THE JERUSALEM OF DAVID AND SOLOMON.

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1 THE JERUSALEM OF DAVID AND SOLOMON. By PROFESSOR GEORGE A. BARTON, PH.D., Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa. JERUSALEM attracts interest a larger number people than any or city in world. It is a sacred city to all adherents three great religions-judaism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism. Millions people in all parts world turn ir thoughts to it with feelings reverence and adoration. It has been central city world's best religious history for tllree thousand years. This religious interest begins with reigns David and Solomon. If, n, we could form an approximate picture Jerusalem that far-f time, it would be a matter great interest to many people. The formation such a picture is not, however, an easy task. During se centuries Jerusalem has not only undergone changes which come upon every inhabited city in course long periods peaceful growth and decay, but it has been center many bloody wars, has several times suffered from severe shocks earthquakes,has been many times becieged, and several times quite destroyed. Three or four times it has been rendered uninhabitable, and n after lapse time rebuilt. In se times rebuilding old lines have not always been followed. This factwould seem to render discovery lines ancient city sufficiently difficult, but difkiculty is still furr increased by fact that important names seem in some instances to have traveled from one point to anor, so that we cannot be sure that similar transfers have not been made at points where we cannot now trace m. Jerusalem is situated on sourn slope two ridges land which are terminated on south by junction Valley Hinnom and Valley Jehoshaphat. These ridges are separated from one anor by a valley, which was called, in

2 THE KIDRON VALLEY SOUTH OF JERUSALEM, LOOKING NORTH.

3 TEE JER USALEAf OF DA ['ID A wvd.sol OllIOX 9 PLAN OF THE HILLS OF JERUSALEM. X A A, Eastern Hill, Ophel and Moriah, ancient Zion. BBB, \Vestern Hill, modern Zion. C C C, Tyropaean Valley. D D D, Valley Hinnom. E E E, Valley Jehoshaphat, or Kidron Valley. F E GZE, Present city wall. a a e e, Present Temple Area: z. e., Area NIosque Omar. b, Job's Well, probablyzen Rogel. c, Virgin's Fountain, probably Upper Gihon. d, Pool Siloam. c d, Rock-cut Aqueduct. e, Beth-sur. fff, Probable line Solomon's wall on Western Hill.

4 TEE BIBLICAtL WORLD IO time Josephus, Tyropzan Valley; i. Cheesemakers. e., This Valley valley deeper was than in it is ancient today. times The much that in English parts at least explorations fifty or have sixty showrt lated feet above its debris ancient have bed. It is accumucourse, certain almost that down to through its Pool whole sourn end, Siloam, depth which lies at this its valley ancientimes. is The much less Kidron than Valley, in forms a or deep Valley gorge on east JehoshaphatP eastern ridge from city, and Mount separates its also a Olives. deep gorge, but TheValley with sides Hinnom, not so Kidron, curves precipitous about as those more western and westerly its sourn sides ridges, country. separating It it is from only on adjoining ridges north from that no valley adjacent divides land. se called Today Zion; while western upper ridge part is Moriah, and its eastern sourn ridge part, was one, at Ophel least, se Bible.I names has That anor since moved from time one David point to The will earliest appear as we historical proceed. mention letters which its Jerusalem is king, found in Abd-Khiba, Egypt, wrote to about I400 B. Amenophis C.2 IV., It is king Jerusalem clear was at from that se time letters an that considerable important city, head a Egyptian territory, although its king. ruler was The a vassal territory approximately Jerusalem at that territory period which was dom Judah. afterward comprised king- The information concerning ters give is Jerusalem itself exceedingly which se meager. lethills on We are which it told is nothing situated, and about Gu infers,3 nothing though on concerning its what extent. grounds Jerusalem he does this not period tell us, was an that is, believe, I a unwalled, or mistake. open A city. passage This ters, which in has one h irto been Abd-Khiba's let- misunderstood, shows that ISee accompanying map, p CX SCHRADER, ZeiZinschriffZichc BibSiok, 3See Vol. his V, art. PP. 302-I5. "Jerusalem," in RcaAcacycZopasdie (3d ed.).

