Revision- Exam Technique: Origins and Meaning

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1 Revision- Exam Technique: Origins and Meaning Component 1: Foundational Catholic Theology Theme 1: Origins and Meaning Tick off once you are confident in your exam technique for the following: Origins and Meaning: I understand and can explain the following ideas: God transcends human understanding and He created everything that exists out of nothing (ex-nihilo) because he is omnipotent (all- powerful). God created humans out of love, in His image which makes all human life special (sacred). The Catholic Church accept the creation accounts in Genesis as symbolic stories that convey hidden truths and they shouldn t be read literally. The Catholic Church teaches that science and religion can be compatible. Scientists such as Stephen Hawking do not see it is necessary for the universe to have been created. The Catholic Church accepts the Big Bang Theory and Charles Darwin s ideas about evolution as compatible with belief in God. The Catholic Church would reject Richard Dawkins ideas that humans are nothing more than vehicles for their genes. In her writings, Catherine of Siena expressed the idea of Imago Dei. Views on abortion differ greatly; Catholics and many other Christians believe it is a great moral evil, some Anglicans believe it can be justified in certain circumstances, many Humanists think that quality of life and women s rights issues should be considered. Jewish views also vary; many Orthodox Jews see abortion as wrong whilst many Reform Jews might see it as acceptable in certain situations. Beliefs: I understand and can explain the following ideas: Christians believe the earth belongs to God, not humans. The two accounts of creation Genesis 1 and 2 show different aspects of God. Humans should act as good stewards of the earth to preserve God s gift for future generations. Humanists also believe that humans should respect and protect the planet, though they do not accept the concept of being stewards of God. Jews also believe in the importance of respecting and protecting the planet for God and for the benefit of future generations. Sources of Authority: I understand and can explain the following ideas: The Bible was inspired by God and is an important source of authority for Christians. God has made himself known through the Bible; he has revealed his love for all humanity and has given them guidance on how to live a life according to his laws. The Bible contains many different kinds of literature, written by many different people over a very long period of time.

2 Christians have different views about how to interpret the writings in the Bible, Catholics accept the idea of biblical myth, whilst most Fundamental Christians do not. The Catholic Church teaches that the Bible should be read in context not solely as a piece of historical writing. There is also diversity within Judaism regarding the nature of divinely inspired scripture. Painting: I understand and can explain the following ideas: Michelangelo has expressed Catholic beliefs about creation, God and human beings in his Creation of Adam, by including allusions to the idea that God is the eternal, all powerful, Creator ex nihilo, that creation is good, and that humans are God s greatest creation. Symbolism: I understand and can explain the following ideas: God the Father created the whole universe. God the Son, Jesus, dies on the cross to redeem the sins of humanity. The sacrifice of Jesus is a source of hope and life. All people are saved through the crucifixion, despite original sin. Loving and Serving in Catholic Communities in Britain and elsewhere: I understand and can explain the following ideas: Over the centuries the Church has spoken out about issues of social justice Since all humans are made in God s image, the Catholic Church calls on people to not rest until there is equality and justice for all. The Catholic Church calls people of all faiths to listen to each other, respect differences and recognise their shared values. Catholics are active members of inter-faith committees and organisations. CAFOD and the SVP are showing God s love to the world in their work with the poor and vulnerable. Their work is based on the idea that all humans deserve respect and dignity because they are made Imago Dei, that Jesus taught the importance of love of neighbour and that the world is a gift from God that we care for on a temporary basis.

3 Answering GCSE questions: Top Tips for Paper 1 a) type questions: Make sure you know all 8 key words. You will need to define these accurately to get 2 marks for these questions. b) type questions: You need to describe key Catholic or Jewish beliefs. This means you need to say what the religion teaches and how this influences the life of a religious person. You should have to have one detailed paragraph. If you struggle to write one detailed paragraph aim to write two shorter ones. You need to use the KISS formula to include all parts the examiner will be looking for. c) type questions: You need to explain key Catholic, Jewish or other Christian beliefs. This means you need to say why the religion(s) teach what they do and how this influences the life of a religious person. Paper 1 will always ask comparison questions Explain either Catholic and Jewish or two Christian traditions For paper 1 two Christian traditions means two different types of Christians Catholics and Church of England, Fundamentalist Christians or Liberal Christians. For all explain answers aim to write two detailed paragraphs. If you struggle to write two detailed paragraphs write three shorter ones. You need to use the KISS formula to include all parts the examiner will be looking for. d) type questions: You need to discuss the statement. The examiner does not want to know what you think about the statement. The examiner wants to know what different religious people and non-religious people think about the statement. The examiner wants to know what you think about the religious and non-religious views you write about e.g. do you think the view is weak, strong, good, bad, makes sense, is confusing, is convincing, is unconvincing. You should say what you think about each view throughout your answer. You must include different points of view. At the end of your answer you should say which view is most convincing. You need to use the KISS JO formula to include all parts the examiner will be looking for. For b) and c) answers you need to: K = Knowledge and understanding I = Influence of belief S = Specialist terms S = Sources of authority (e.g. the Bible, the Torah, the Pope, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, St Augustine, St Catherine of Siena, the Talmud) For d) in addition to KISS you need to also: J= Judgements O= Other opinions

