OLD TESTAMENT SURVEY

Transcription

1 OLD TESTAMENT SURVEY By Rev. LeRoy Davis BSc. and Glenn Davis copyright 2003 by Rev. LeRoy Davis and Glenn Davis Lesson 7 HISTORICAL BOOKS These books give us a detailed history of Israel as a nation. Man is very prominent and many characters are listed. We can prepare for much failure because of the independent spirit of man. However, God reveals Himself as man's greatest help and victory in many instances. JOSHUA Joshua means Jesus or Jehovah our Saviour or the Lord's salvation (Acts 7:45), or Jehovah is salvation. It is a book of conquest. Joshua 1. Contains 24 chapters. 2. Was written by Joshua the leader of Israel after Moses. Josh.1:9-14; Deut.34:9. Joshua was born a slave. He had been redeemed and served Moses faithfully. He went with Moses up into the mountain, he led the armies of Israel, and he was one of the 12 spies. He was a great general, possessed qualities of leadership, and he had the respect of the people. 3. Was written about 1487 BC or 2559 years after creation. 4. Covers approximately 30 years, from the death of Moses to the death of Joshua. 5. Events related to the war for Canaan. Conquering and claiming the land. THEME CHRIST Christ is seen as the Captain of our salvation, the conquering Saviour. He is the Captain of our salvation, using the Word of God, which is the sword of the Spirit, leading His New Covenant people into their inheritance. KEY WORDS The key words are possess(ion) [24], and inherit(ance) [61]. KEY VERSE Josh.1:8,9 This book of the law shall not depart out of thy mouth; but thou shalt meditate therein day and night that thou mayest observe to do according to all that is written therein: for then thou shalt make thy way prosperous and then thou shalt have good success. (9) Have not I commanded thee? Be strong and of a good courage: be not afraid neither be thou dismayed: for the Lord thy God is with thee whithersoever thou goest.

2 Other suggested key verses include: Josh.11:23 So Joshua took the whole land, according to all that the Lord said unto Moses; and Joshua gave it for an inheritance unto Israel according to their divisions by their tribes. And the land rested from war. Josh.21:43-45 And the Lord gave unto Israel all the land which He sware to give unto their fathers; and they possessed it, and dwelt therein. (44) And the Lord gave them rest round about, according to all that He sware unto their fathers: and there stood not a man of all their enemies before them; the Lord delivered all their enemies into their hand. (45) There failed not ought of any good thing which the Lord had spoken unto the house of Israel; all came to pass. PURPOSE To show the fulfillment of God's promise in giving the land to Israel. LESSONS TO REMEMBER 1. The book gives a detailed picture of the warfare of the believer against: a. the world - Jericho b. the flesh - Ai c. the devil - Canaan in general. 2. Jordan signifies death to I'' and living to Christ'' It is crossing over into life in the spirit. The baptism in the Holy Spirit is the beginning of the conquest. There is conflict and victory because it is not I'' but Christ''. 3. The grace of God can be bestowed on anyone, even Rahab The Lord fights our battles in victory not us 10:25 5. Joshua teaches how the believer is to be organized and how this will confuse the enemy. 6. God is faithful to keep His covenant. 7. Those who believe must labour to enter into all that God gives. OUTLINE JOSHUA I Claiming the Land 1-5 A. Faith Believes the Bible 1 B. Faith Counts the Cost 2 C. Faith Makes a Move 3 D. Faith Strengthens Its Stand 4 E. Faith Pays the Price 5 II Conquering the Land 6-11 A. Overcoming the Word - At Jericho 6 B. Confidence in the Flesh - At Ai 7-8 C. Facing the Wiles of the Devil 9-11 The Devil Will: 1. Seek an agreement through the Gibeonites 9 2. Seek advantage through southern alliance Stage his attack through northern threat 11

