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1 t h e moral challenge of Our Most Expensive Holiday starbucks yeshiva passover s h a b b at hagadol derasha, 12 n i s s a n 5777 / r a b b i ariel rackovsky

2 The Moral Challenge Of Our Most Expensive Holiday Rabbi Ariel Rackovsky Congregation Shaare Tefilla-- Shabbos Hagadol 5777 Economic Conditions of the Jews in Russia by Isaac M. Rubinow pg. 571 (1907) Then there is the Passover week, which is the only holiday to be compared in holiness to the Sabbath, and this period is a great deal more exacting than an ordinary Sabbath, so far as expenditure is concerned. It demands not only several days of interruption in work, but also many special dishes, the preparation of which is costly. Moreover, the demands of the Passover are absolutely peremptory The proportion of families receiving assistance varied greatly between different provinces, most of the Polish provinces showing a percentage as low as 14, while the three provinces of Lithuania give a percentage of 22. This agrees with the general observation, frequently emphasized in this article, that the Jews in Lithuania are probably lower in the economic scale than the Jews of any other part of the Pale, because the congestion of Jews is greatest there. Still more significant is the fact that the number of families assisted is rapidly growing... שולחן ערוך אורח חיים הלכות פסח סימן תכט שואלין בהלכות פסח קודם לפסח שלשים יום. הגה: ומנהג לקנות חטים לחלקן לעניים לצורך פסח. וכל מי שדר בעיר י"ב חודש צריך ליתן לזה). Shulchan Aruch Orach Chaim 429 One should inquire about the laws of Pesach thirty days before the holiday. Rema:It is the practice to purchase wheat to distribute among the poor for their Pesach needs. Whoever has resided in the town for a period of twelve months must contribute to this... תלמוד בבלי מסכת פסחים דף קטו עמוד ב-תלמוד בבלי מסכת פסחים דף קטז עמוד א אמר שמואל: לחם עני (כתיב) - לחם שעונין עליו דברים. תניא נמי הכי לחם עני - לחם שעונין עליו דברים הרבה. דבר אחר: לחם עני - עני כתיב, מה עני שדרכו בפרוסה -אף כאן בפרוסה. דבר אחר: מה דרכו של עני - הוא מסיק ואשתו אופה, אף כאן נמי - הוא מסיק ואשתו אופה. Babylonian Talmud Pesachim 115b-116a Samuel said: Bread of [ oni] [means] bread over which we recite [ onin] many words. It was taught likewise: Bread of [ oni] means bread over which we recite [ onin] many words. Another interpretation: Bread of [ oni] : ani [poverty] is written: just as a beggar generally has a piece, so here too a piece [is taken]. Another interpretation: just as a poor man fires [the oven] and his wife bakes, so here too, he heats and she bakes.