4 Example Questions: Origins and Meaning b) Describe questions 5 marks Describe the teaching of the Catholic Church on the scientific theory of evolution. Describe what St Augustine teaches about creation. Describe how St Catherine of Siena explains Imago Dei. Describe the Catholic Church teaching about abortion. Describe the work on one Catholic charity. Describe the importance of interfaith dialogue. c) Explain questions 8 marks Explain from Catholic Christianity and Judaism or from two Catholic traditions, attitudes towards abortion. Explain from Catholic Christianity and Judaism or from two Catholic traditions, the meaning and importance of holy books. Explain from Catholic Christianity and Judaism or from two Catholic traditions, beliefs about creation. Explain from Catholic Christianity and Judaism or from two Catholic traditions, beliefs about the environment. d) Discuss questions 15 marks The world is ours to do what we like with. Discuss this statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. You must refer to religious and non-religious beliefs such as those held by humanists and atheists, in your answer. Abortion is always wrong. Discuss this statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. You must refer to religious and non-religious beliefs such as those held by humanists and atheists, in your answer. Humans have a duty to care for the environment. Discuss this statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. You must refer to religious and non-religious beliefs such as those held by humanists and atheists, in your answer. All life is sacred. Discuss this statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. You must refer to religious and non-religious beliefs such as those held by humanists and atheists, in your answer. God is the creator of the world. Discuss this statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. You must refer to religious and non-religious beliefs such as those held by humanists and atheists, in your answer.

5 Exam Technique- a) Definition Questions TASK 1: Highlight those words or phrases in the key concepts that you would consider to be the essential parts of the definition? These highlighted sections become the essential points you must answer in your definitions to achieve 2 marks! This answer achieved 2 marks in the exam: This answer, however only achieved 1 mark because it didn t fully define the key word:

6 Exam Technique- b) Describe Questions The following b) responses achieved full marks- use a highlighter and the key below to understand why they received 5 marks. b) Describe the teaching of the Catholic Church on the origins of the universe. (5) The Catholic Church believes that the origins of the universe are not conflicting with scientific theories. Rather, both science and religion can be used to explain the origins of the universe. Catholics do not believe a literal interpretation of Genesis, whereby God makes the world in 7 twenty- four hour periods. Instead, Catholics take Genesis as a poem that they can interpret. When Genesis was written, we were not aware of the scientific theories we hold to be true today. As a result, Catholics can be influenced today to accept the Big Bang Theory, and other scientific theories as to the origins of the universe, with slight augmentations: the Church teaches that the Big Bang was ordained and planned by God, in order to create the Universe. Pope Francis confirmed scientific theories could be considered valid by the Church when he stated there is no conflict in the Catholic Church with the theory of evolution. Key: Knowledge and Understanding of religious ideas, beliefs, practices Influence of beliefs Use of specialist terms/ language Use of sources of wisdom/ authority /5 b) Describe the teaching of the Catholic Church on the Sanctity of Life. (5) The Catholic Church believes that life is sacred. Not only are humans made in the image of God (Imago Dei) as it says in Genesis, but in the Bible it says Before I knit you in the womb, I knew you. This reveals a truth for Catholics: that God preordains our lives before they are made. This influences Catholics today into arguing against abortion- God has known us before he made us in the womb, meaning he wants us to exist in the world. It would be a grave sin to kill an unborn child, because that unborn child is there by God s consent. Key: Knowledge and Understanding of religious ideas, beliefs, practices Influence of beliefs Use of specialist terms/ language Use of sources of wisdom/ authority /5 b) Describe what two of the symbols in the Tree of Life apse mosaic in St Clemante in Rome represent. (5) One of the symbols in the Tree of Life is the hand of God. This represents God s omnipotence and power to do anything. The hand reaches down to lift Jesus to heaven and therefore symbolises God s triumph over death. Another of the symbols in the Tree of Life is the dead serpent. This is a symbol of Satan and of temptation. It represents the temptation that Adam and Eve faced at the Tree of Knowledge and how that temptation has been taken from the Tree of Life and humans can now have access to eternal life. Key: Knowledge and Understanding of religious ideas, beliefs, practices Influence of beliefs Use of specialist terms/ language Use of sources of wisdom/ authority /5

7 Exam Technique: How to answer b) type questions In these questions you will be expected to describe a particular religious teaching, belief, idea, practice, place, event or view. There is a maximum of 5 marks for this type of question. To gain full marks you should be able to show your knowledge, using appropriate religious terms and any relevant sources of wisdom or sacred texts. Look at John s answer to this question: b) Describe the teaching of the Catholic Church on the scientific theory of evolution. (5) Catholics believe that God created the universe ex nihilo and that nothing existed before God created it. Most scientists follow Charles Darwin s theories that species developed or evolved from simpler forms into more complex forms in order to adapt to their environment. Science believes that the universe was created by the Big Bang. This cosmic explosion produced the conditions necessary for life to form on planet earth. Many literalist Christians believe that the stories in Genesis should be taken literally because the Bible is the word of God. They believe that species were created exactly as the Bible says they were. Most Catholics accept the scientific theory of evolution, but they believe that the evolutionary process was planned by God and that He started it off and maintains it. Pope St John Paul II said that there was no conflict between religion and science on this issue. Catholics do not generally see the creation stories in Genesis as literal, historical events, rather they believe that they are open to interpretation and are more like symbolic, pre-scientific stories that contain great truths. This took John longer than the five minutes he would have had in the actual exam. Highlight the three most relevant points that John should focus on in his answer. Add further details that could be included to the points you have chosen to ensure John achieves full marks.