3 III Colonizing the Land A. Declaring the Spoils of Victory 12 B. Dividing the Spoils of Victory Statutes of liberty Statements of equality Standards of justice 21 C. Dedicating Spoils of Victory 22 D. Defending Spoils of Victory OUTLINE (ALTERNATE) I Entering the Land 1-5 II Conquering the Land 6-12 III Dividing the Land IV Farewell and Burial in the Land Invading Canaan 1-5 a. Encouragement 1:5,9 COMMENTS [General] God charged Joshua to cross Jordan and conquer the land. He was encouraged to carefully mediate in the Word and walk in obedience to it. He was to be strong and courageous, for God would give him all the land he set his feet upon. The Reubenite, Gadites, and 1/2 of the tribe of Manasseh had received their inheritance. But in accord with their agreement they followed Joshua across Jordan to assist their brethren in gaining theirs. When that task was completed they could return to their own inheritance. b. Instruction 1:12-2: Joshua gave instruction for the people to be prepared to go over Jordan. They promised their allegiance and obedience to him. Any who would rebel would suffer fatal consequences. With this agreement the people prepare to cross over. Spies are sent to Jericho, the first city of resistance they would encounter. They are hidden by Rahab the harlot, who declares faith in Jehovah and speaks of the fears in Canaan because of Israel. She is promised safety when the invasion takes place. Rahab is mentioned three times in the New Testament. She not only was justified by faith, she was in the lineage of David and Christ. The spies bring back a good report and speak of the fear of the Canaanites. c. Setting the right order 3-5 God performed a miracle similar to that at the Red Sea. It was the rainy season, and Jordan was overflowing its banks. The priest led the procession, and as their feet touched the water the river stopped flowing, forming a wall, allowing Israel to go across on dry ground. The priests stood in the middle of the river until the people had passed over. Joshua, under instructions from God had twelve stones removed as a memorial to the miracle İn the miracle of the crossing of the Red Sea and the River Jordan God demonstrated His superiority over the pagan gods of the Canaanites. They worshipped Prince Yamm (sea) and Judge Nahas (river). The crossing of the Sea and River, declared the impotence of the gods of the

4 Canaanites to both the Canaanites and Israelites. It also established Joshua as the proper successor to Moses and assured Israel that God's presence was still with them. They formed their camp at Gilgal, where their families and livestock would remain while they fought the war of Canaan. They needed to renew their covenant relationship with God. Circumcision had not been performed during the wilderness wanderings so the new generation needed to be circumcised. They did this at Gilgal and the reproach of Egypt was rolled away. The renewal of the rite speaks of the restoration of covenant relationship through obedience. They also kept the Passover which commemorated the fulfillment of their deliverance from Egypt and their coming into the land of promise. They now had the fruit of the land for food and so the manna no longer was needed, therefore ceased. The Lord appears to Joshua as he was out surveying the city. Joshua after challenging the personage, was informed that He was the captain of the hosts. Joshua immediately acknowledged His supremacy. It gave him renewed courage and strength because he had come face to face with the source of Israel's victories. 2. Conquering the Land 6-12 The war for Canaan was not only to gain the land God had promised, but it was to be a judgment upon the Canaanites. Their wickedness and idolatry had reached such a destructive point that only extermination could save the land. a. Fall of Jericho 6 Jericho was a strategically located city. It was a walled fortress six miles west of Jordan and on a main route through central Canaan. The plan Joshua used to conquer Jericho did not have any reason except faith in God. They were to march around the city once a day for six days and on the seventh day they were to march around it seven times. They were to march in silence except for the trumpets for six days and on the seventh day, the seventh time they were to shout. The walls of the city fell flat and everyone except Rahab and her family were to be destroyed. Archeology has indicated that the inner walls were about twelve feet thick and the outer wall about six feet thick. b. Numerous Battles 7-12 Ai, which is situated about ten miles west of Jericho, was also a strategic point because it was on the main east-west and north-south routes through central Canaan. The jubilation over the victory at Jericho had left them over confident. At the recommendation of the spies they sent a small army to Ai of 3000 men. The expected victory did not materialize, instead they were soundly defeated. Joshua seeks God for the reason and is informed that there is disobedience and therefore they could go no further until the matter was settled. Achan was the disobedient one and his sin was discovered. He, his family, and all he possessed were judged and Israel captured Ai in the subsequent battle. Israel had take the central part of Canaan and thereby divided the land, making military alliances between north and south difficult if not impossible. Israel moves the thirty or forty miles north to the Mountains of Ebal and Gerizim. They fulfilled the command of the Lord by Moses (Deut.27:1-13). Israel publicly acknowledge God and His word in the midst of the land, they openly pledge their allegiance to Him. The Amorite kings of the south hear of the destruction of Jericho and Ai. The five of them form an alliance against Israel. The Gibeonites, one of the seven condemned nations that Joshua was to destroy,(deut.7:1; Josh.9:7) by deceit attained a covenant with Joshua. Israel failed to seek

