Cover Page. The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation

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1 Cover Page The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Murai, Nobuaki Title: Studies in the aklu documents of the Middle Babylonian period Date:

2 7. Matthews no. Data Publication aklu Seal Reference Seal Impression Year Month, Day Key Persons Occupations Commodities Place Notes Names BE 15 no Matthews no. year 4 XII-10 Irēmanni-Adad rē û sheep --- envelope Innibu BE 15 no Matthews no. year 7 II-27 to III- Martuku --- barley, flour, Āl-Šēlebi envelope 5 beer BE 15 no. 23 ak-lu --- Matthews no. year 9 II of year 8 Martuku --- barley, flour, --- envelope to beer, sheep II of year 9 BE 15 no. 25 ak-lu --- Matthews no. year 10 II of year 9 Martuku --- flour, barley, --- envelope to beer II of year 10 BE 15 no Matthews no. year 12 VI-29 to Martuku --- barley, beer Zarat- envelope VII-2 Karkara MUN Matthews no. 1304, NM XII Irēmanni-Adad rē û sheep --- envelope year 4 Innibu CBS Matthews no. year 14 XI Iddin-Sîn ḫazannu sheep, wool --- Aṣûšu-namir rē û UM Matthews no En-x-[ ] ḫazannu sheep --- Atkal-[ ] rē û Šin-[ ] 149

3 Discussion Here I discuss the documents related to Matthews no.. We have one addition (UM ) to this group. (410) 7.1. Aklu documents The term aklu is found in BE 15 no. 23 rev. 7, no. 25 rev. 6 (envelope), and rev. 6 (tablet). In the following documents, the term aklu is not mentioned: BE 15 nos. 15, 18, 31, MUN 324, CBS 8872, and UM The seal (Matthews no. ) Among the Matthews no. documents, no seal reference is attested. Therefore we do not know who sealed these documents with Matthews no.. Matthews no. (411) is the Central First Kassite style. (412) Inscription: [be]-la-nu-um Belanum, [n]u.èš den-líl Prelate of Enlil [dumu] ka-da-aš-ma-an- d en-líl [Son] of Kadashman-Enlil, [du]mu.dumu ku-ri-galzu Grandson of Kurigalzu, lugal kiši King of the world, ìr d nusk[a] Servant of Nuska ù d un.gal.nibru ki And šarrat-nippuri. (413) ( 410 ) See Matthews and Brinkman 1990, 83 84, no ( 411 ) References to no. in Matthews 1992 are on pp. 3, 8, 11, 12, 15, 17, 49, 58, and 67. See also Deheselle 1995 and Stiehler-Alegria Delgado 1996, 202 (no. 193). References to Stiehler s no. 193 are on the following pages of Stiehler-Alegria Delgado 1996: 39 (n. 5), (n. 9), 64, 65 (n. 23), 66, 71 (n. 58), 96, 111, 114, 169 (n. 42), 170 (n. 49), and 202. Regarding its legend, see Matthews and Brinkman 1990, no. 103; Stiehler-Alegria Delgado 1996, 66 (n. 32), 202 (no. 193), Fototafel 7 (no. 193); van Soldt 1997, ; Sassmannshausen 2001, 14 n. 158 and 62 n. 965; and Boese 2009, ( 412 ) Concerning the First Kassite style, see Matthews 1990, 55ff., and Matthews 1992, 10ff. Also see Stiehler-Alegria Delgado 1996, (Erste Gruppe). ( 413 ) Matthews 1992, 87. He places the translation in juxtaposition with the transliteration. Therefore here the capital letter is used for And. 150

4 Seal impressions can be seen on the following documents: BE 15 nos. 15, (414) 18, (415) 23, (416) 25, (417) 31, (418) MUN 324, (419) CBS 8872, (420) UM (421) 7.3. Year, month, day for Matthews no. MUN 324 is dated in the 4 th year (1304) of Nazi-Maruttaš. The other documents are not dated with a royal name. MUN NM XII - year 4 BE 15 no. 15 XII - year 4 BE 15 no III - year 7 27-II to 5-III BE 15 no. 23 II - year 9 II of year 8 to II of year 9 BE 15 no. 25 II - year 10 II of year 9 to II of year 10 BE 15 no VII - year VI to 2-VII CBS 8872 XI - year Months mentioned for Matthews no. I: 2 times: BE 15 no. 23, 25 II: 3 times: BE 15 nos. 18, 23, 25 III: 3 times: BE 15 nos. 18, 23, 25 IV: 2 times: BE 15 no. 23, 25 V: 2 times: BE 15 no. 23, 25 VI: 3 times: BE 15 no. 23, 25, 31 VII: 3 times: BE 15 no. 23, 25, 31 VIII: 2 times: BE 15 no. 23, 25 IX: 2 times: BE 15 no. 23, 25 ( 414 ) See the photo (P259480_e.jpg). ( 415 ) See the photo (P259570_e.jpg). ( 416 ) As noted by Matthews 1992, 86 we can find a part of the seal impression on an envelope fragment adhering to one end of an the tablet (P jpg). ( 417 ) See BE 14 PL. XV 48, 1 and the photo (P259526_e.jpg). ( 418 ) See BE 14 PL. XV 48, 2 and the photo (P259538_e.jpg). ( 419 ) See the photo (P259388_e.jpg). ( 420 ) See the photo (P jpg). ( 421 ) See the photo (P jpg). 151