8 c) Explain from either Catholic Christianity and Judaism or two Christian traditions their beliefs about God Catholic Christianity Judaism Other Christians There is only one God God exists as 3 persons: Father, Son and Holy Spirit. They are distinct from each other but each is FULLY God Equal in unity NOT 3 Gods Jesus is Son of God as he performed miracles. Jesus spoke & prayed to his Father. Without a belief in the Trinity Catholics could not believe that Jesus is God. The God we believe in is a community of persons so it makes sense to say God is love, because even before any creatures existed for God to love there was already a relationship of love that had existed for all eternity Monotheistic (one God) Trinity Nicene Creed Nicene Creed I believe in one God consubstantial with the Father Acts At Pentecost, Holy Spirit came down upon the apostles Jesus baptism all 3 persons of the Trinity were present Jesus go therefore and make disciples of all nations. Baptise them in the name of the Father, and of the son and of the Holy Spirit. Amen St Augustine beloved, lover and the love There is only one God Jesus may have existed as a historical person but his life and death are not significant Belief in Jesus as God and belief in Trinity challenge for Jews belief in ONE God Characteristics of God e.g. judge or merciful are just that characteristics. God s oneness is the most important Shekhinah is God s presence of God on earth but still simply another way to experience God Would reject Jesus as Son of God Would reject the notion of incarnation Would reject the belief in Trinity Shekhinah Shema The Shema love the Lord, your God The Torah you shall have no other God s before me Maimonides 13 Principles There is only one God God exists as 3 persons: Father, Son and Holy Spirit. They are distinct from each other but each is FULLY God Equal in unity NOT 3 Gods Jesus is Son of God as he performed miracles. Jesus spoke & prayed to his Father. Without a belief in the Trinity Christians could not believe that Jesus is God. This belief makes sense of how Christians experience God: The Father who made them, the Son who walked with them and died for them and the Spirit who lives within them Monotheistic (one God) Trinity Acts At Pentecost, Holy Spirit came down upon the apostles Jesus baptism all 3 persons of the Trinity were present Jesus go therefore and make disciples of all nations. Baptise them in the name of the Father, and of the son and of the Holy Spirit. Amen

9 c) Explain from either Catholic Christianity and Judaism or two Christian traditions their beliefs about the origins of the universe Catholic Christianity Judaism Other Christians God brought the universe into being Nothing existed before God created it Only God creates Big Bang theory supports creation ex nihilo & evolution shows design and purpose Genesis is a symbolic story explaining the WHY not the HOW about creation. God created with purpose & design everything exists as part of his loving plan Accept God created the world because of his Omnibenevolence Accept both the Genesis accounts (they are symbolic stories) AND the scientific explanations about the origins of universe God is the creator and source of all life God is sustainer and provider Genesis stories are in Torah = Word of God Orthodox Jews: Torah = God s Word so true accounts. God revealed these accounts to Moses to show God s power as creator Reform Jews: don t view Genesis as historical fact Each week Jews celebrate Shabbat (recalling Genesis resting on 7 th day) Orthodox Jews reject scientific theories of origins of universe Reform Jews accept scientific theories alongside Genesis accounts God brought the universe into being Nothing existed before God created it Only God creates The Bible is the Word of God - creation happened in 6 days, exactly as described in Genesis Critical of scientific ideas they appear to contradict the truth that God formed all life through his own power. Accept God created the world because of his Omnibenevolence Reject theory of evolution and of Big Bang as contrary to the Bible account Omnipotent Creation ex nihilo Evolution Big Bang You made something in the beginning born of your own substance you created this thing out of nothing (St Augustine) Genesis 1 let there be light (link to Big Bang) Fr Georges Lemaitre Pope John Paul II no conflict between evolution and teaching of the Church. Creator Shabbat Orthodox & Reform Evolution & Big Bang Genesis 1 let there be light Genesis see I give you all the seed-bearing plants this shall be your food Omnipotent Creation ex nihilo Omni-benevolence Genesis 1 let there be light Genesis see I give you all the seed-bearing plants this shall be your food

10 c) Explain from either Catholic Christianity and Judaism or two Christian traditions their beliefs about the sanctity of life Catholic Christianity Judaism Other Christians Each person is unique because God made them Humans are unlike the rest of creation as made in a unique way and in God s image ALL human life is sacred ALL humans have a right to life Human life should be protected and preserved Human life should be valued at EVERY stage Reject abortion and euthanasia as denying their right to life Imago Dei Abortion Euthanasia Catherine of Siena ALL humans have a soul. This is made in God s image. Humans come from God just as children come from their parents OR as our reflection in a mirror shows us. We ARE imago Dei. God creates out of love being created in God s image and with dignity shows this Genesis 1:27 in his image he created them God is creator he alone gives and takes life. Humans are created in his image Life is precious as a result Life should be preserved Pikuach nefesh mitzvoth can be broken to save a life Human life should be protected and preserved Would break, for example, Sabbath Law to save a life. Creator Pikuach nefesh Mitzvoth Genesis 1:27 in his image he created them Tenakh before I formed you in the womb I knew you Torah Do not kill Each person is unique because God made them Humans are unlike the rest of creation as made in a unique way and in God s image ALL human life is sacred ALL humans have a right to life May consider quality of life as well as sanctity Human life should be protected and preserved May not view foetus as a human life May support abortion and euthanasia as the lesser of two evils in some instances Imago Dei Quality of life Lesser of two evils 10 Commandments Do not kill Genesis 1:27 in his image he created them Jesus love your neighbour as you love yourself

11 c) Explain from either Catholic Christianity and Judaism or two Christian traditions their attitudes towards abortion (8) Catholic Christianity Judaism Other Christians Catholic Church is against abortion in ALL circumstances Humans are unlike the rest of creation as made in a unique way and in God s image ALL human life is sacred ALL humans have a right to life God gives life so only he can take it Abortion is a great moral evil Goes against one of the 10 Commandments Life begins at conception therefore abortion is murder Church encourages adoption instead of abortion Church supports pro-life groups Doctrine of Double Effect intervention e.g. ectopic pregnancy, may save mother s life but affect the child ad a secondary effect THIS IS NOT ABORTION! Imago Dei Abortion Doctrine of Double Effect CCC Life begins at conception 10 Commandments Do not kill Genesis 1:27 in his image he created them God is creator he alone gives and takes life. Humans are created in his image Life is precious as a result Life should be preserved Pikuach nefesh mitzvot can be broken to save a life Human life should be protected and preserved Would allow abortion to save the life of the mother Reform more likely to accept abortion recognising importance of quality of life Creator Pikuach nefesh Mitzvoth Genesis 1:27 in his image he created them Tenakh before I formed you in the womb I knew you Torah Do not kill Talmud to save one life is as though you save the world ALL human life is sacred ALL humans have a right to life May consider quality of life as well as sanctity of life though May see abortion as lesser of two evils in some circumstances May not believe life begins at conception so abortion isn t taking a life. If pregnancy is a result of rape OR may be dangerous to the woman s physical/mental health OR child may be severely disabled affecting its quality of life abortion may be more loving May support pro-choice organisations Imago Dei Quality of life Lesser of two evils Torah Do not kill Genesis 1:27 in his image he created them Jesus love your neighbour as you love yourself