5 TEE JERUSwALEM OF DA VID AWD SOLOMOW I I Jerusalem that day had a wall, as intrinsic probability should have led us to believe. The letter in which passage occurs,4 tells how people Ginti-Kimil have fallen away, how king Gaza is faith less, and n declares: " We will open Jerusalem to guards whom thou shalt send by hand Khaja."5 If Jerusalem could be "opened," it was a walled city.. _ = _ s_u (, X _S_. t;s a-b : E < Hi _- OPHEL AS SEEN FROM THE SOUTH. 4 EciSinschriffStche BibSio!Azek, Vol. V, No. I 85. sthe word on which difficulty has arisen is ni-ip-t?z-ur, from stem -1:D. It is used in Assyrian to mean " open," but has been thought in Canaanitish to mean "free," nnd being usedfor "open." A careful examination Old Testament occurrences ^12D shows that even in Canaan sense " opening " is quite as appropriate. In Prov. I7: I4, use ::D is appropriate, because figure receives its force from way in which water rushes from "opened" water-skin. In I Rings 6: I8, 29, 32, 45 it is used "opening" flowers. In I Sam. Ig: Io it describes way in which David, when his life was in danger, broke away from presence Saul. In I Chron. 9: 33, and 2 Chron. 23: 8, it is used releasing priests from service. It appears, n, that while it is used three times in Old Testament in figurative senses, in or instances where it is used meaning or idea " opening " is quite as appropriate as any or. This fact, combined with its Assyrian meaning, leads me to believe that position taken in text is justified.

I 2 TEE BIBLIC 4 L [vorld During tveriod Judges, Jerusalem was a Jebusite city. Its conquest was accomplished by David. It appears from biblical account that conquest (2 Sam.

6 I 2 TEE BIBLIC 4 L [vorld During tveriod Judges, Jerusalem was a Jebusite city. Its conquest was accomplished by David. It appears from biblical account that conquest (2 Sam. 5: 7), that Jebusites had a stronghold, which y thought was impregnable, and which David tool with difficulty. This stronghold is declared to have been identical with " city David," and to have been on Zion. Now it is clear from many incontrovertible indications, that Zion here referred to was south temple area, and identical with hill Ophel: for example, David " went up " from his residence in Jerusalem to threshingfloor Araunah ( 2 Sam. 24: I 9); Solomon brought ark " up " out Zion, city David, into temple (I Kings 8:I). Again, palace Solomon was next to temple,which was built on threshing-floor Araunah, being separated from it by awall only (Ezek. 43: 8; I Kings 6: 36; 7: 8, I2); this palace was lower than temple (I Kings IO: 5), and must refore have been situated on south side it; but this palace, a part which was set apart for Pharaoh's daughter, was higher than city David ( X Kings 9: 24). This city must refore have lain still farr to south upon same eastern ridge, for in no or way can se topographical conditions be satisfied. That this was case appears also from book Nehemiah, according to which " city David " was approached by a flight steps from a gate in vicinity Siloam (Neh. 3: IS; I2: 3I-37). Or biblical evidence might also be adduced. If this be true, it is clear that in time David Zion was name, not western hill, as now, but eastern hill. This was, indeed, not only case from Davicl to Nehemiah, as we have seen, but continued to be case down to second century B. C., for in apocryphal books Zion is still identical with temple hill.6 At some time between this period and fourth century A. D. name was transferred to western hill, which still bears it, for to Bordeaux pilgrinl Zion was evidently western hill.7 It is easy to understand why eastern hill, although 7See Cf I Macc- 4: 37, 38; 5: 54; 7: 33; I Esdr. 8: SI; ECCIUS. 24: IO. GEYER, Afi7zer(z htierososozifasta, Saec?XAv IZII-VIZZ, p. 22.

TEE JEDUSALEXI OF DA VIO AlWrD SOLOA10S I 3 lowest, afforded best position for a strong fortress. A perennial fountain, called today Virgin's Fountain, springs from foot.

7 TEE JEDUSALEXI OF DA VIO AlWrD SOLOA10S I 3 lowest, afforded best position for a strong fortress. A perennial fountain, called today Virgin's Fountain, springs from foot. its eastern slope, and an ancient underground passage has been found by which water could be reached from within line old city wall, so as to be accessible in case siege.8 The western hill- possessed no such advantage as this. THE WESTERN HILL (NOW CALLED ZION) AS SEEN FROM THE SOUTH. There is no natural spring upon it. Water must be caught in cisterns, and in a protracted siege was likely to be exhausted. It is probably this connection eastern hill with Virgin's Fountain which is referred to in 2 Sam. 5: 8, an obscure passage; text is by recent commentators considered corrupt. It is clear n that Jebusite fortress, and that Hebrew stronghold which was afterward called " city David," were situated on sourn end eastern hill, and that 8See WARREN AND CONDER, Exploration Fund. Jerusazewz, pp. 366ff., published by Palestine