3 תלמוד בבלי מסכת פסחים דף לה עמוד א משנה. אלו דברים שאדם יוצא בהן ידי חובתו בפסח: בחטים, בשעורים, בכוסמין, ובשיפון, ובשיבולת שועל. ויוצאין בדמאי... Babylonian Talmud Pesachim 35a MISHNA: These are the types of grain with which a person fulfills his obligation to eat matza on the first night of Passover: With wheat, with barley, with spelt [ kusmin ], with rye [ shifon ], and with oats [ shibbolet shu al ]. And one fulfills his obligation by eating not only matza made from properly tithed grains, but even with matza made from doubtfully tithed produce תוספות מסכת פסחים דף לה עמוד ב יוצאין בדמאי - מסופק ר"י אי בעי למימר יוצא דוקא דיעבד כדאמרינן הואיל ומפקיר לנכסיה וחזי ליה מכל מקום עדיין לא מפקיר להו אי נמי יוצאים אף לכתחלה הואיל ושרי לעניים ואכילת מצה נמי נקרא אכילת עניות. Tosafot Pesachim 35b s.v. Yotz in BiDemai Rabbi Isaac (of Dampierre) was uncertain if this (mishnah) meant that...or, perhaps, since Demai is permitted (even ideally) to be eaten by the poor, and Matzah is also defined as the food of poverty, then one is permitted to eat Matzah made of Demai (even ideally). תלמוד בבלי מסכת פסחים דף צט עמוד ב משנה. ערב פסחים סמוך למנחה לא יאכל אדם עד שתחשך. אפילו עני שבישראל לא יאכל עד שיסב. ולא יפחתו לו מארבע כוסות של יין, ואפילו מן התמחוי. Babylonian Talmud Pesachim 99b MISHNAH. On the eve of Passover, adjacent to minḥa time, a person may not eat until dark, so that he will be able to eat matza that night with a hearty appetite. Even the poorest of Jews should not eat the meal on Passover night until he reclines on his left side, as free and wealthy people recline when they eat. And the distributors of charity should not give a poor person less than four cups of wine for the Festival meal of Passover night. And this halakha applies even if the poor person is one of the poorest members of society and receives his food from the charity plate. רש"י מסכת פסחים דף צט עמוד ב ואפילו עני שבישראל לא יאכל - בלילי פסחים, עד שיסב כדרך בני חורין, זכר לחירות, במטה ועל השלחן. ואפילו - מתפרנס מתמחוי של צדקה, דהיינו עני שבעניים, דתנן במסכת פאה (פרק שמיני משנה ז'): מי שיש לו מזון שתי סעודות - לא יטול מן התמחוי. Rashi ibid. Even the poorest Israelite should not eat on the evening of Passover unless he reclines in the manner of free people, as a remembrance of freedom, on a bed and at a table.

4 Even if a person is supported by the communal charity plate, meaning the poorest of the poor- as it says in the Mishnah in Pe ah, Whomever has enough food for two meals cannot take from the communal charitable plate. משנה מסכת פאה פרק ח משנה ח: מי שיש לו מאתים זוז לא יטול לקט שכחה ופאה ומעשר עני היו לו מאתים חסר דינר אפילו אלף נותנין לו כאחת הרי זה יטול היו ממושכנים לבעל חובו או לכתובת אשתו הרי זה יטול אין מחייבין אותו למכור את ביתו ואת כלי תשמישו: משנה ט: מי שיש לו חמשים זוז והוא נושא ונותן בהם הרי זה לא יטול... Mishnah Peah 8:8-9 One who has two hundred Zuz may not take Leket, Shikhechah, Peah or Ma'aser Ani. If he has one Dinar less than two hundred, even one thousand [people] simultaneously give him [a Dinar, he may take [them all]. If [his assets] are mortgaged to his creditor or his wife s marriage contract, he may take. He is not obligated to sell his house or his [fine] clothes [in order to take agricultural gifts]. Someone who has fifty Zuz, and he uses them for business, he may not take טור יורה דעה הלכות צדקה סימן רנג וי"א שכל אלו השיעורים לא נאמרו אלא בימיהם שהיה להם קופה ותמחוי והיו מחלקין מעשר עני בכל שנה והיו נוטלין לקט שכחה ופאה לפיכך שיערו שמי שיש לו ר' זוז לא יטול לפי שיכול לעבור בהן שנה ולשנה הבאה יהיה לו במה שיהיה אבל האידנא שאין כל זה יכול ליטול עד שיהיה לו קרן כדי להתפרנס מן הריוח תדע לך שהרי יש חילוק בין אם נושא ונותן שאז אפי' אם יש לו נ' זוז לא יטול שאפשר לו להתפרנס מן הריוח אלמא הכל לפי הענין ואפשר כי בימיהם היתה ההוצאה מעוטה ואפשר להתפרנס בריוח של נ' זוז אבל האידנא א"א והכל לפי המקום והשעה Rabbi Yaakov ben Asher ( , Germany and Spain), Tur Yoreh Deah And some say that all these definitions were only applicable in their days when they had a kuppa and tamhui and they would distribute the poor tithe each year, and they would take the gleanings, forgotten sheaves and the corner of the field. Hence, they determine that someone with 200 zuz would not take any of these, for he could get along during the year [with that amount], and the following year will have something to live on. However, nowadays when these gifts no longer exist, he may take [charity] until he has a principal amount with which he can make a livelihood from the profits. Know this, for there is a difference if he conducts business, for if he possesses only fifty zuz, he cannot take from charity, for he can make a livelihood from his profits; hence, one can deduce that one must treat each case individually. Furthermore, it may have been that in yesteryear one s expenditures were minor and one could make a living with the profits of fifty zuz, but nowadays this is impossible, and all this applies in accordance with the locale and the times...