5 council of the Lord so made the covenant. When they discovered their error they could not destroy them because of the covenant. They were had sworn in the name of Jehovah to protect them. They did make them servants. The five kings of the Amorites decided to destroy the Gibeonites because they were traitors to the Canaanites. Joshua, after been assured by God that he would be successful launched a surprise attack against the southern alliance. God worked on behalf of Israel and sent hailstones against the Amorites. Joshua also commanded the sun to be inactive and we have Joshua's long day. The sun and moon were worshipped by the Canaanites so this miracle once again demonstrated the power of Jehovah. Israel captured and executed the five Amorite kings. They destroyed seven other cities in southern Canaan. Jabin, king of Hazor, having heard of Israel's victory in the south assembled a larger alliance of kings from the south and west. God intervened and gave Israel the victory against the north and destroyed her enemies. In Joshua chapters 11 and 12 we see the conquests of Israel summarized. 3. Dividing the Land and Cities of Refuge They had gained control of the land by their conquests. The next thing was to divide the land according to God's instructions. They had the land as a nation, now they needed to possess it as tribes. Joshua reviewed and confirmed the division of the land on the east of Jordan to the Reubenites, Gadites, and 1/2 the tribe of Manasseh. Then he establishes the boundaries of the other tribes. The tribe of Levi did not receive an inheritance in the land. God was to be their inheritance. The priests were to dedicate themselves to the service of God rather than entangle themselves with the affairs of this life. Their concerns were to be higher than material wealth. God did make adequate provision for them. His instructions, if followed, would adequately take care of their needs, throughout their life time. The tabernacle was set up at Shiloh in the center of Canaan. In their wilderness wanderings the tabernacle was in the center of the camp now it was in the center of the land. God was to be central in all their lives, nationally, socially, and religiously. Six cities of refuge were established, three on the east of Jordan and three on the west. Anyone who had killed another accidentally could flee there. His case would be heard and if it was shown to be accidental he could reside in that city until the death of the high priest. Then he could return to his inheritance. If he left before the death of the high priest he could be executed by the avenger of blood. The cities of refuge were Kadesh (Naphali) Shechem (Ephraim), and Hebron (Judah). The eastern cities were Bezer (Rueben), Ramoth (Gad), and Golan (Manasseh). These provided access from all the tribes. God had also commanded the tribes to set aside 48 cities for the Levites. Six of those cities would be the cities of refuge. The cities are listed by name in Josh.21:9-40. When they were not working in the tabernacle the Levites would live in these cities. Their families and herds dwelt there. These were provided by all the twelve tribes, so the Levites lived in all parts of the land. They were to permeate the land with the influence of godliness. Later we see that they were intended to be teachers of the laws of God. The Reubenites, Gadites, and 1/2 tribe of Manasseh were permitted to return to their land on the east of Jordan. Joshua instructed them to, love the Lord, walk in His ways, keep His commandments, cleave to Him, and serve Him with all their heart and soul. When they returned home they erected a great altar as a witness that they had a common worship with the rest of Israel. The other tribes misunderstood this and composed of Phineas and ten princes of Israel demanded to know why they were rejecting the ways of Yahweh. The matter was explained, and the explanation was accepted. The delegation brought the good news to the rest of the nation. The altar was named as a witness between them that Yahweh was God of both.