8 14 TEE BIBLICHL WORLD palace Solomon and temple built by him were to north this L)avidic stronghold, and higher up on same hill. Having determined this, question next arises, was this town on eastern hill all re was to Jerusalem David's time? There are those who maintain that whole western hill was unoccupied down to time Asmonaeans.9 This view is, JOB'S WELI, (EN-ROGEL), SOUTH OF JERUSALEM. I believe, untenable from standpoint biblical evidence, archceological evidence, and intrinsic probability. Let us glance at se three classes considerations in order. To begin with biblical evidence, re are many passages in Old Testament in which Mount Zion seems to be distinguished from Jerusalem. In many se, it must be confessed, distinction may be no more than synonyms used in literary parallelism.x Such, however, is not case with all m. 9E. g., P&re Germer Durand, in a lecture delivered at Dominican Convent, Jerusalem, December 3, I902. I 2 Kings I9: 3I; Ps. 5I: I8; Isa. 64: I0; Jer. 26: I8; Joel 3: I6; Amos I: 2; Micah 3: I2; Zech. I: I7.

9 TEE JERUSALEM OF DAX MID AZIXD SOLOMOIV T 5 Isa. 30: I9 is a passage in which Zion is clearly spolien as a quarter in Jerusalem. In 2 Chron. 28: 27 it is stated that Ahaz was buried in city Jerusalem, but was not buried in sepulchers kings. These tombs were in David's city (I Kings I I: 42; I4: 3I, etc.), and so near temple that Ezekiel blames Israel for having buried her kings in sacred place (Ezek. 45: 7). These passages contemplate a city which extended beyond eastern hill. If it can be objected that se passages are late, we may in anor way attempt to ascertain at what period Jerusalem extended its borders beyond eastern hill. The fact has been generally overlooked that in time Maccabees re was a fortress in Jerusalem called Beth-sur, but this is certainly implied in I Macc. 6: 48-SI, where Bethsura cannot be fortified city near Hebron, but must refer to a fortified post in Jerusalem, which is put in contrast with sanctuary.tt Dr. Selah Merrill points out that name this fortress survives in Josephus in corrupt form Bethso,I2 and that description Josephus enables him (Merrill) to identify its location with Maudsley scarp and with position Bishop Gobat's school (see map, p. 9). Now rock-cutting Ilecessary for construction this fortress was an immense work. If it existed in time Maccabean struggle, it must have been built before exile, for re was no time after exile and prior to Maccabees when nation was rich enough to undertake such an enterprise.l3 If we go back to pre-exilian days, re seems no time after days Solomon when nation was strong enough to undertake such a work. The biblical notices building operations later kings relate how Hezekiah constructed an aqueduct (probably Siloam tunnel ), and how Manasseh surrounded Ophel ( sourn part castern hill) with a wall.i4 This statement might mean that II P&re Durand, in a lecture delivered at Dominican Convent, Jerusalem, January 2I, I903, perceived this fact, which I had previously noted. Dr. Merrill had, from - text Josephus, perceived this before I noted it in Maccabees. I2JOSEPHUSBJeWiSA Wars, V, iv, 2. I3See BLISS, Excavations atjcrxsaacm, PP. 45, 3I9. IX Cf. 2 Kings 20 : 20; 2 Chron. 32: 30; 33: I9. The Chronicler's statements probably rest on older sources; ef. NOWACK, Eandkommcatar, in be.

TEE BIBLICA1L WORLD Manasceh built a wall across mouth Tyropzan valley to connect with a wall on western hill, as Bliss supposes,l5 but could hardly describe fortification western hill.

10 TEE BIBLICA1L WORLD Manasceh built a wall across mouth Tyropzan valley to connect with a wall on western hill, as Bliss supposes,l5 but could hardly describe fortification western hill. Such considerations, refore, make it probable that extension Jerusalem io western hill occurred as early as time David or Solomon. It is probable that n fortress THE MOSQUE OF OMAR, ON THE SITE OF SOLOMON'S TEMPLE. Beth-sur (rock-fortress) on site Maudsley scarp was built, and that a wall running from this fortress around eastern brow western hill was also constructed.i6 That such an extension city occurred at this time, is probable from anor consideration. The surface Ophel, on which oldest city was built, contains, as Dr. Merrill points otlt, only about eight acres habitable ground. Even if, with inclusion a part temple area, this should be 5 Cf. E:xcavationzs at JcrzcsaZerz, p '6See BLISS, Op. cit., Plan No. I, and accompanying map.