5 Michael Hellinger, The Emerging Definiton of the Poverty Line in Jewish Law Jewish Law Association Studies XIV, p. 133 According to the Tur, one should not determine the poverty line with rigid sums of money. His new definition of the poverty line was : Anyone who did not possess a principal amount with which to make a living from the profits was permitted to take charity. Anyone who lacked such an amount, from which profits could be derived, was considered a poor person and could take charity. רשב"ם מסכת פסחים דף צט עמוד ב ולא יפחתו לו. גבאי צדקה המפרנסין את העניים כדתנן (פאה פ"ח מ"ז) אין פוחתין לעני העובר ממקום כו' אלמא לישנא דלא יפחתו אגבאי צדקה קאי והוא הדין נמי אם לא יתנו לו שצריך שיחזר בכל כחו אחריו אלא אורחא דמילתא נקט שרגילין ליתן לו ארבע כוסות וסדרן מפורש לפנינו. ואפילו. הוא מתפרנס מתמחוי של צדקה דהיינו עני שבעניים דתנן במסכת פאה [פ"ח מ"ז] מי שיש לו מזון שתי סעודות לא יטול מן התמחוי אפילו הכי אם לא נתנו לו גבאי צדקה ימכור את מלבושו או ילוה או ישכיר את עצמו בשביל יין לארבע כוסות: Rabbi Shmuel ben Meir (Rashbam, ) Pesachim 99b Distributors of charity who support the poor, as per the Mishnah in Peah (8:7)- We give to the poor who pass from one place to another etc. - we see that the language they shall not decrease refers to the distributors of charity. The corollary is true as well- if the distributors do not fund the poor person, he should exert every effort to find funds, but commonly the distributors usually disburse enough funds to purchase sufficient wine for the four cups in the order we discussed. Even if he is one of the poorest citizens, such that he doesn t even have sufficient funds to purchase food for two meals, he must sell his clothes, borrow money or hire himself out if he cannot secure funds from communal charity in order to purchase enough wine for the four cups of wine. תוספות מסכת פסחים דף צט עמוד ב ואפילו עני שבישראל לא יאכל עד שיסב - דסלקא דעתך דהסיבת עני לא חשיבא הסיבה דאין לו על מה להסב ואין זה דרך חירות ויש מפרשים דאדלעיל קאי עד שתחשך ואפילו עני שבישראל פירוש אפי' עני שלא אכל כמה ימים לא יאכל עד שתחשך. Tosafot Pesachim 99b One might think that reclining by a poor person is not considered valid, for he does not have on what to lean and therefore is not displaying proper freedom. There are those who interpret this as referring to that which was said earlier, until dark - and the statement even the poorest Israelite refers to a person so poor that he hasn t eaten in several days, and is still required to wait until nightfall. לא יפחתו לו - פי' רשב"ם גבאי צדקה וגרס לא יפחתו וכן נראה מדלא קתני לא יפחות ל' יחיד וליכא למימר דיפחתו אד' כוסות קאי דאם כן הוה ליה למיתני ארבע כוסות בלא מ"ם והא דקאמר מן התמחוי לא ימנע מלקבל כדי לקיים ארבע כוסות.

