions of the Biblical Text 1882 The Hebrew Canon of the Old Testament 1883 Comparison Lists of Old Testament Books The Apocrypha 1886 Stages in the Development of the New Testament Canon 1887 Table of Weights and Measures Read the Bible Through in a Year plan CONCORDANCE Index of ARTICLES Art Credits

9 land is the Fifth Gospel is an expression often heard. It was an early expression in the church, attributed to both Cyril of The Jerusalem (315-86) and Jerome ( ) both of whom lived in the Holy Land. Knowing, understanding, and experiencing the land of the Bible illuminate both the Old and New Testaments. Biblical scholar Terry Hulbert says interpreting the Bible apart from knowledge of the geographical, historical, and cultural contexts in which it is set is like watching a Shakespearean drama in an empty warehouse. You hear the lines of the actors but there is so much missing. The Holman Illustrated Study Bible is no substitute for a direct experience of the lands in which the events of the Bible took place. But this Bible contains a wealth of images that help the student of the Bible gain a sense of the settings in which God placed His people, into which He came to live as a man, and across which the message of the Good News was delivered by the apostles. For some of the major world religions, time and space are illusory and the claims of those religions aren t dependent on historical and geographical facts. This is not so with Judaism and Christianity. These religions claim that, although God transcends space and time, He has created them, calls them good, and is vitally involved in the minute details of time. Part of the scandal of the classical Judeo-Christian understanding of God is that He chose one nation and gave them a land. He called them in order to bless them and to make them, in turn, to be a blessing to all peoples of the earth. The land He gave was a good land. For the Lord your God is bringing you into a good land, a land with streams of water, springs, and deep water sources, flowing in both valleys and hills; a land

10 INTRODUCTION vi of wheat, barley, vines, figs, and pomegranates; a land of olive oil and honey; a land where you will eat food without shortage, where you will lack nothing; a land whose rocks are iron and from whose hills you will mine copper. When you eat and are full, you will praise the Lord your God for the good land He has given you. Deuteronomy 8:7-10 But the land could also be precarious for at least two reasons: lack of water and an abundance of potential enemies. God s giving this land to this people was intentional. It was to train them to trust Him. If you carefully obey My commands I am giving you today, to love the Lord CLIMATE PATTERNS OF ANCIENT PALESTINE AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL mm inches Gaza 57 F/81 F 13" 34 E50 40 Tyre 54 F/78 F 24" Mt. Ebal Mt. Hermon Shechem Mt. Gerizim Joppa 57 F/80 F 20" Jericho Jerusalem 48 F/74 F 21" DEAD SEA Hebron 45 F/70 F 19" En-gedi 59 F/90 F 3" Beersheba 54 F/83 F 8" Dan 53 F/85 F 23" 600 Lake 24 Huleh Acco Mt. Meron N 16 Sea of Tiberias Galilee Mt. Carmel Haifa 54 F/79 F Mt. Tabor " Afula 0 0 Beth-shan 48 F/74 F Mean temp. winter/summer 56 F/86 F 21" Mean annual precipitation 12" 32 N MEDITERRANEAN SEA N Besor 35 E 36 E Kish on Litani Jordan Yarmuk Jabbok Mt. Nebo Arnon Damascus 54 F/78 F 12" Kerak 50 F/79 F 16" Abana Pharpar Ramothgilead 46 F/73 F 14" Rabbah (Amman) 50 F/75 F 11" 33 N 32 N W. h a Zered 31 N el-arish Miles Bozrah Kilometers 57 F/87 F 6" 34 E 35 E 36 E A r a b