12 c) Explain from either Catholic Christianity and Judaism or two Christian traditions their attitudes towards stewardship (8) Catholic Christianity Judaism Other Christians God made humans last they are the high point of his creation. All he made I good including humans We are imago Dei we are sacred unlike other creatures God commands humans to have authority over nature and take care of it Church teaches every individual has a duty to contribute to the good of society = The Common Good Catholics should act justly and seek justice for others especially the poor. This leads to good things for everyone as everyone benefits from a wellcared for environment Catholics are concerned about the planet and work to protect it cutting down on pollution Support the work of CAFOD Are concerned about those who suffer badly from climate change Stewardship Common good Catholic Social Teaching Pope Francis Laudato Si (Care for our common home) Genesis 1 & 2 rule over the fish in the sea Catholic Social Teaching preferential option for the poor Jesus Love your neighbour God is the creator and source of all life God is sustainer and provider Humans have been given dominion over creation so have a responsibility to look after for future generations Creation is not our it belongs to God Mitzvah Day is an annual day dedicated to service Jews will support climate change initiatives and fundraise for the poor Creator Mitzvah Tenakh Genesis see I give you all the seed-bearing plants this shall be your food Tenakh- plant trees to look after the land Tenakh- do not destroy the land during times of conflict God made humans last they are the high point of his creation. All he made is good including humans We are imago Dei we are sacred unlike other creatures God commands humans to have authority over nature and take care of it Christians have a duty to care for the poor and to ensure that all are treated with dignity. Christians are concerned about the planet and work to protect it cutting down on pollution Support the work of Christian Aid Are concerned about those who suffer badly from climate change Stewardship Common good Imago Dei 10 Commandments do not steal to abuse and exploit the earth s resources is stealing from God Jesus Love your neighbour

13 Exam Technique: How to answer c) type questions in Paper 1 c) questions for this paper will ask you to explain two religious views: Catholic Christianity and Judaism OR from two Christian traditions. You will be expected to explain a key teaching, belief, idea, practice, place, event or view. You must also ensure that you have included why believers hold the beliefs they do- using because to help develop your responses. To gain 8 marks you should be able to show your knowledge and understanding using appropriate religious terms and relevant sources of wisdom/ sacred texts. Below are some statements that might be used in response to the question. Identify the religious language you could include in the areas underlined. c) Explain from Catholic Christianity and Judaism or from two Christian traditions, attitudes towards abortion. (8) Catholics believe that human life is very special and important because Catholics believe that all humans are made in God s image because Jews believe in saving a life and lots of the duties in the Holy Scriptures teach A Law in the Bible says Do not commit murder and killing an unborn person could be considered murder. Religious leaders in the Catholic Church say that abortion goes against God Some other Christians take a less strict view and will allow abortion in rare circumstances Catholics believe that a person is fully human at the very moment when the egg meets the sperm Catholics and Jews believe that we have a spiritual part to us that makes us special to God and, therefore, may feel that abortion is wrong.

14 The following c) responses achieved full marks- use a highlighter and the key below to understand why they received 8 marks. c) Explain, from either Catholic Christianity and Judaism or two Christian traditions, attitudes towards abortion. (8) Catholics believe abortion is wrong in any form. Life is made by God and not ours to take away. It says in the Bible: Before I knit you in the womb, I knew you. This means that before we were even conceived, God knew every person that he knit in the womb, and who they were going to be- a reiteration of his omniscience. As God knew us before [he] knit [us] in the womb, Catholics and the Church argue against abortion. All those in the womb were there by God s plan- who are we to overrule God and ignore his decisions? Reform Jews would disagree. Reform Jews acknowledge that abortion is a bad idea. They believe that abortion could be permissible in some cases- for example, if the mother was going to die in childbirth and that could be prevented by an early abortion. The Jewish moral principle of pikuach nefesh means that Jews may break the religious law in order to save a life. In the Talmud it says If you save one life, it is like you are saving the whole world. As a result, Reform Jews today could agree that the mother should be allowed to have an abortion, else the mother would die- and the child s life would be severely impacted if it grew up without a mother. I think this is a good argument, because abortion has to be permissible in some cases- like Reform Jews agree here, to save a real life on earth. They have sound reasoning and firm justification in their religious law to have established these beliefs. Catholics would disagree, because taking any child from the womb would be murder and intervening in God s plan. God made every human in the image of God- giving us a distinct sacrosanctity unlike any other species on earth. We cannot, unjustified, kill human beings made in the image of God purely because they are not born yet- they can still feel and hurt. Reform Jews would disagree with Catholics. While they also believe humans are made in the image of God, as it says in Genesis, which is accepted by Jews as part of the Torah, it does not mean we should let the mother die to let the child live. In conclusion, I agree with the Reform Judaism side of this argument- that abortion should be permitted to save the life of the mother or for compassionate reasons- like if the baby is going to die soon after. The parents should not be expected to go through that trauma. Key: Knowledge and Understanding of religious ideas, beliefs, practices Influence of beliefs Use of specialist terms/ language Use of sources of wisdom/ authority /8 c) Explain, from either Catholic Christianity and Judaism or two Christian traditions, how the Bible is interpreted. (8) It is the belief of most Catholics that the Bible is a non- literal account of events and that the stories contained within should be considered myths. Because of this they instead attempt to derive deeper meaning from these stories to learn moral lessons. Catholics also follow the teachings of Jesus such as the Beatitudes or attempt to learn from the parables he told. Pope John Paul II also said that the context of the time the Bible was written must be taken into account and because it was written by humans it may contain mistakes. Fundamentalist Christians on the other hand lead the Bible as a fully factual and literal account of events from history. They say that the Bible cannot be incorrect as even though it was written by humans it was also inspired by God who would not tell lies or create myths as he is omnibenevolent. Fundamentalists will follow teachings such as the Ten Commandments as they are believed to be the literal world of God. Key: Knowledge and Understanding of religious ideas, beliefs, practices Influence of beliefs Use of specialist terms/ language Use of sources of wisdom/ authority /8