6 Ibid Rashbam explains that this refers to the collectors of communal charity, and reads the text they shall not decrease rather than he shall not decrease in the singular. One cannot say that the phrase they shall not give less refers to the four cups of wine, for if that were the case, it should have said four cups, rather than from the four cups. When it says from the communal charity plate that means that the poor person should not refrain from taking, to fulfill the commandment of the four cups. חידושי הריטב"א מסכת פסחים דף צט עמוד ב ולא יפחתו לו מארבע כוסות. פירש רשב"ם אפי' עני המתפרנס מן התמחוי דהיינו עני שבעניים... והרב ר' יחיאל מפרי"ש הקשה עליו דהא פשיטא דאפי' עני שבעניים חייב במצות כמו עשיר, ופירש דהא לא יפחתו לו אעני קאי, וה"ק אם אין לו אלא מזון שתי סעודות ימכרם ויקח מהם ארבע כוסות ואף על פי שיצטרך אח"כ ליטול מן התמחוי. Rabbi Yom Tov ben Avraham Asebilli, Spain , Pesachim 99b Rashbam explains that the poor person refers to the poorest of the poor, who is being supported by communal funds...rabbi Yechiel of Paris found this difficult. It s obvious that even the poorest of the poor is obligated in the commandments the same as a wealthy person. He therefore explained that they shall not decrease refers to a poor person, and this is the meaning: If he only has enough food for two meals, he must sell that food and buy wine for the four cups even if he will later have to rely on communal distributions. תלמוד בבלי מסכת פסחים דף קיב עמוד א ואפילו מן התמחוי וכו'. פשיטא! - לא נצרכא אלא אפילו לרבי עקיבא, דאמר: עשה שבתך חול ואל תצטרך לבריות - הכא משום פרסומי ניסא (מודי) +מסורת הש"ס: [מודה]+. תנא דבי אליהו: אף על פי שאמר רבי עקיבא עשה שבתך חול ואל תצטרך לבריות, אבל עושה הוא דבר מועט בתוך ביתו. מאי נינהו? - אמר רב פפא: כסא דהרסנא. Babylonian Talmud Pesachim 112a The Gemara answers: The mishna is necessary only to teach that this halakha applies even according to the opinion of Rabbi Akiva, who said: Make your Shabbat like an ordinary weekday and do not be beholden to other beings. If one is unable to honor Shabbat without financial help from others, it is better for him to save money and eat his Shabbat meals as he would on a weekday rather than rely on other people. Here, in the case of the four cups, Rabbi Akiva concedes that it is appropriate for a poor person to request assistance from the community, due to the obligation to publicize the miracle. The school of Eliyahu taught that although Rabbi Akiva said: Make your Shabbat like a weekday and do not be beholden to other beings; however, one should nevertheless perform some small alteration in his house to distinguish Shabbat from a weekday. The Gemara asks: What is this alteration? Rav Pappa said: For example, one should serve small, fried fish.