11 vii INTRODUCTION your God and worship Him with all your heart and all your soul, I will provide rain for your land in season, the early and late rains, and you will harvest your grain, new wine, and oil. I will provide grass in your fields for your livestock. You will eat and be satisfied. Be careful that you are not enticed to turn aside, worship, and bow down to other gods. Then the Lord s anger will burn against you. He will close the sky, and there will be no rain; the land will not yield its produce, and you will perish quickly from the good land the Lord is giving you. Deuteronomy 11:13-17 While drought was a constant danger, so were potential enemies. The land God gave His people is a narrow strip of land bounded by desert on the east and the Mediterranean Sea on the west. Through this land ran major international routes that 30 N Thessalonica Delphi Corinth Mycenae Cyrene Sparta Philippi Samothrace Athens Crete AEGEAN SEA SEA OF MARMARA Troy Rhodes Dardanelles Sardis MEDITERRANEAN SEA Miles Kilometers Bosporus Gordion Raamses Noph El-Amarna B L A C K On Gulf of Suez Hattusa Tarsus Aleppo Antioch Emar Ugarit Hamath Qatna Byblos Tadmor Megiddo Aphek S E A 30 E 40 E 50 E Cyprus EGYPT Kanish Carchemish Jordan Petra Damascus Ezion-geber Gulf of Aqaba RED SEA Haran Area enlarged below Tema Dumah Mari Asshur Nineveh Tigris Euphrates Araxes Arrapha Nuzi Diyala Babylon Tabriz Ur CASPIAN PERSIAN GULF SEA Susa Thebes Nile H E T H Sinai Peninsula MIDIAN MITANNI Kadeshbarnea Syro- Arabian Desert SUMER ELAM S a h a r a D e s e r t Sidon Damascus INTERNATIONAL ROUTES connected the great City civilizations of Mesopotamia with Egyp- King s Highway International Coastal Highway Sea routes tian civilizations. Other routes Two major international routes ran the length of Palestine in antiquity, one west of the rift valley and the other to the east. The western route is often called the International Coastal Highway or Via Maris ( the Way of the Sea ). The biblical name the road through the Acco Yokneam Tyre Megiddo MEDITERRANEAN Gaza SEA Ashdod Joppa Beersheba Socoh Aphek Ekron Dan Hazor Capernaum Shechem DEAD SEA SEA OF GALILEE Jezreel Ramothgilead Beth-shan Jordan Jerusalem Amman Medeba Dibon Kir-hareseth Bozrah Punon Heshbon

12 introduction viii Philistine country (Ex 13:17) refers to the southern portion of this route as it hugs the Mediterranean coast in the vicinity of Gaza. Historically, the International Coastal Highway was the principal highway carrying international traffic between Egypt and Mesopotamia. North of Damascus, this route followed the arch of the Fertile Crescent, but once in Palestine it worked its way through the hills and valleys of Galilee to the coast. Hazor, Megiddo, Aphek, Gezer, and Gaza were strategic cities in Palestine along this route in the biblical period. The eastern international route ran due south out of Damascus through the highlands of northern Transjordan to Rabbath-ammon (modern Amman, Jordan). From here one branch connected the capital cities of the Old Testament nations of Ammon, Moab, and Edom before continuing south to the Red Sea and the great inland spice route of Arabia. The Bible calls this route the King s Highway (Nm 20:17; 21:22). Less a route of armies, the King s Highway carried the wealth of the Arabian Peninsula (e.g. gold, frankincense, and myrrh) to the empires of the ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean Worlds. Besides contending with internal enemies such as the Canaanites who were indigenous to the land, as an international land bridge, Israel also had to contend with the great empires that rose and fell from the time the united kingdom of David and Solomon divided until the time of Christ. God used both weather and enemies to build trust in Him and to chasten His people. The Holman Illustrated Study Bible is unique among study Bibles. It provides a wealth and a variety of visual imagery in illuminating the biblical text by showing the geographical, historical, and cultural contexts out of which it came and about which it speaks. A number of years ago, David Neff, executive editor at Christianity Today, discovered this Fifth Gospel in Capernaum in a way that forever changed his reading of the Four Gospels. His reflection on this experience eloquently expresses how vital it is that we know and experience the terrain as we read the text. Some of the shepherds of the faithful, however, have too often closeted themselves in dim libraries, speculating about the redaction of texts and raising questions about the believability of the gospel stories. Only recently, with renewed attention to the physical remnants of first-century Palestine and the evidence of Jewish religion of that period, has the withering quest for the historical Jesus been abandoned, and a new flowering of Jesus studies exploring culture, language, and place begun. In gray winters of the Teutonic North, the form of Jesus fades and blends with the mythical shades of Balder and Siegfried. But in the sunlight of Palestine, the rocks speak forth their echoes, and the Jesus of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John wears flesh again. (Christianity Today, October 22, 1990)