Devynioliktoji pamoka Lesson 19

Transcription

1 Devynioliktoji pamoka Lesson 19 selma M6kytojas: Kas m il.l1 gali pasakyti, kas yra seima? Vytautas: Mokytojas: Labai gerai. As zinaii, kas yra seima: tevai if vaikai yra seima. MUS4 seimoj e dar yra if seneliai: mana tevelio tevas if mama gyvena kartu su mumis. Jie yra mana senelis if senele. Mokytojas: Talp. jeigu seneliai gyvena kartu, tai j ie irgi priklaiiso seimai. Vytautas: Antanas: MUS4 seima yra labai didele: as turiu du brolius if penkias seseris. Tai tavo seima, Vytautai, yra dar maza: as turiu tik tris seseris, bet penkis brolius. Mokytojas: 0 tu, Aldana, kiek turi seserq if broli4? Aldana: Jonas: As neturiu nei seserq, nei broli4, as esu viena. As ifgi neturiu seserq: as turiu tik tris brolius. Makytojas: Taigi tevai if vaikai, seneliai, broliai if seserys sudara seimq. Kai kurie is jus4 turi brolius if seseris, kai kurie neturi broli4, 6 tik seseris, kai kurie turi tik seseris, 6 neturi broli4. Aldanos seima yra labai maza : ji neturi nei broli4 nei seserq. 137

2 VOCABULARY leima (4) - family priklause, priklaus9's) - to belong vaikas (2) - child to (with dative) tevehis (2) (diminutive of t~vas ) penkias (fern. ace.) - five - father, dad, daddy penkls (mase. ace.) - five senelis (2) - grandfather nei... nei - neither... nor senele (2) - grandmother sudaryti (sudarau, sudaro, sudare, seneliai (2 ) - grandparents sudar9's) - to compose, to make up kartu - together kai kurie - some pri klausyti (priklausau, priklauso, kai kurie II josl,l - some of you 19.1 The Fifth Declension of Nouns. GRAMMAR The plural cases for the fifth declension are as follows: Feminine Masculine N. seserys -ys (3 h ) 'sisters akmenys -ys (3 h ) 'stones' (sesers) (akmens) G. seserq -4 akmenq -4 D. seserims -ims akmenims -ims A. seseris -is akmenis -is 1. seserimis -imis akmenimis -imis L. seseryse -yse akmenyse -yse N.B. suo 'dog' has the regular form nom. pi. sunys, but an older form sunes is sometimes used. 19.1,2 The Dual of Nouns. The dual is hardly ever used in today's modern literary Lithuanian, however, it is still used in some dialects, and the student will see it frequently in older Lithuanian writings. We are giving here the synopsis of those dual cases which differ from the regular plural cases. For this, we will take all the nouns the plurals of which were given in Lessons 14, 16, 17, 18, and 19. Nominative: du: namu, dvi: dieni, dvi: aki, du: sunu, dvi: seseri, broliu, gatvi, du: danciu profesoriu du: akmeniu arkliu marti 1st declension 2nd declension 3rd declension 4th declension 5th declension 138

3 Dative: dvlem: namam, broliam, arkliam dienom, gatvem, marciom akim, dantim, sunum, profesoriam seserim, akmenim Instrumental: dviem: namais, broliais, arkliais dienom, gatvem, marciom akim, dan tim sunum, profesoriais seserim, akmenim The dual forms can only be used with the preceding numeral du, dvi (in the appropriate case). The dative and instrumental dual of the second, third, fourth and fifth declension differ only in that in accent classes 3 and 4 the instrumental case has the circumflex accent (as opposed to the short or acute in the dative). The accusative is like the nominative and the other cases are the same as the corresponding plural forms. The instrumental dual of the first declension is usually the same as that of the plural. N.B. The student should only note this for the eventual reading of Lithuanian literature. For practical purposes he can always use only the plural forms, even when he uses the numeral du before nouns The Use of the Genitive Case. The genitive case may be used to denote some quality of the object or individual described. Examples: 1) Jis yra geros sirdies. - He is good-hearted (lit.: of a good heart). 2) Antiinas yra menkos sveikiitos. - Anthony has poor health (lit.: of poor health) The genitive is used with certain adverbs of quantity. (Cf. also 16.2, section d). Examples: 1) Kiek zmoniij, dirba fabrike? - How many men work in the factory? 2) Atejo daug zmoniij,. - Many people arrived (came). 3) Mus,,! bibliotekoje per miiza knyg"!. - In our library there are too few books. 139