11 TffE JER USALkAl OF 19S VII) AX19 SOL OMOD I 7 increased a little, it is altoger too small an area for capital an empire such as that David and Solomon. This area might suffice for Jerusalem earliest time, for that town was simply a mountain fortress for residents immediate neighborhood. As strongest fortress region, it became capital a considerable territory. But it was never / L'_-<.;..ft-.-_- THE MOSQUE OF OMAR AND THE MOUNT OF OLIVES. (As Seen from Grand New Hotel.) a great market, or manufacturing center; and, until time David, re was nothing to increase its size. As capital Davidic empire, even if we suppose magnificence that empire to be much less than a fond tradition has painted it, eastern hill would be too small. Probably, refore, western hill was n occupied, and such fortifications as we have indicated, built. It seems impossible now to determine more accurately than has been already pointed out what portions walls David and Solomon built. We are told that " David built round about from Millo and inward," but where Millo was no

12 TEE BIBLICAL WORLD one knows. There are as many different ories about it as re are writers, and I shall not commit indiscretion adding anor. It is usually assumed that Millo was a fortress, but as a matter fact no one knows what it was. As springs were considered sacred among Semites,I7 so in time David two natural springs Jerusalem were held to be sacred. One se, called En-Rogel, was probably identical with "Job's Well" present day. On a stone by se sacred waters Adonijah fered sacrifice when he had himself proclaimed king;i8 and to or, n called "Gihon,"I9 but now "Virgin's Fountain," David had Solomon sent to be anointed.20 In ancient Israel anointing c)f king was one most sacred ceremonied,2i and no doubt it took place at fountain so that ceremony might gain a share sacredness sacred waters. Such a fact throws a flood light on religious life Jerusalem at this far-f time. To writers Old Testament, Solornon was great builder among kings Israel. The glory his structures so impressed simple-hearted inhabitants Palestine that, in historical books Bible, language is exhausted to express ir magnificence. Therefore many have innocently inferred that his structures, especially temple, surpassed in splendor all or buildings in world. As a matter fact two things must be taken into account in forming a true estimate se things: (I) way in which a moderately fine building would impress one coming from poor country districts Palestine; and (2) innocent accretions which cluster about traditions as time advances. One appreciates first se after a visit to some point in Palestine today, such as Jericho. The traveler after seeing only mud huts, I7 Cf writer's Sketch Sestitic Origins, pp. 92 ff. I8 I Kings I: 9. I9 This follows as a necessary inference from text I Chron. 32: 30 and 33 :I4. Cf. NOWACK, Handkommentar, in Soc. 20 I KingS I: 33-2I See art. " Anointing," in EncycZopbedia BibSica andjezaish EncysZopsdia.

13 THE JER USALE,flll OF DA MID A XD SOL OA10C I9 PLAN OF SOLO.NION'S TEMPLE AND PALACE. (After Stade.).a, House Forest Lebanon. 5 c, Porch Pillars. d, Throne Room, or Judgment Hall, c e e, Outer Court. f, Solomon's Palace. g, Anor Court. A, Palace Pharaoh's Daughter. & The Temple. n, Altar Burnt Offerings. n n n, Temple Court., Area Present Mosque Omar. r, Present City Wall.

Olives from almost houseless regic)n beyond, with beauty and splendor Jerusalem today; and yet, when he approaches this A STREET SCENE IN

14 iass> - * >s v - -- } X!l - l: > t 20 TEE BIBLIC'XL WORLD black tents 13edouins, and natural caves turned into dwellings, is impressed, as he comes over Mount Olives from almost houseless regic)n beyond, with beauty and splendor Jerusalem today; and yet, when he approaches this A STREET SCENE IN MODREN JERtISALEM. same Jerusalem fresh from a European or American city, it seems to him pitiably wretched. Allowance has, refore, to be made for point view. Nor is re any doubt, eir, that tradition has magnified glories Solomon's Jerusalem. To form an adequate con-

15 TEE JER USALktM OF DAZ M1D A1NTD SOL O.VOX ception Solomon's temple and palace, it is necessary to separate with critical skill early from late in accounts which have come down to us, as Stade has done.22 It may not be possible now to ascertain with exactness all details, but Stade's results are probably approximately correct. It will be seen from his chart, which is reproduced here (p. I9), that all Solomon's buildings were included in an area considerably smaller than present area Mosque Omar, which is about size area Herod's temple. The arrangement Solomon's buildings may be studied from chart. The inaccurate results which uncritical method heaping toger references from Bible, from Josephus, and from Mishna produces, may be seen in work late Dr. Schick.23 It is probable that his picture temple Herod is quite accurate, but for an accurate picture temple Solomon, one must look to writers who follow a more discriminating method research. 22See STADE, Geschichte des VoZkes AsraeS, Vol. I, pp. 3II ff. 23 See his 07e Stiftshutte der TerzpeS in JerusaRm und der 7tempeSpZaZz der Jetztzeit (Ber]in, I896). His ideas are also expressed in his models temple, which visitors to Jerusalem may still see at residence his daughter. These models are an endeavor to picture to eye history temple area down to present time. 2I

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