6 4. Farewell and Death of Joshua These final chapters contain Joshua's farewell address. He assures them that Yahweh would continue to fight for them. He warned them against apostasy and violation of the covenant. It would bring them judgment and expulsion from the land. God had provided all He had promised, nothing had failed. Just as the good had happened as God promised, so would the evil and judgment as God had warned them. Disobedience would bring His judgment just as certainly as obedience would bring His blessing. Joshua called the nation together at Shechem. Shechem had historical significance for them. God promised Abraham the land at Shechem. Jacob had erected an altar there. It was between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal where Israel was gathered and built an alter, offered sacrifices, wrote the law of Moses on plastered stones and Joshua read the law. Joshua once again reminds Israel of all God had done for them. He challenged them to chose to serve God, to which they responded favorably. Again, they were warned of the consequences of forsaking God and in disobedience turning to the worship of idols. They renew the covenant at Shechem. Joshua died being 110 years old. He had been a great leader and brought them into their inheritance. He had been faithful except in the matter of the Gibeonites. He also failed to train a successor. Nevertheless, he was a great military leader, governor, and statesman. The bones of Joseph, which had been carried from Egypt as he had requested, were buried at Shechem. COMMENTS [Detailed] 1:1-6 - Moses, the great leader, was dead. Anyone coming after him would have big shoes to fill. Joshua would have a sense of inadequacy following a man like Moses. And there was a heavy responsibility on his shoulders. Moses had brought them to the edge of Canaan s Land but it was Joshua s job to take them in. God comes to Joshua to encourage and instruct him. He promises him success in the coming war and to be with Joshua even as He was with Moses. Joshua is not going to have to go this alone. God will be with him. Victory is assured. This is a picture that Christ has won the victory for us and has promised it to us but we still have to go in a conquer the land. Victory is inevitable if we are faithful and obedient. 1:7-9 - Many times Joshua is told to be strong and courageous. Yes, God had promised the victory but it would still take courage to go in and get it against impossible odds. We see that victory was conditional on complete obedience, in fact, Joshua was to mediate on the law constantly to be sure he obeyed it. Obedience to God and His ways brings success. 1: Joshua prepares the Israelites to go into Canaan and reminds the Reubenites, Gadities, and half the tribe of Manasseh about their promise to help the rest conqueor the land. They are willing and also encourage Joshua to be strong and courageous. Joshua gets support from both God and man. 2: Here we have the story of Rahab. An embarrassing story to some Christians. Joshua sent 2 spies to Jericho. The king finds out they are there and demands they be delivered up to be killed. Rahab, risking her life, hides the men and lies to king. Some try to excuse her lie because she was a heathen. However, she was acting in faith and her actions not only saved her own life but earned her a place in the line of Christ. The Bible several times commends her and never criticizes her methods. So I come to the conclusion [just as with the midwives in Egypt], that evil men bent on evil purposes have

7 forfeited their right to the truth. The truth cannot be allow to be misused to bring evil and destruction. This, of course, validates the use of deception in war to confuse the enemy and in countries under persecution where a lie can save innocent lives. 3:1-5 - The people are prepared to cross the Jordan River at flood time. Vs.4 - have not passed this way before - this was a new experience for them. When God is leading there are new experiences and we must not trust to our knowledge of the past but keep looking to God for His instruction. If we limit God to always acting as He has in the past, we will miss much of what He has for the future. We can trust God to be faithful to His promises but He has many different methods to accomplish them. We can t second guess God. 3: God validated Joshua s leadership by performing the same type of miracle as He had with Moses. The people could not doubt that Joshua was the chosen leader to follow Moses. Joshua in faith told them what would happen before it happened. When the priest s feet touched the water the river stopped flowing and God even dried the river bottom for them. The priests stood with the ark stood in the middle of the river bottom until all Israel has passed by. 4: Joshua had a representative from each tribe collect a rock from the bottom of the Jordan and he set them up for a memorial for generations to come. Memorials are important. They remind us of what God has done in the past so we can have confidence in what He will do in the future. And again, Joshua s leadership is confirmed. 5:1 - The drying up of the Jordan had the effect of driving fear into the hearts of their enemies. 5:2-9 - Even being totally dependent on God in the wilderness did not change the hearts of the old Israelites. They had not kept the covenant by circumcising their children. Every human being is totally dependent on God, yet how many respond in love and obedience? Even Christians are often in rebelling choosing their own ways and desires above God s way. So the new generation had to renew their covenant status and commitment before God. 5: They celebrated the Passover and at that time the manna stopped. The wilderness represented the child stage where they were given some responsibility but most things were provided for them. When they entered Canaan it was time to enter the adult relationship. The responsibilities and privileges would be be greater. There is nothing wrong with the child stage as long as we are growing beyond. If we become a lifetime child then there is a serious problem. 5: As Joshua was considering Jericho the Lord appeared to him in the form of an armed man. Joshua challenged him but on learning who He was he willingly submitted. True leaders do not operate in pride. Also, like Moses before the burning bush, he is told he is on Holy ground and to remove his shoes. 6: Here we have the famous battle of Jericho. God had a very special battle plan for their first battle in Canaan. They had to march around the city once a day for six days, and on the seventh day they went around seven times. On the seventh day everyone was to give a victory shout and then the walls fell down. They are strictly warned not to taken anything out of the city. It was all to be given over to God as a first fruit offering. Rahab and those in her house were spared, everyone else was killed. Vs Joshua pronounced a curse on anyone who would rebuild Jericho. We will discover later the Bible records this curse did come to pass on the man who rebuilt it.