7 תלמוד ירושלמי (וילנא) מסכת פסחים פרק י א"ר ר' חייה בר אדא לפי שאין ערב לאדם לוכל מן הקופה וכאן אפילו מן התמחוי. Jerusalem Talmud Pesachim Chapter 10 Rebbe Chiyah bar Adda said: For it is unpleasant for a person to (denigrate himself and) eat from the charity box. Nevertheless, here (a person is obligated to take) even from the tamhui (in order to fulfill the mitzvah of the four cups)... ביאור למסכת פסחים מן תלמוד ירושלמי מסודר מפי השמועה משעורי רבינו חיים קניבסקי לפי שאין ערב כו'. אתי לפרושי מאי רבותא דעני המתפרנס מן התמחוי ומשום שאין ערב לאדם לאכול מן הקופה שמתחלקת אחת לשבוע כ"ש מן התמחוי שמתחלק אחת ליום וקס"ד דכיון דד' כוסות משום זכר לחירות וזה שאינו ערב לו אי"ז דרך חירות קמ"ל דמשום פרסומי ניסא אף העני מחויב בזה: A commentary Tractate Pesachim of the Jerusalem Talmud derived from the lectures of Rabbi Chaim Kanievsky This line comes to explain the innovation that we refer to an impoverished person who derives sustenance from communal charitable funds. Since it is unpleasant for a person to partake from communal food distribution that is handed out once a week, he certainly will feel find it distasteful to partake from communal charity that is distributed daily. One might think that, since the four cups are a remembrance of freedom, and since this form of charity is unpleasant to the taker, it is not in the manner of freedom. What this teaches us is that publicizing the miracle of Passover is important enough to render a poor person obligated in it just the same. הרב ישכר תמר-ספר עלי תמר-מסכת פסחים פ"י ה"א אמר רחב"א לפי שאין ערב לאדם וכו'. הנה מהמשנה אינה ראיה אלא שאם הוא רוצה לקבל מן התמחוי צריכים הגבאים לתת לו, אבל אכתי לא שמעינן שאם בזיון הוא לו לקבל מן התמחוי שמחויב הוא לקחת ארבע כוסות מן התמחוי, ולזה בה רחב"א ולמד שאפילו אינו ערב לו הוא מחויב לקבל נגד רצונו כדי לקיים מצות ארבע כוסות משום פרסומי ניסא. וכן נראה שביאר הבבלי בדף קי"ב, לא נצרכה אלא אפילו לר"ע דאמר עשה שבתך חול ואל תצטרך לבריות הכא משום פרסומי ניסא מודי, וכ"ה בביאורי הגר"א סימן תרע"א עיי"ש. ועיין בתוס' דף צ"ט ד"ה ולא יפחתו לו, והא דקאמר מן התמחוי לא ימנע מלקבל כדי לקיים ארבע כוסות, נראה שהתכוון למה שכתבתי, ולכאורה י"ל שמכאן מקור למ"ש הרמב"ם בפ"ד מהלכות חנוכה הי"ב, אפילו אין לו מה יאכל אלא מן הצדקה שואל (ר"ל שואל על הפתחים, כמ"ש בפ"ה מהלכות שבת ה"א) או מוכר כסותו ולוקח שמן ומדליק כמ"ש במגיד משנה שם. אכן יש לדחות שמכאן אין ראיה רק שהגבאים מחויבים לתת לו אם ירצה לקבל, אבל לא שהוא צריך לחזור על הפתחים נגד רצונו, והרי הוא מבואר בירושלמי פאה פ"א ה"א שאין מחוייב לחזור על הפתחים כדי לעשות שופר ולולב עיי"ש ומ"ש שם. לפי שאין ערב לאדם לוכל מן הקופה, וכאן אפילו מן התמחוי. כלומר דהו"א שארבעה כוסות אלו מחדירים בו הרגש של שעבוד יותר מרגש חירות, קמ"ל שיש לו לאדם להתרומם על רגשותיו הטבעיים ולהיות חדור כולו מרגש מצוה ואז בוודאי יהיה חדור מרגשי חירות ככל אדם מישראל.