4 19.4 The genitive can be used as the complement of certain verbs meaning 'to fill', 'to stuff', etc. Examples: 1) Jis prikimso P'!Jpk ~ tabako. - He stuffed tobacco into his pipe. 2) Pripyle stiklq vandeiis. - He poured water into the glass. (He filled the glass with water.) 19.5 In order to express an indefinite amount or quantity the genitive may be used where either the nominative or the accusative would otherwise be required. Examples: 1) Af esi mat~s lietuvi1.t? - Have you seen any Lithuanians? 2) Sveciij, atvaziuoja. - Some guests are coming. 3) Taleiito jis turi. - He has some talent. 4) Af tu turi proto? - Do you have any sense? 19.6 The genitive may be used as a nominal object of an infinitive which follows a verb of motion. Examples: 1) Jis atejo ktirves pifkti. - He came to buy a cow. 2) As atejau geliij, suriiikti. - I came to gather flowers. The verbs pifkti 'to buy' and suriiikti 'to gather' are transitive verbs and must take a direct object in the accusative case in most other occu{ences. 1) Jis pifko ktirv~. - He bought a cow. 2) Jis suriiiko geles. - He gathered flowers. 19.6,1 The Supine. In the older literature a verbal form called the supine was commonly used as the object of a verb of motion. (The supine is just like the infinitive except that the -ti of the infinitive is removed and -t1.t, the ending of the supine is added.) Thus pifkti and suriiikti in the examples above could have been replaced by pifkt'l! and suriiikt1.t respectively, giving the rather archaic sounding sentences: (1) Jis atejo ktirves pifkt1.t. - He came to buy a cow; (2) As atejau geliij, suriiikt1.t. - I came to gather flowers. 19.6,2 The supine could in general be used as the object of a verb of motion in the older literature. Examples: 1) As einu guit1.t. - I am going (some place) to sleep. 2) Ji eina vtilgyt1f. - She is going (some place) to eat. 140

5 In modern Lithuanian such constructions are not used. The infinitive is used in its place: 1) As einu gurti. - I am going (some place) to sleep. 2) Ji. eina valgyti. - She is going (some place) to eat The genitive case is used as the object of certain verbs. Examples: 1) Ko jus ieskote? - What are you hunting (looking) for? 2) Lig6nis jau kunigo praso. - The sick man is already asking for a priest. 19.7,1 Sometimes it is used as a kind of goal of the action of certain intransitive verbs. Examples: 1) Li.kit pietij,. - Stay for lunch. 2) Eikit pietij,. - Go to lunch. 3) Vaziuojam namo Kaled1.f. - Let's go home for Christmas The genitive is sometimes used with the meaning 'from the point of view of' or 'as far as... is concerned'. Examples: 1) Gerumo jis geras, bet visai negudrus. - From the point of view of goodness he is good, but he is not clever. 2) Vaisiai, didumo sulig galva, kreiita is medzio. - The pieces of fruit, as big as a [human] head, fall from the tree. 3) Skaiciaus jij, buvo penki Simtai. - In number, there were five hundred of them. 4) Af is tolo esate kilimo? - Do you come from a distant place? (lit.: Are you from a distance in origin?) EXERCISES A. Questions. Kiek jus turite broliq if seseri'!? 2. Af Aldona turi daiig broliq? 3. Kas yra senelis? 4. Kas yra senele? 5. Kas sudaro seimq? 6. Kieno (whose) seima yra maza? 7. Af jus no rite tureti didel~ seimq? 8. Kuf gyvena jusq seima? 9. Kas neturi nei seseri'! nei broliq? 10. Kiek broliq if seseri'! turi Vytautas? B. Decline in singular and plural: sesuo, akmuo, suo, vanduo (the plural of vanduo is used only in poetic language). 141