8 7:1-5 - First they have a fantastic victory with hardly any work on their part. It was almost like their wilderness experiences - God doing just about everything. They began to think conquering Canaan was going to be easy and they became overconfident. Without consulting God they sent 3,000 men to Ai and they were defeated. They had overcome a major foe and then been defeated by a minor one! Now the people are scared. Their confidence seeps out. Thirty-six men are dead - men who survived the wilderness only to die in Canaan. Sometime when we have a great victory in an area of life it is easy for us to become overconfident as well. And then the enemy can come in and knock us flat on our backs. 7:6-9 - Joshua doesn t know there is sin in the camp. All he sees is defeat. Here they are in enemy territory surrounded by more powerful nations who want to wipe them out and God seems to have deserted them. He knows the Canaanites have been afraid of them but now with this defeat they could regain their confidence and make things all the more difficult. 7: God s answer to Joshua is basically, Why are crying to Me? I haven t failed you, you have failed Me. There is sin that needs to be dwelt with and I will not be with you until it s taken care of. I cannot look on sin. This shows us the God is a God of principle. He will expose sin even if it means defeat or embarrassment for His people or if it appears to damage His reputation. Not many years ago several high-profile church leaders had their sin exposed. God will purify His church regardless of the cost. He will have a holy people. This also show us that we never sin alone. Our sin will always affect others. Achan sinned and 36 innocent men died and their families were left without a husband or father. Sin is a terrible cancer. It spreads and we cannot control it. It must be brought to the Cross and forgiven. 7: Achan should have gone straight to Joshua and asked forgiveness. Instead he waited. He must have gotten more and more nervous as the lot got closer and closer to him. Finally, he was picked and there was nothing left to do but confess. As a result he and his family were killed. This may seem harsh on the family but we must remember that Achan buried the items in his tent. The implication is that his family knew what he had done and did not turn him in. They were accessories after the fact. By their silence they also cost 36 men their lives. Again we see that we are required to stand with God and His law even if that means standing against a family member. 8: Now that the sin issue was dwelt with they could go with confidence against Ai. This time there was a different strategy. They placed an ambush behind the city. Then they attacked and pretended to be defeated again. The people from Ai and Bethel were excited when they saw the Israelites retreating and they called all the men to chase them. When the cities were emptied of men, the men from the ambush rushed into the cities and captured them. They then set them on fire. When Joshua saw the fires he and his men stopped retreated and began really fighting! Ai and Bethel were completely destroyed. 8: They proclaimed the blessing and the cursing just as Moses had instructed them. Joshua was faithful to follow everything God through Moses had commanded. Everyone heard the Law of God, men, women, children, even the non-israelites who had chosen to live among them [i.e. the strangers to the covenant]. 9: Here we have the story of the Gibeonites. They knew God had given the land to the Israelites and they schemed how they could save their own lives. Obviously fighting wasn t working. They came up with another plan. They sent some representatives