15 Evaluation skills Exam Technique- Making judgements in d) questions When answering d) evaluation questions you must show that you are able to make a judgement about the issue you are discussing. Making a judgement means that you need to comment on whether you believe an argument is valid or not. Remember the examiner doesn t actually care if this is your own view, rather they want to see your evaluation skills. Remember to: Clearly sign post where you are making a judgement e.g It is logical and sensible to argue Knowledge and understanding Influence of Belief Specialist language Sources of Authority Judgements Other opinions General Judgements you can make: This is important because the Church was divinely appointed by Jesus and has over 2000 years of tradition making it a valuable source of wisdom and authority. The Bible is the word of God for Christians, so therefore an ultimate source of authority. The Pope is the leader of the Catholic Church therefore his views are valid for Catholics The Torah was revealed to Moses at Mount Sinai by God and so it is His divine word according to Jewish belief The Ten Commandments are believed to be the word of God and so this is a compelling reason to follow them.

16 What do different religious/ non- religious groups believe about creation? Remember in d) style questions you are asked to discuss different views surrounding an issue- you must refer to Humanism or Atheism in your discussions to achieve above a BAND 1 (1-3 marks). Here is a comparison chart to help track the different ideas Christians, Jews and Humanists have on this topic: Christian interpretations of Creation/ Genesis God created the universe and everything He made was good and humans are the highpoint of His creation Jewish interpretations of Creation/Genesis God is the source of all life and is referred to throughout the Torah as the sole creator Humanist/Atheist interpretations of Creation Catholic view Fundamentalist view Reform Judaism s view Orthodox Judaism s view Humanist view Catholics believe that the origins of the universe come from the Bible. In particular the book of Genesis. God created the universe Ex Nihilo. This is the foundation of Catholic belief in creation. But Catholics have influences from outside the Bible. The Catholic Church says that Genesis is not a literal account of creation and that we need to look to science to help us to understand how God created the world. Catholics believe that Genesis tells us that God They believe that the Bible is an actual account of God. The Genesis account of Creation takes place in 6 actual 24 hour periods. The Bible explains that the world was created only 6000 years ago. Saying the world is billions of years old undermines God. There are no scientific facts that support the theory of millions of years The Torah does not need to be read literally. This means that Genesis is not a literal account of creation. There is no problem believing in the scientific accounts of creation. The Torah needs to be adapted of modern life. This means that although the Sabbath is still kept holy, Reform Jews are not as strict as Orthodox Jews and will do somethings like driving a car and using the oven. Modeh Ani prayer is said each morning and God gave the Torah to Moses and so it is literally what God said. This means the Torah is the actual word of God. Genesis is literally true. God created the world in 6 24 hour days. Because God rested on day 7 and made the Sabbath holy, Orthodox Jews do not do any work on the Sabbath. It also says in the 10 Commandments to keep the Sabbath holy and Orthodox Jews think they should follow all of the mitzvot (commandments) literally. Prayers are said in synagogues: Blessed be Humanists and Atheists believe that creation can be explained adequately without the need for God as the cause. They believe that the scientific explanations of the universe are the only explanations for how the universe was created as there is scientific proof eg. Red shift and cosmic radio waves. God did not create the world. The big bang and evolution are evidence that there is no God who created the world. Stephen Hawking believed that the evidence of the big bang shows there is no need for a creator- things just happened by chance. Richard Dawkins believes that the creation of humans was just a lucky genetic mutation. He also believes that humans are just another slightly more advanced form of animal and that humans have no greater importance than other animals. Dawkins and Hawking would say that science and religion are incompatible.

17 created the world (theological truths) and science tells us how (scientific truths). Catholics are NOT fundamentalists and DO NOT interpret Genesis literally. thanks God for allowing life for another day. Rosh Hashanah is the celebration of the day when God created the world and marks the beginning of the New Year. He who spoke and the world existed Modeh Ani prayer is said each morning and thanks God for allowing life for another day. Rosh Hashanah is the celebration of the day when God created the world and marks the beginning of the New Year. Scientific evidence shows that there is no need for God to explain the creation of the world. Science tells us all we need to know about creation.