8 Rabbi Yissachar Tamar, Alei Tamar on Tractate Pesachim, 10:1 Our Mishnah only proves that if a person wants to take advantage of the communal charitable plate, the distributors are obligated to give to him. We still have not learned that if it is degrading for a person to accept these funds, he is still obligated to take four cups from the communal plate. For this, Rabbi Chiya Bar Abba teaches us that even if it is unpleasant for a person to do so, he is obligated to accept these finds against his will in order to fulfill the commandment of the four cups, in order to publicize the miracle. This appears to be the explanation of the Talmud (Pesachim 112): Even Rabbi Akiva, who says Make your Sabbath into a weekday rather than needing the support of other people, would admit that it is obligatory to do so for the purposes of publicizing the miracle (see as well the commentary of the Vilna Gaon Orach Chaim 671). Look as well at Tosfot Pesachim 99, who appears to say the same thing as I did when talking about taking from communal funds. It seems that one can say that this is a source for the Rambam s statement in the Laws of Chanukah (4:12), Even if one can only eat by borrowing from charity, he should either borrow (i.e. go door to door collecting funds) or sell his clothing to buy oil for the Chanukah candles. However, this is not a conclusive proof, because all this proves is that the distributors of funds are obligated to give to him if he wants to take, but not that he has to collect money against his will. After all, it is explained in the Yerushalmi in Peah (1:1) that a person is not obligated to collect funds to purchase a Lulav or a Shofar. It is unpleasant for a person to eat from communal food, or collect from communal charitable funds- Meaning that one might think that these four cups of wine will implant a feeling of slavery more than freedom. What it actually teaches us is that a person should elevate himself above his natural feelings and be suffused with the feeling of the mitzvah, and then he will feel free like any other Jewish person.

9 שו"ת עשה לך רב חלק ד סימן נ עריכת מגבית לשם נישואין הנני מאשר קבלת מכתבך מיום ג' דנא, וממהר להשיבך כבקשתך על שאלתך דלהלן: שאלה:... מקרוב הכירו לי בחורה בת ת"ח... אך חסרת כל. וכיון שגם אני חסר כל איני רואה כל דרך להתקשר בקשר אירוסין. חברי בישיבה מציעים לי לעשות כדרך שהם עשו, וכמקובל... לקבל המלצה מראש הישיבה... ולפנות לנדיבים בעם... שיעזרו למצות הכנסת כלה. אני מתנגד לדרך זאת וחושב שהיא פסולה, ואילו חברי טוענים שאם כן לא היו ראשי הישיבות ורבנים הרבה (רבים) נותנים המלצות לחתנים, ומכאן שהדבר מותר. הרגשתי אינה טובה... ולכן