5 X: 2 times: BE 15 no. 23, 25 XI: 3 times: BE 15 no. 23, 25, CBS 8872 XII: 4 times: BE 15 nos. 15, 23, 25, MUN 324 It is noteworthy that BE 15 no. 15 and MUN 324 are similar to each other and are probably dated to the same date or almost the same date (1304, NM 10-XII-year 4) Days mentioned in the group of Matthews no. : 1 day: BE 15 no. 15 (10-XII) 4 days: BE 15 no. 31 (29-VI to 2-VII) 9 days: BE 15 no. 18 (27-II to 5-III) 1 month (422) : MUN 324 (XII), (423) CBS 8872 (XI) 1 year: BE 15 no. 23 (II of year 8 to II of year 9), BE 15 no. 25 (II of year 9 to II of year 10) In the Matthews no. texts, it is notable that BE 15 no. 23 and no. 25 are annual reports (years 8 9 and years 9 10) of aklu expenditures Occupations In this group of texts the professions of shepherd (rē û) and mayor (ḫazannu) are attested. CBS 8872 deals with accounts for sheep. It contains a clause about the obligations of the shepherd and the mayor, and the penalties for non-performance of their duties. (424) UM may contain the parallel clauses for duties relating to cows. rē û: BE 15 no. 15 (obv. 4 envelope: sipa, obv. 4 tablet: sipa), MUN 324 (4 envelope: lú sipa, obv. 4 tablet: lú sipa), CBS 8872 (rev. 20 : sipa), UM (rev. 13, 15 : lú sipa) ḫazannu: CBS 8872 (rev. 18, 19 : ḫa-za-an-nu), UM (rev. 11, 14 : ḫa-za-an-na, rev. 16 : ḫa-za-an-ni) 7.5. Commodities In Matthews no. texts, beer, clay pots, barley, flour, sheep, wool, and cows are attested. kaš: dug: BE 15 nos. 18 (kaš sag, kaš UŠ), 23 (kaš sag, kaš UŠ), 25 (kaš UŠ), 31 (kaš UŠ) BE 15 nos. 18 (dug gal), 23, 25 (dug sag, dug UŠ) še: BE 15 nos. 18, 23 (ŠE-MAŠ/BAR), 25 (ŠE-MAŠ/BAR), 31 ( 422 ) Probably the time span is not a full month (days 1 30). It may be less than one month. ( 423 ) As stated above, the date of MUN 324 may be the same as that of BE 15 no. 15 (1304, NM 10-XII-year 4). ( 424 ) Regarding the duties of a shepherd, see Brinkman 2004, 290 n

6 zì-da: BE 15 nos. 18, 23, 25 udu-níta: BE 15 no.15, 23 (udu niga), MUN 324 (udu-níta meš ), CBS 8872 (obv. 4 : udu-ḫia) sík: CBS 8872 obv. 5 us 5-udu-ḫi-a: CBS 8872 rev. 18 uzu sa: CBS 8872 (rev. 11 : uzu sa? ) utua: UM obv. 1 áb: UM (obv. 2: áb-gal, obv. 3: áb mu-3, obv. 4: áb mu-2, obv. 5: áb ga) amar: UM (obv. 6: amar ga) 7.6. Place names In the texts related to Matthews no., Āl-Šēlebi (BE 15 no. 18, envelope and tablet rev. 12) and Zarat-Karkara (BE 15 no. 31, envelope and tablet rev. 9) are attested. Zarat-Karkara (tent of Karkara) should be located near Karkara, which is south of Nippur. (425) Therefore the enveloped documents may have been sent from southern cities to Nippur Notes In this group of texts, BE 15 nos. 15, 18, 23, 25, 31, and MUN 324 are enveloped, and seal impressions can be found on the envelopes. However, CBS 8872 and UM have the seal impressions on the tablet itself. The reason for this discrepancy is unknown Prosopography Here I will discuss Martuku. He is mentioned in the following documents: BE 15 nos. 18 (barley, flour, beer, Āl-Šēlebi), 23 (aklu, barley, flour, beer, sheep), 25 (aklu, flour, barley, beer), 31 (barley, beer, Zarat-Karkara). These documents are not dated with a royal name. (426) Among them, BE 15 nos. 23, 25 are annual reports (years 8 9 and years 9 10) of the aklu expenditures. We can find some place names (Āl-Šēlebi, Zarat-Karkara). Also these four tablets are enveloped, so they may have been sent from settlements south of Nippur. Martuku s role in these transactions is not clear. In the Nippur documents other than the Matthews no. group, we can find comparatively many references to a Martuku, but we do not know if they all refer to the same person. There may have been several individuals named Martuku. I think that there are at least two candidates for the Martuku of Matthews no., judging from the place name coincidences. ( 425 ) See Nashef 1982, 342 (map). ( 426 ) BE 15 no. 18 (year 7), no. 23 (year 9), no. 25 (year 10), no. 31 (year 12). 153