18 What do different religious/ non- religious groups believe about the Sanctity of Life? Remember in d) style questions you are asked to discuss different views surrounding an issue- you must refer to Humanism or Atheism in your discussions to achieve above a BAND 1 (1-3 marks). Here is a comparison chart to help track the different ideas Christians, Jews and Humanists have on this topic: Christian beliefs about SoL Human life has special value because they believe that each person is unique because God made them. Human life is special and a gift from God. Genesis says that God made humans specially and in His image. One of the Ten Commandments says You shall not kill showing how sacred life is. The life of every human individual is to be respected. Life should not be taken by another human being; only God has the right to take life. However in protecting life, it may be necessary to use force against another who is a threat. Treating life as sacred may include self- defence at the individual level, or in the case of a just war, the protection of the innocent. In Psalm 139 and Jeremiah 1 (Bible) make references to a relationship with God even before birth. St Paul said the body is the temple of the Holy Spirit. Jewish beliefs about SoL God is believed to be the sole creator, giver and taker of life. Genesis teaches that humans are created in the image of God and life is precious. In Psalm 139 and Jeremiah 1 (Tenakh) make references to a relationship with God even before birth. The Ten Commandments (given to Moses) forbid the taking of a life. The Talmud discusses a number of cases in which mitzvoth in the Torah can be disregarded in order to save a human life. This includes working on Shabbat and breaking the fast on Yom Kippur. Pikuach Nefesh the duty to save a life. He who saves a life, saves the world entire. Anyone who destroys a human life is considered as if he had destroyed an entire world. Talmud. A mitzvot can be broken if it means saving a life with the exception of idolatry, incest and adultery Humanist/Atheist beliefs about SoL Life is special because it is the only life we have. Humanists believe that life is precious because it is the only one there is. Moral decisions should be based on what will allow all involved to live a full and happy life. Humanists believe in personal choice and respecting others. Humanists do not believe that all life is sacred. Peter Singer is a Humanist who believes that we are discriminating against other species when we treat humans differently to other animals. He calls this speciesism. Catholic view Other Christian views Reform Judaism s view Orthodox Judaism s view The Catholic Church teaches that all human life is sacred and that everyone has a right to life which should be Many Christians believe that human life is sacred. It has sanctity. This means that: Every individual human Reform Jews believe all life is sacred and should be protected. However, many Reform Jews believe that many As Orthodox Jews believe they should try to follow as many mitzvoth as they can in daily life, the concept of

19 protected at every stage. The Catholic Church teaches humans were made Imago Dei (the image of God). Human life is sacred because from its beginning it involves the creative action of God and it remains forever in a special relationship with the Creator, who is its sole end CCC Genesis teaches that humans are special as they are made by God in His image. Because of imago Dei, Catholics believe humans have a special dignity which should be recognized in everyone they meet whatever their gender, colour, status or belief. Catholics believe that humans have an immortal soul which has come from God and will go back to God, so their destiny is to share life is precious and has a special value beyond all price; It cannot be bargained away, ignored or sacrificed for some other good. Humans should not be sacrificed for a result. The deliberate taking of a human life is evil and cannot be justified except in extraordinary circumstances (eg for the defence of other life in war). of the mitzvoth do not need to be kept as they are not relevant to today. They believe practices should modernize and so any mitzvoth that are not compatible with society today should not necessarily be followed. This means that Pikuach Nefesh isn t a requirement for many reform Jews anyway as they may not follow many of the Mitzvot that require the teaching of Pikuach Nefesh. Eg. Keeping Shabbat or keeping kosher. They would willingly save a life as they would not feel they are breaking a mitzvah in doing so. Pikuach Nefesh is an important one. It would allow a doctor to work on Shabbat in order to save a life. Similarly it would allow a seriously ill person to avoid fasting at Yom Kippur. Orthodox Jews believe keeping the Mitzvot is an important part of keeping the Covenant with God and breaking one would be a sin. Pikuach Nefesh allows Orthodox Jews to continue to keep the Mitzvot without compromising their faith.

20 eternal joy with God in heaven.

21 What do different religious/ non- religious groups believe about Abortion? Remember in d) style questions you are asked to discuss different views surrounding an issue- you must refer to Humanism or Atheism in your discussions to achieve above a BAND 1 (1-3 marks). Here is a comparison chart to help track the different ideas Christians, Jews and Humanists have on this topic: Christian beliefs about abortion Christians believe that life is sacred and a gift from God. God is the sole creator and created humans in His image. Therefore life should be protected. There is debate over what extent life of the unborn child should be protected. Jewish beliefs about abortion Judaism makes it very clear that God is responsible for the presence of the unborn child in the womb: For you created my inmost being; you knit me together in my mother's womb. Psalms. Jews believe that abortion breaks God's command to populate the Earth- Be fruitful and multiply. According to the Halakhah, a foetus is considered part of the mother's body and not a full human being. Pikuach Nefesh requires the duty to save lives so if the mother s life is at risk then the mother has a duty to have an abortion as her life is valued above an unborn baby as it is not considered a person until birth. Humanist/Atheist beliefs about abortion Humanists take a pro-choice approach to abortion. This means that they think it is the choice of the woman as to whether or not they have an abortion. They think this because: - They do not believe that life is sacred. - The quality of life is more important than the sanctity of life. - The unborn baby is not a person until well after conception. Humanists do think that the woman needs to take into account the longterm and short-term effects of abortion before making a decision. They promote adoption as a possible alternative that might bring about greater happiness. Support the legalisation of abortion so that unsafe, illegal abortions do not take place. They think better sex education is needed to reduce the number of abortions. Peter Singer would say it is morally acceptable to have an abortion because the unborn baby is a non-person.

