(28) ARAMAISMS IN MARK

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1 (28) ARAMAISMS IN MARK TOSIO HIRUNUMA It goes without saying that the language of the NT is the Koine. It is on the whole uniform. But, the NT is a collection of GK writings by different authors. at different times. Therefore, it is natural that, there should. be more or less diversity, among the books. In fact, according to the circumstances in which the authors are brought up, their knowledge of Gk is perfect or imperfect. Such Galilean writers as 1 Peter, James and Jude, who were accustomed to Gk by living Gk-speaking people, might be expected to use Gk of a. remarkably free and. idiomatic kind. on, the other hand, Mk, belonging to the masses in Jerusalem, where a. knowledge of Gk may be reduced to a minimum demanded by the necessities of intercourse with pilgrims from the Diaspora and officials of the Roman government, is assumed to be very meagre and deficient in his art of composition. CM. Prol. 8, MH 13, 30). Needless to say, Jesus himself and his disciples spoke Aramaicl. their mother tongue in Palestine. The accounts of the life and teaching, the death and resurrection of Jesus were no doubt preserved. and handed clown in oral tradition, which most probably circulated originally in Aramaic and was translated into Qk piece by piece perhaps from a. fairly early date, till it came to be gathered together in Gk writings as Gospels. Thus the gospel tradition arose in a Semitic environment. Earlier scholars than 1895) when Deissinannis Bibelstudien appeared, looked on NT Gk as "the language of the Holy Spirit", a. peculiar Jewish-Gk tongue not known outside the Bible. This devotional point of view was supplanted by Koineism (such a neologism might be allowed?) of Hellenists ( Deissmann, J. H. Moulton, etc.). Then,, against

2 this, ilea-semitists, or Aramaicists (Welihausen, Merx, Lagrange, Burney, Torrey, etc.) began to insist on the theory that all the Gospels were written in Aramaic and that what we have are Greek translations. There are, of course, the pros and cons. Above all, the Gospel of Mark is admitted to be the most Aramaic of the Gospels. ( M, Prol. 242, M-H., 481, Branscomb xiii) The following are the alleged Aramaisms by Allen in "The Aramaic Background of the Gospelso(Oxford Studies in the synoptic Problem, 1911, PP ), by Howard. in Semitisms in the New Testament" (Moulton- Howard, A Grammar of New Testament Greek, vol. IL, PP ), and by Torrey in F. G. Grant's "The Earliest Gospel", chapt. V "Was Ma_rk Written in Aramaic?"(PP ). (I) Frequency of Praesens Historicum.. Mk uses the historic present 151 times, of which 72 are words signifying speaking, e. g. e3rel, enoiv (Hawkins, H.S. 144 ff.). Mt and Lk avoid this, regarding as a vulgarism. Wellhausen and Allen claim this high frequency as an Aramaism, i. e. translation of Aram. Participle. (Allen, M-H. 456 ). But Thackeray denies that this is due to Aramaism. He finds this vivid idiom in Herodotus 206 times, Thucydides 218, Xenophon 61, Polybus 40. Thus it was common both to the literary style and to vernacular in the classical age, whereas in Hellenistic it was increasingly regarded. as vernacular. (MH 456). Moreover, the historic present is common in Attic orators and also found in Papyri, LXX, Tosephus and even in Modern Greek. (B1- Debr ) In LXX out of 337 exx, 232 occur in the four books of Kingdoms, of which 151 are found in 1 Kgd. (Hawkins, H.S. 213 ). The historic present is popular in all languages, e. g. in Sanskrit, Gothic, Ukrainian, etc.

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16 Bibliography (abbreviations _in brackets.) Greek Grammars : --- A tkinson, B. F. C., The Greek, Language, London, 1933 Blass - De brunner, Gramuiatik des neutestamentlichen Griechisch, Gottingen, (Bl-Debr.) Brugmann, K., Kurze vergleichende Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen, Strassburg, 1904: (K.V. G.) Burton, E. De W., Syntax f the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek, Edinburgh, Chamberlain, W.D., An Exegetical Grammar of the Greek New Testament, New York, annaris, A. N., A Historical Greek J Grammar, London, Kieckers, E., Historische Griechische Grammatik ; I. Lautlehre, 1925, II. Formenlehre, III IT. Syntax, (Sammlung Goschen. Kretchmer, P., Die Einleitung in die Geshichte der griechischen Sprache, Gottingen, Meillet, A., A.peru d' une histoire de la langue grecque, Paris, Moulton, J. H., A Grammar of New Testament Greek, vol. I. Prolegomena, Edinburgh, (M. Prol. ) vol. II. -and W. F. Howard, Accidence. and Wordformation, (M-H.) Palmer, L. R., Grammar of Post-Ptolemaic Papyri, Radermacher, L., Neutestamentliche Grammatik, Tubingen, 1925.

17 Robertson, A.T., A Grammar of the Greek. New. Testament in the light of Historical Research, New York, Schwyzer, E., Griechische Grammatik, Munchen, I. 1934, II Semenov, A. F., The Greek Language in its. evolution, London, Thumb, A., Handbook of the Modern Greek Vernacular, Edinburgh, , Die Griechische Sprache im Zeitalter des Hellenismus, Strassburg, Winer-Moulton, A Treatise on the Grammar of the New Testament. Greek, regarded as a sure basis for NT Exegesis, Edinburgh, (W-M) Aramaic Grammars: --- Burney, C. F., The Aramaic Origin of the Fourth Gospel, Oxford, Dalman, G., The Words of Jesus, Edinburgh, (W, J ) ----, Jesus -Jeschua, Leipzig, , Grammatik des. Judisch-Palastinischen Aramaisch, _ Leipzig, Gesenius -Kautzsch- Cowley, Hebrew Grammar, Oxford., 1910, James, J. C., The Language of Palestine and. Adjacent Regions, Edinburgh, Kautzsch, E., Grammatik des Biblisch- Aramaischen, Leipzig, Marti, K., Kurzgefasste Grammatik der Biblisch -Aramaische Sprache, Berlin, Stevenson, W.B., Grammar" of Palestinian Jewish Aramaic, xford, O Commentaries:- Allen, W.C., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel according to St. Matthew, Edinburgh, 1912.

18 -----, The Gospel according to St. Mark, with intoroduction and notes, London, Branscomb, B. H., The Gospel of Mark.. (The Moffatt N.T. Commentary.) New York and London, Grant; F. C., The Earliest Gospel, New York, Jackson, F. and Lake, K. The. Beginnings of' Christianity, vol. II Klostermann, E., Das Markusevangelium. (Handbuch zum N. T. ), Tubingen, Lagrange, M. J., Evangile selon Saint Marc. (Etudes. Bibliques ), Paris, Meyer, H.A.W., Critical and Exegetical. Commentary on the N.T., Mark, Edinburgh, Plummer, A., The Gospel according to St, Mark. ( Cambrige GK Testament), Cambridge, Swete H.B., The Gospel according to St. Mark. London, Wellhausen, J., Einleitung in die drei ersten Evangelien, Berlin, 1911., Das Evangelium Marci, Berlin, Dictionaries:--- Bauer, W., Griechisch-deutsches- Worterbuch zu den Schriften des Neuen Testaments und der ubrigen urchristlichen Literatur, Berlin, Gesenius, W.-Buhl, F., Hebraisches and Aramaisches Handworterbuch, Leipzig, Moulton-Milligan, The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament illustrated from the Papyri and other non-literary sources, London, outer, A., A Pocket Lexicon S to the Greek New Te'stament, Oxford, (Soutier) Miscellaneous:---

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