7 The first candidate is Martuku of the so called Archiv des Speichers. (427) His active period is from 1311, KG 19-VIII-year 22 (BE 14 no. 36 (428) ) to 1276, KT 16-II-year 6 (BE 14 no. 93 (429) ). The period is about 36 years. In CT 51 no. 26 (1287, NM 27-VIII-year 21), Martuku (obv. 8) and Zarat- Karkara (obv. 6) are stated. (430) Martuku who is found with Ḫuzālu is the second candidate. The two worked in association with NIN-dingir and Amīl-Marduk, governor (šandabakku) of Nippur. We have two examples: BE 14 no. 136, 1237, ŠŠ V-year 9, NIN-dingir, Amīl-Marduk, šandabak Nippuri, Martuku (rev. 23, 24), Ḫuzālu (rev. 21, 22). MRWH 17, (1237) ŠŠ V, (obv. 16: year 9 is mentioned), NIN-dingir, Amīl-Marduk, šandabak Nippuri, Martuku (obv. 8, 21 rev. 37, (431) 40, 42, 44, 45), Ḫuzālu (obv. 9, 11, 13, 17, 19, 21, 24 rev. 29, 31, 33, 34, 41). ( 427 ) Sassmannshausen 2001, 190. ( 428 ) In BE 14 no. 36, Martuku (obv. 3) and bīt Innanni (obv. 2) are found. Innannu is a wellknown person in Das Archiv des Speichers (Sassmannshausen 2001, , nos. 1 3). ( 429 ) In BE 14 no. 93, Martuku (obv. 3) and Rabâ-ša-Nergal (obv. 4) are stated. Rabâ-ša-Nergal is a well-attested person in Das Archiv des Speichers (Sassmannshausen 2001, 192, no. 15). ( 430 ) CT 51 no. 26 (1287, NM 27-VIII-year 21) has parallels with BE 14 no. 79 (1286, NM IIIyear 22). They have some similarities: CT 51 no. 26 BE 14 no. 79 i-na šà te-li-ti ša i-na šà te-li-ti ša mu-21-kam ša za-ra-ti ki za-ra-ti ša mu-22-kam ki-i šu I mar-tu-ki i-na é Id nin-urta-ibila-sum-na ki-i šu I mar-tu-ku In BE 14 no. 79, bīt Ninurta-apla-iddina is stated. Ninurta-apla-iddina is a well-known person in Das Archiv des Speichers (Sassmannshausen 2001, 76 77, 191, no. 13). Therefore CT 51 no. 26 is one of the documents of Das Archiv des Speichers. ( 431 ) In rev. 37, Martuk is said to be the son of Šamaš-ē/īriš. Is he (i.e., the son of Šamaš-ē/īriš) the same person as the other Martuks in MRWH 17? 154