הנני פונה אל כב' לפסוק לי הלכה למעשה אם אמנם מותר לפנות לעזרה לצורך נישואין... ואם לאו מה אעשה... תשובה: קריאת מכתבך הסבה לי צער גדול מאד. זה כמה שנים שאני מקבל תמידין כסדרן מכתבי המלצה מעין אלה לנישואי בני תורה, ובלי גוזמא קבלתי כבר מאות מכתבים כאלה ועדיין לא התרגלתי להם. בכל פעם שבא לידי מכתב כזה והוא מעשים בכל יום, אני מרגיש צער עמוק, כי נראה לי תמיד שדרך זאת אם להשתמש בלשון המעטה, אינה רצויה, כי בעיני הבריות מצטיירת דמותו של בן - תורה עם פשיטת יד, דבר הפוגע בכבוד התורה. ואעפי"כ תמיד רחקתי נושא זה מתודעתי מבלי חשוב עליו, כי ידעתי שזו נעשתה מציאות שלא ניתן יהיה בשום פנים לעוקרה, ואדרבא היא הולכת ומתפשטת. והנה באת והעמדת אותי בפני הצורך לעיין בשאלה כאובה זאת מבחינה הלכתית. האמת אומר כי ברגע הראשון עלה בדעתי להתחמק מתשובה ולדחות אותך בקש, ע"י תשובה שאינה מחייבת הכרעה חותכת, אבל אין דרכי בכך, וחושב הנני שחובתי היא להענות לשאלתך בכל הרצינות הראויה, וזה החלי בעזרת צורי וגואלי. אם כן איפוא קם דינא שמותר לאדם שחננו ה' בבנות רבות ליטול מן הצדקה כדי להשיאן. ולא זו בלבד אלא שאם נמנע הוא מכך ומעגנן חלה עליו אותה הגדרה הלכתית "אין לו בצערו אלא עונות וחטאים" כדין חולה וזקן שנמנע מליטול מקופה של צדקה, שהרי דינם שוה כאמור. אמנם יש מקום לבעל - דין לחלוק ולטעון שלא הותר אלא לאבי הבנות שנישואיהן מוטל עליו, אבל לא לחתן שבא לשאתן, ומה לו להזדקק לצדקה, וביחוד אם יכול הוא לשאת אחרת בת ממון. אמת, שיש מקום לחלק בכך, אלא שיש לומר דלא גרע חתן זה משליחו של אב והרי כאילו עושה הוא מגבית זאת במקומו, שכן הותר הדבר לצורך בת זאת. אלא שאין די בזה להושיענו, ואף שיש יסוד בהלכה להתיר את עצם המגבית לשם נישואין, ואף אם נמצא גם סברא אלימתא להתיר גם לחתן לעשות זאת במקום האב, לא יצאנו מן החשש הכבד ביותר, שברבות הימים תלך ותצטייר דמותו של בן תורה בימינו עם עוני ומחסור, ושכאילו אין שום דרך ללומדי תורה להסתדר בחיים ללא שימוש בדרך בלתי ניאותה זאת, שכן כל המבקשים הם חתנים העוסקים בתורה. מעתה אשרי אדם המונע עצמו מליהנות משל הזולת כל עיקר, אלא שהבעיא קשה היא ביותר, וכיצד יוכל בן - תורה לבנות לו בית בישראל וביחוד אם יחפוץ לקיים דברי רבותינו לשאת בת ת"ח ולרש אין כל. לכן נראה לי שיש צורך גדול בהתכנסות כל ראשי הישיבות הגדולות בארץ למצוא פתרון יסודי וחד - פעמי נאות לבעיא קשה זאת (דרך משל שליד כל ישיבה גדולה תוקם תעשיה קלה בחינת מלאכת יצור עדינה ונקיה, וכל לומד בישיבה יקדיש כמה שעות ביום לעבודת כפים, ושכר עבודה זאת לא ינתן לו בידו, אלא ישמר בחשבון חסום על שם התלמיד, ולא יופשר אלא בשעת נישואיו, ויהיה לו כסף זה להוצאות נישואיו בכבוד גדול, ואשרי הנהנה מיגיע כפיו). אך כמובן כל זה הוא לעתיד אם בכלל, אך לגביך בשעה זאת, נראה לי שאם אין אתה מוצא כל אפשרות אחרת, רשאי אתה להסתמך על אותו בסיס הלכתי שהצענו לעיל, המתיר לערוך מגבית לסיוע הכנסת כלה למי שחננו ה' בבנות רבות, והי"ת יסייע בידך ותזכה לבנות בית נאמן בישראל מלא אושר וברכת ה'.