9 who pretended to have come from a far away country and asked for a covenant with the Israelites. Joshua and the leaders questioned them but were unable to see through the deception. Vs. 14, the leaders thought they could trust their own judgment and so did not consult with God. They entered in a covenant with them and then three days later discovered the deception. The people were upset with their leaders for a bad decision; nevertheless, they honoured the covenant but the Gibeonites became servants of the Israelites. We see the importance of bringing all things to God. Something may seem simple but there may be factors at work that we are unaware of. Nothing is too big or too small to take to God in prayer. We also see the unbreakable nature of the covenant. Even through the covenant had been entered into on false information, once made, it still had to be honoured. The integrity of our word and our willingness to keep our agreements is vital. We need to be careful how and when we give our word. 10:1-8 - The surrounding kings were not impressed to find that the Gibeonites had betrayed them and made peace with Israel. They united to destroy Gibeon. Because Gibeon was in covenant relationship with Israel they were sworn to mutual protection. The Gibeonites called on the Israelites to come and save them. God assured Joshua that He would give him victory. It was an opportunity to destroy 5 kings in one battle. Sometimes God allows our enemies to unite, not to overwhelm us, but that we can defeat them in one great battle rather than several small ones. It saves time. 10: God fought for the Israelites by sending giant hailstones down on the enemy soldiers. Joshua commanded the sun and the moon to stand still so that they could complete the victory and the enemy would not be able to disappear in the darkness. Joshua was a great man of faith. Never before had anyone asked God to stop the sun and the moon...and he didn t do it in some private prayer closet - everyone heard him - vs. 12. You don t make a declaration like that without knowing the mind of God on the matter! 10: The five kings hid in a cave but were discovered. Joshua doesn t waste time dealing with them until the battle is over. Sometimes we become distracted and lose out on the total victory God wants. When the battle was over the kings were brought out and killed. 10: An account of other cities Joshua went on to capture. 11:1-14 -Another alliance of kings is formed against the Israelites. They didn t seem to learn from the example of others - with us it will be different! But it wasn t different. They were defeated just the same. 11: Joshua faithfully did all that Moses had commanded and so the entire land was subdued. 12: A list of the the conquerer kings. 13: A list of the land yet to be conquered and how the land was to be divided. 14: Caleb, at 85 years of age, asks Joshua for his promised inheritance. It was not a retirement village. There were still great cities to be conquered in his territory but he had confidence that with God s help he could conqueor them. Also notice [vs. 14] that Caleb was not a natural born Israelite. He had joined them and he wholly followed the Lord. Sometimes it is the people we least expect that turn out to be the greatest Christians.

10 15: We have the various borders described. 15: Caleb was successful in his war. In one battle he offered his daughter to the man who was able to conquer the city. We should note: a] according the previous principles, the daughter would have agreed to this, b] all of the potential winners were covenant men, and c] it was his way of assuring that she got the bravest and best husband. 15:20-17:11 - The various inheritances of the Israelites are described. 17: The children of Manasseh complained that their territory was too small for the amount of people they had. Joshua basically told them to go and take more territory. They answered that the Canaanites were too strong and militarily advanced for them. Joshua agrees that they are a great people and so they have the power to drive of the Canaanites. What they needed was a man with the faith of Caleb. God has given us great and mighty promises and He will go with us to possess them but He will not hand them to us on a silver platter. If we really want them then we have to go after them whole heartedly...and see what God will do. 18:1 - The tabernacle was set up at Shiloh. David would later conquer Jerusalem and move it there. 18:2-19:51 - The remaining tribes are appointed their inheritance and told to go in and take it. 20:1-9 - The cities of refuge are appointed. 21: Here we have a list of the cities that were given to the Levites. 21: There are people today who say the promises of God to Abraham have not yet been completely fulfilled. Verse 45 states that everything promised came to pass in Joshua s time. God kept His word. [Also see Covenants course.] 22: The tribes who had their possession on the east of the Jordan are released to return home. They built an altar as a witness and a reminder that they belong to the rest of Israel and are not to be cut off because they are on the other side of the Jordan. The rest of Israel misunderstood this gesture and prepared to go to war against what they think are rebellious people. When the situation is explained everyone returns to their homes happy. It is a good reminder to us not to jump to conclusions but to get all the facts before making a decision. 23: Joshua is preparing to die and gives a word of encouragement and warning to the leaders. Even though they have possession of the land there are still Canaanites living there who need to be destroyed. He wants them to complete the mission, love and obey God, and take care to avoid all the heathen practices of the Canaanites. This is a picture of us when we become saved, cross the wilderness, and enter the promises God has for us. It is easy to be comfortable with little sins and not drive them out of our life. But if we do not drive out all known sin it will become a snare to us and keep us from reaching God s highest and best for us. 24: Joshua gives them a history lesson, reminding them of God s faithfulness from the time of Abraham to the present. He then challenges them to choose whom they will serve [vs. 15]. The people voluntarily choose to serve the Lord and made a covenant before God.

11 24: Joshua died at 110. Israel remained faithful to God during the lifetime of the leaders who had conquered Canaan. Assignment: In 300 words describe how the Book of Joshua pictures the spiritual battles of the New Testament era. Now you are ready to download lesson 8. God Bless, Glenn Davis