22 Catholic view Liberal Protestant view Reform Judaism s view Orthodox Judaism s view Catholics are against abortion in all circumstances because human life is sacred. Life begins at conception It is God who gives and takes away life. Humans relationship with God begins at conception- unborn babies are life with potential. (Jeremiah 1:5) Abortion is seen as murder as it goes against one of the Ten Commandments. The Church teaches that an unborn child is not merely a part of its mother s body. From the moment of conception it is a separate individual- a person with its own rights, even though it is reliant on its mother s body for life. The Church encourages those thinking of abortion to take They believe there are limited situations when having an abortion would be preferable to having a child. It may be the lesser of two evils. If the mother s life is in danger abortion is permitted but should be carried out as early as possible. If a woman is raped then having the child would affect her mental wellbeing and her quality of life. If the child is likely to be severely disabled and the quality of life for the baby is likely to be poor then it would be the most loving thing to allow an abortion. They use the teachings of Jesus on compassion for others when considering people who are seeking an abortion. These Christians are opposed to abortions The unborn foetus is not fully a person until it is born. Abortion can be permitted but only for serious reasons, such as when the mother s life is at risk. Jewish law permits abortion to save the life of the mother - in fact it insists on an abortion if this is necessary to save the mother. This is because the mother's life takes precedence over the life of the foetus. The danger to the mother must be clear and substantial, and the abortion cannot be done in the very last stage of pregnancy. If the mother is/ would suffer with mental distress then an abortion is permitted if it is clear that harm will come to the mother God is creator only He can take life- so abortion is wrong. Pikuach Nefesh requires the duty to save lives and that extends to unborn babies Anyone who destroys a human life is considered as if he had destroyed an entire world. The Talmud says that the destruction of life of any kind is wrong- so abortion is wrong. The Ten Commandments state that killing is forbidden and some Jews believe this can refer to unborn babies. Abortion is only permitted for serious reasons, eg the mother's life being in danger. The decision must be taken after consultation with a Rabbi who would give advice on the subject. In the case of rape or incest, or if it is likely that the baby would be

23 responsibility and continue with the pregnancy and put the child up for adoption. The Doctrine of Double Effect allows for a mother, whose life is in danger during pregnancy, to have treatment that would save her life but may threaten or destroy the life of the unborn baby as a secondary effect. Eg. Chemotherapy for cancer. for unwanted pregnancy- they believe better sex education is needed. if she continues the pregnancy. Abortion is allowed if the foetus is likely to be severely disabled. They place the justification on the risk of mental distress leading to harm to the mother as a reason to allow abortion. born severely disabled, abortion is only allowed if to continue with the pregnancy would cause severe distress and damage the mental health of the mother. There is a belief that "once the head has come forth", the child may not be harmed because it is considered born, and one life may not be taken to save another. This belief about the birth of the 'head' giving the baby the status of a person is unique to Judaism. Orthodox Jews would permit an abortion if the mother was likely to commit suicide from mental distress from the pregnancy. This would have to be clearly established. Lesser reasons for mental distress would not make abortion acceptable.

24 What do different religious/ non- religious groups believe about how we should treat the environment? Remember in d) style questions you are asked to discuss different views surrounding an issue- you must refer to Humanism or Atheism in your discussions to achieve above a BAND 1 (1-3 marks). Here is a comparison chart to help track the different ideas Christians, Jews and Humanists have on this topic: Christian beliefs about the environment God created the universe and everything He made was good and humans are the highpoint of His creation. In Genesis (Bible) God gave humans a duty to take control over nature. The earth belongs to God and not to humans; we are just caretakers of God s world. Genesis says that humans are stewards of creation. Jewish beliefs about environment God is the source of all life and is referred to throughout the Torah as the sole creator. Many Jews believe the universe is too wonderful and complex to have happened by chance. In Genesis (Torah) God gave humans a duty to take control over nature. Many Jews believe it is their responsibility to continue the work of creation by making the world a better place to live in- tikkun olam (healing the world). Bal tashchit means to not waste or destroy the environment- not causing stress to living creatures and not causing pollution or harm to trees. The Torah says that soldiers are not to destroy trees in war. Many Jewish festivals celebrate God s creation, such as Sukkot which is a harvest festival. The keeping of Sukkot is a mitzvoth (duty). Living in the sukkah (temporary shelter often made of leaves and plants) during the festival is a reminder of human connection with nature amd the environment. Tu BiShvat (New Year of the Trees/ Ecological Awareness Day) is a festival where they plant trees to recognize their importance in God s creation. Mitzvah Day where Jews come together with their community to try to care for the environment. Humanist/Atheist beliefs about the environment Most humanists agree with the idea of stewardship and see the world as beautiful and valuable. They believe that more should be done to preserve habitats and species because if they are lost then we may be damaging ourselves without realizing it. We should care about the future of our planet because we should care about other human beings, even those not born yet. Humanists believe that they should seek to live a good life because it is the only one we have. Population growth and overcrowding of the planet are a major threat to life on earth. They recognize that a growing population increases demand for food, water etc. This can lead to demand for the earth s resources and conflict- even war. This then threatens the happiness and safety of humans. Humanists support the idea of birth control programmes to limit population

25 growth. Peter Singer argues that humans are prejudiced in favour of their own species- we discriminate against animals because humans believe they are superior. This is wrong as humans are failing to realise how important animals are to humans survival and the continuation of the planet. Eg the importance of bees. Catholic view Fundamentalist view Reform Judaism s view Orthodox Judaism s view Humanist view Catholics believe all creation is holy because it comes from God. Creation is a sign of God s love because He created the earth so that it was sustainable for humans. A way of showing love for God is by valuing His creation. Pope Francis in Laudato Si asks Catholics to think about the gift of creation given to them and the type of world they want to pass on to future generations. Humans must consider the effects of their actions on the environment. Catholics can be good All Christians believe that Genesis teaches that humans are given the authority to rule over all living thingsstewards of creation. A steward has a caretaking role and will often look after people on someone else s behalf. Humans are given the caretaking role by God to look after the planet. The Lord God took man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it. Gen 2:15 Stewardship means Reform Judaism teaches that humans should care for what God has created. Psalm 24 states creation belongs to God. Jews should be stewards of creation and protect the planet for future generations. Reform Jews believe they should work to generate new natural resources for future generations. The Talmud says that the current generation can only enjoy what it has from the work of past generations so the present generation should do the same for future generations. Orthodox Jews share the same views and beliefs about the environment as Reform Jews. Prayers are said in Orthodox synagogues expressing the belief that God is the source of all life Blessed be He who spoke and the world existed. Every year, at the New Year festival of Rosh Hashanah, Jews give thanks to God for the creation of the world because, although humanity has the role of steward, the Tenakh shows that the earth is still G-d s possession (Psalm 24)