6 C. Change all the italicized nouns into the plural forms : 1. Jis neturi sesers. 2. Mimo suo yra namie. 3. Mes dabar neturime suns. 4. Jo sesuo gyvena kaime. 5. Brolis ir sesuo ejo i mokyklq. 6. Jos sesuo skaito laikrasti. 7. Akmuo krifita i vandeni. 8. Jis vazlavo su seserimi. 9. Man patifika jo sesuo. 10. Mimo seseriai patifika jo brolis. D. Translate into Lithuanian. 1. I like only big dogs. 2. He doesn't like dogs. 3. He has many brothers and sisters. 4. He has neither brothers nor sisters. 5. She is an only child (lit.: she is one [alone] in the family). 6. He is an only child. 7. His grandparents live together with him. 8. The children like the grandparents very much. 9. The grandparents love the children very much. 10. The grandparents, parents and children make up the family. GELE2INKELIO STOTYJE Tarnautojas: Tarnautojas: Zygas: Zygas: zygas: CONVERSA TION Kada iseina traukiniai i Vilniq? Vienas iseina 5-tq (pefiktq) valandq ryto, vienas 6:30 (sesios trisdesimt) vakare. Prasau man duoti 2 (du) buetus i Vilniq. Prasau. 25 (dvidesimt penki) litai, 60 (sesiasdesimt) cefitq. Aciu. (After having noticed his friend Jonas 2ygas). Labas, J onai, kur tu nori vaziuoti? Noriu vaziuoti i Palangq pailseti ir sveikatos pataisyti. Tai k&, per daug dirbai? Ne, bet smarkiai sirgau, net ligonineje gulejau. Taip, taip. Dabar matau, kad esi pavarg~s. Tai linkiu tau greito pagijimo ir gerq atostogq! Aciu, aciu. Dabar jau turiu eiti i traukini. Sudieu. AT THE RAILROAD STATION 1. Official: Official: 4. When do the trains leave for Vilnius? One leaves at 5 a.m., the other one at 6:30 p.m. Please give me two tickets for Vilnius. Here you are. 25 lit as and 60 cents. 142

7 5. Thank you. (After having noticed his friend Jonas Zygas: 6. 2ygas). Hello, Jonas, where do you want to go? I want to go to Palanga to rest and to recuperate. 7. What happened, did you work too much? Zygas: 8. No, but I was very ill and I was even in the hospital. 9. So that's what happened. Now I see that you are tired. Well, I wish you a speedy recovery and a good vacation. Zygas: 10. Thanks. Now I have to get on my train. Good bye. NOTES: 2. For more details on the expression of time, see L esson Palanga (3b) - Lithuanian resort on the Baltic Sea. 8. smai'kiai - lit. 'powerfully, heavily'. 8. sii'gti (sergi!, sei'ga, sirgo, sirgs) - 'to be sick, ill'. 8. gull!ti Iig6nineje - lit. 'to lie in a hospital'. 9. linketi - 'to wish' takes the dative case of the person ('to whom' ) and. the genitive case of the thing wished ('of what' ). at6stogas - acc. of at6stogos 'vacation' is used only in plural, (feminine, 2nd declension). 143

8 Various Expressions of Time today - siandien tomorrow - rytoj yesterday - vakar day before yesterday - uzvakar day after tomorrow - pory t in the morning - rytq (ryte) in the evening - vakare at night - nakti, nakcia during the day - dienq tomorrow morning - rytoj rj t "1- tomorrow evening - rytoj vakare yesterday morning - vakar rytq yesterday evening - v akar vakare last night - vakar nakti or vakat vaka1'e (in the sense of 'the previous evening') in five days - uz penki1i dien1i in five weeks - uz penki1i s a v a icil~ early - anksti late - velai too early - per anksti too late - per velai long (for a long time) ilgai too long - per ilgai 144