8 In BE 15 no. 26 (unknown king, IV-year 10), a large amount of barley (432) from Āl-Šēlebi is delivered from Ḫuzālu and Martuku (433) for the rations of Nippur and Dūr-Kurigalzu. In a letter, (434) I LÀL-ÚR- d ALIM says to Martuku that he will arrive at Āl-Šēlebi on the 28 th day and that he will stay for 10 days. He then orders Martuku to prepare a banquet for the 10 days. Then Ḫuzālu says that 1 mina new wool and 1 mina old wool should be weighed out and given. (435) There is about a 75 year gap between Martuku of Das Archiv des Speichers and Martuku found with Ḫuzālu. Therefore it is unlikely that they refer to the same person. MUN 324 (1304, NM XIIyear 4), the only document dated with a royal name in the Matthews no. texts, favors the Martuku of Das Archiv des Speichers. (436) We have several aklu documents and possible aklu documents mentioning Martuku, but it is not certain if all the cases refer to the same person. BE 14 no NM XII - year 12 (aklu?) barley, flour, beer, sheep arād šarri u lā XI and XII are mentioned. ašābu BE 14 no NM 11- IX - year 14 aklu barley Dunni-aḫi BE 15 no. 12 XII - year 3 aklu barley, flour, lentils, cress Dūr-Kurigalzu CBS VI - year 4 aklu barley, cress, lentils, oil, sheep, goats, lambs 25-V to 13-VI envelope Matthews no. 162 BE 15 no VI - year 4 aklu flour, barley, beer envelope days Matthews no. 162 CBS VIII - year 4 (aklu?) barley, flour, beer Āl-Šēlebi BE 15 no VI - year 5 aklu barley, emmer, flour, beer, beer products VI of year 4 to VI of year 5 ( 432 ) Obv. 1: 1 IGI 50,0.0. še giš bán 10 sìla. ( 433 ) Obv. 5-lo. e. 6: i-na šu I ḫu-za-lu 4 ù I mar-tu-ki. ( 434 ) Aro and Bernhardt 1958/59, (HS 110). ( 435 ) Aro and Bernhardt 1958/59, 571: HS 113 is another letter sent from I LÀL-ÚR- d ALIM to Martuku. ( 436 ) Of course it is possible that a Martuku other than the above-mentioned two candidates is referred to in the documents of Matthews no.. Also it should be noted that BE 15 no. 26 and HS 110 (i.e., the documents of the second candidate in which Āl-Šēlebi can be found) are not dated with a royal name. Therefore it is not certain if the pair (Martuku and Ḫuzālu) of BE 15 no. 26 are the same as the pair of BE 14 no. 136 and MRWH 17 (i.e., the dated documents of the second candidate, which have no reference to Āl-Šēlebi). In the case of HS 110, it is also not certain if it is the same pair as in BE 14 no. 136 and MRWH

9 BE 15 no II - year 7 aklu barley, beer, flour Āl-Šēlebi BE 15 no III - year 7 (aklu?) barley, flour, beer Āl-Šēlebi 27-II to 5-III envelope Matthews no. BE 15 no. 23 II - year 9 aklu barley, flour, beer, sheep envelope II of year 8 to Matthews no. II of year 9 BE 15 no. 25 II - year 10 aklu flour, barley, beer envelope II of year 9 to Matthews no. II of year 10 BE 15 no VII - year 12 (aklu?) barley, beer Zarat-Karkara 29-VI to 2-VII envelope Matthews no. CBS 3296 VIII - year 19 aklu wheat, emmer, peas VIII-year 7 to VIII-year 19 Most probably BE 15 no. 17 (26-II-year 7, aklu, barley, beer, flour, Āl-Šēlebi) can be added to the Matthews no. group of texts because its date (26-II-year 7) and BE 15 no. 18 s date (27-IIyear 7 to 5-III-year 7) are consecutive. If so, its envelope is lost. CBS 3275 (13-VI-year 4, 25-V to 13-VI, aklu, barley, cress, lentil, oil, sheep, goat, lamb) and BE 15 no. 14 (16-VI-year 4, days 13 15, aklu, flour, barley, beer) are also consecutive dates. They are enveloped and sealed with Matthews no In BE 15 no. 12 (XII-year 3, aklu, barley, flour, lentils, cress), Dūr-Kurigalzu, located north of Nippur, is stated. Maybe the Martuku of BE 15 no. 12 is different person from the Martuku of Das Archiv des Speichers Summary for Matthews no. In this group of texts, two documents (BE 15 nos. 23, 25) are annual reports (years 8 9 and years 9 10) of aklu expenditures. Probably BE 15 nos. 18, 31 are also aklu documents, judging from the contents. These aklu documents deal with barley, flour, beer, and sheep, and they are enveloped. Two other documents (BE 15 no. 15, MUN 324) are receipts of sheep from the shepherd, and are dated at the same date or almost the same date (1304, NM 10-XII-year 4). They are also enveloped. Two other documents (CBS 8872, UM ) are accounts for sheep (CBS 8872) and cows (UM ) in which the obligations of the shepherd and the mayor and the penalties for nonperformance of duties are stated. They are not enveloped. The seal impressions can be found on the 156

10 tablets. No seal references are attested for Matthew no.. Therefore we do not know who sealed these documents. 157