26 stewards by taking care of the planet locally and globally eg. Recycling and using public transport where possible. The Catholic Church teaches that every individual has a duty to contribute to the good of society- the common good. Catholics should act justly and seek justice for others as this will lead to a society where everyone benefits from living in an orderly, prosperous and healthy environment where everyone feels cared for. The Catholic Church teaches that a refusal to look after the planet is stealing it from future generations- so we all have a duty to protect it while we are here. Love your neighbour means that Catholics should be concerned with those who are most protecting the environment for future generations so that they can live and enjoy God s creation too. Humans do not have the right to abuse the planet- they must live in a sustainable way. Pikuach Nefesh teaches it is an obligation to preserve human life therefore Reform Jews believe they should educate themselves about the dangers of environmental health risks and working to prevent them for the sake of all humanity. As heirs to a tradition of stewardship that goes back to Genesis and teaches us to be partners in the ongoing work of creation, we cannot accept the escalating destruction of our environment and its effect on human health and livelihood. It is our sacred duty to alleviate environmental degradation and the human suffering it causes instead of despoiling our air, land, and water. When the whole world is in peril, when the environment is in danger of being poisoned and various species, both plant and animal are becoming extinct... it is our Jewish responsibility to put the defence of the whole of nature at the very centre of our concern The encounter of G-d and man in nature is thus conceived in Judaism as a seamless web with man as the leader and custodian of the natural world. Rabbi Hertberg (Assisi Declaration 1986)

27 effected by climate change eg. Drought, famine. CAFOD is an organization that works to change/ help.

28 Component 1: Catholic Foundational Theology and Component 2: Applied Catholic Theology Analysis and Evaluation of Sources of Authority These sentences endings will help polish off your analysis in c) answers and your evaluation and judgements in d) answers! Source Bible Moral Reasoning Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC) Moral Reasoning Magisterium/Pope (Encyclicals/letters /Vatican II etc) Moral Reasoning Theologians/ Philosophers Moral Reasoning Saints Moral Reasoning Sentence Ending Christians believe the Bible is the revealed Word of God, and so the Biblical teachings should be used as a source of authority and therefore should be followed. It guides to Christians behave in the way that God wants them to in order to treat everyone as they would want to be treated. (Apply this to the question). Catholics believe that the CCC is the official Church teachings based on the magisterium and that it must be obeyed It guides to Christians behave in the way that God wants them to in order to treat everyone as they would want to be treated. Catholics believe that the Magisterium is a very important source of authority on beliefs such as how to behave, treat others and worship God. Catholics accept this authority because they believe that when the Pope speaks ex cathedra (without error) his guidance is very important and influences the way that Catholics behave. Therefore Catholics are influenced by these teachings to behave a certain way, for example (link to the question). For many Catholics/Christians was a great Christian thinker and their teachings are still influential. So Catholics/Christians should still use s guidance to help them to understand the Church teachings and follow them more closely. For many Catholics/Christians was a special person because and their life, faith and commitment are still important for Christians. and Christians therefore aspire to try to live Holy lives. For this reason, Christians/Catholics see as a role model for how to live a good life and therefore aspire to try to follow their example.

29 How can you best revise for RE? Three common revision techniques that don t work for everybody: Highlighting texts Re-reading Summarising text Here are some things for you to try that might work better for you! Give them a try! Flashcards: Simply create with questions on one side and answers on the other side. You can colour code for specific topics and quiz yourself or others. Post- it notes can be useful for key words and sources of wisdom/ authority too! How to use in RE: 1. Keywords- put keyword one 3. Sources of authority- put the quote or reference on one side and the topics it can be used for on the other. Or try to write a couple per topic that will be easy for you to remember but are versatile. 2. Judgements- write a quote and create an agree or disagree argument. Or write a topic and on the other side your judgement with a reason for it. side with meanings on the other. Or use them as a memory game facing one size and see if you can remember the correct answer on the other side. Retrieval practice: Testing what you know is a powerful tool in revision, the effort to remember something really strengths your memory. There are apps you can use to allow you to create your own quizzes based on topics. Create them, test yourself or get someone to test you- it works! How to use in RE: Spaced Test on old and new topics mixed up Knowledge Organisers Create must know quizzes for a topic Examples Give two examples of Types: There are a number of types you can create: Multiple choice questions True or false Short explanation questions Odd one out If this is the answer then what is the question 5 a day 5 knowledge questions to answer Transform it: Graphic organisers are a great way of transforming your notes/ information into visual revision topics. They can be used to create links, show a narrative, identify key ideas, rate arguments, show judgements, show similarities and differences. How to use in RE: 1. Concept mapping- At the end of a week/ topic, mindmap all you can remember about a topic and link area together. Then add to your mindmap using a different colour using notes 2. Similarities and differences- Use a venn diagram to show where different religions/ traditions/ non-religious groups have similar/ different beliefs on an issue eg. Abortion 3. Diamond 9- Use this to rank arguments for d) discussion questions- the top argument will become your conclusion. Your bottom argument will be the one you think is least convincing. This will help your with making judgements in discussion/ evaluation/ analysis. Dual- coding: Dual-coding is the method of putting your knowledge into visual form alongside words. It increases the chances of you remembering it. Try comic strips!! How to: 1. Use simple drawings with matching simple descriptions. 2. The drawing should represent your understanding of the topic. 3. Try to draw links between images

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