10 Rabbi Hayim David HaLevi ( ), Responsa Asei Lecha Rav, 3:50 Question : I was recently introduced to young woman who is the daughter of a Torah scholar, who has no money whatsoever. As I, too, have nothing, I see no way that I can get engaged to her. My friends in Yeshiva are advising me to do as they did, and as is common...to receive a letter of reference from a Rosh Yeshiva and to turn to wealthy donors who will fund the mitzvah of paying for an impoverished bride s wedding. I am opposed to this path and think it is forbidden, while my friends claim that if this were the case, various Rabbis and Roshei Yeshiva would not write such letters to grooms, thus implying that this practice is permitted. My feeling about this is not good...and therefore I turn to his honor to render a practical ruling in this matter as to whether it is permitted to turn to charitable sources for the purpose of marriage...and if not, what should I do? Answer: Reading your letter caused me extreme sorrow. It is several years now that I receive regularly letters of recommendation of the kind you describe about the weddings of Torah scholars, and without exaggeration, I have already received hundreds of such letters and I have not grown accustomed to them. Each time a letter like this comes to me- and it happens daily- I feel a deep sense of sorrow, for it seems to me always that this path, and I am being diplomatic, is not preferred, because people then perceive the image of a Torah scholar as one whose hand is outstretched for donations, which injures the honor that should be accorded to the Torah. Nevertheless, I have always removed this issue from my consciousness without thinking about it, because I know that this has become a reality that it is impossible to uproot. Quite the opposite, in fact- it seems to be even more widespread. Now you have come and placed me in a position where I need to examine this issue from a Halachic perspective. The truth is that at first glance, I thought of avoiding an answer and pushing you off with an answer that does not require a clear cut decision, but this is not my way, and I think it is my obligation to treat your question with the seriousness it deserves, as I will do with the help of my Rock and Redeemer....There is, however, room for a person to disagree and claim that this permission extends only to the father of daughter, whose marriage expenses are his responsibility, but not to the groom who wishes to marry them. What permission does he have to partake of charitable funds, particularly if he could marry someone else who does have money? The truth is that one could make such a distinction, but one can say that a groom is not different than an emissary of the father and is collecting the funds on the father s behalf, for collecting charity is permitted for this particular daughter. This is, however, not enough to save us, because even though there is a halachic principle that permits the actual collection for the purposes of marriage, and even if there is a strong logical argument to permit the groom to do so in his future father in law s stead, we have not satisfied our stronger concern- that in the fullness of time, the image of a Torah scholar in our day will be one of poverty and deficit, as though there is no way for a Torah scholar to function in life without employing this unsavory path, as all grooms do who are involved in Torah study. Based on this source, blessed is the person who prevents himself from deriving benefit from the largesse of others at all, though the problem is severe in the extreme, and how can a Torah

11 scholar build a faithful home in Israel especially if he wants to fulfill the words of our scholars, especially if he wishes to marry the daughter of an impoverished Torah scholar. Therefore it seems to be that there is a great need for all the heads of the advanced Yeshivot in Israel to gather together once and find a fundamental and savory solution for this serious problem (for example, if every Yeshiva would have some kind of business attached to it that engages in light crafts and honest labor, and every student would put in a few hours daily to physical work whose salary would be placed in a sealed account in his name that would only be unfrozen at the time of marriage, and the money would be his with which to pay for a respectable wedding- and blessed is the person who enjoys the fruits of his own labor). Of course, this is only for the future if at all, but for you, at this time, it seems to me that if you have no other option, you are allowed to rely on the halachic basis we mentioned earlier that allows us to set up a collection for someone blessed with daughters. May God assist you and may you merit to build a faithful home in Israel full of joy and the blessings of God. Gregg Elliot Gardner, Giving to the Poor in Early Rabbinic Judaism pp I note, however, that the tamhui develops into a collection of funds only elsewhere in rabbinic literature. In the Mishnah itself (m. Peah 8:7) the tamhui provides the poor with in-kind relief, food in particular. I propose, therefore, that a simple reading of m. Pesahim 10:1 does not preclude rendering the tamhui as nothing more than a serving dish in this context; indeed, while both readings are possible, I find the latter (i.e. dish ) to be more plausible in this context than the former ( charity plate ). The poor man sits at the table, which in light of the mishnaic sources examined above, is the very place one would expect to find the tamhui (m. Nedarim 4:4; m. Shabbat 3:5). Moreover, that it could hold four cups of wine is certainly plausible, as the Mishnah implies that it is a large bowl (m. Kelim 17:2; m. Nedarim 4:4). I suggest that in m. Pesahim 10:1 the tamhui is a serving dish that conveys an entitlement to a prescribed beneficiary a poor man much as it delivered the sacrificial offering to the priests in m. Keritot 3:9. This reading complements my discussion in the previous chapter that entitlements to the poor and those to the priests are handled by the Mishnah in a similar fashion.

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