Struggling for the Umma. Changing Leadership Roles of Kiai in Jombang, East Java

Transcription

1 Struggling for the Umma Changing Leadership Roles of Kiai in Jombang, East Java

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3 Struggling for the Umma Changing Leadership Roles of Kiai in Jombang, East Java Endang Turmudi Department of Sociology Faculty of the Arts February 1996

4 Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia anuepress@anu.edu.au Web: National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Endang, Turmudi. Struggling for the Umma : changing leadership roles of kiai in Jombang, East Java. ISBN (pbk.) ISBN (online) 1. N. U. (Organization) - Publishing. 2. Community leadership - Indonesia - Java. 3. Ulama - Indonesia - Java. 4. Islam and politics - Indonesia - Java. 5. Java (Indonesia) - Politics and government. I. Title All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design by Teresa Prowse Printed by University Printing Services, ANU This edition 2006 ANU E Press

5 Islam in Southeast Asia Series Theses at The Australian National University are assessed by external examiners and students are expected to take into account the advice of their examiners before they submit to the University Library the final versions of their theses. For this series, this final version of the thesis has been used as the basic for publication, taking into account other changes that the author may have decided to undertake. In some cases, a few minor editorial revisions have made to the work. The acknowledgements in each of these publications provides information on the supervisors of the thesis and those who contributed to its development. For many of the authors in this series, English is a second language and their texts reflect an appropriate fluency.

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7 Table of Contents Foreword ix Preface xi Abbreviations and Glossary xiii Abstract xvii Acknowledgements xix Chapter 1. Introduction Background of the Study Review of the Literature The Fieldwork Source of Data The Survey The Importance of the Study Organisation of the Thesis 19 Chapter 2. Kiai and the Pesantren Concept and Variation of Kiaiship The Pesantren Tradition Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) Modernisation of the Pesantren The Main Pesantren Observed 33 Chapter 3. Kiaiship Through the Tarekat Movement The Nature of the Tarekat Movement The Tarekat Qadiriyah Wa Naqsyabandiyah The Jam iyah Ahli Thoriqoh Al-Mu tabaroh An-Nahdliyah: Tarekat Cukir Other Tarekat Movements 60 Chapter 4. The Social Reality of Kiaiship The Kiai's Role in the Society The Underlying Principle of Relationship: Baraka The Fragmented Organisation of Islam The Modern Kiai and Santri 84 Chapter 5. The Kiai and the Dynamics of Politics at the Local Level The Kiai's Politics in the Tarekat The Followers Perspective NU at National Politics Local Political Conflict 104 Chapter 6. Islam and Politics: Implications in Electoral Behaviour The Islamic Political Party The Politics of Javanese Muslims The Penggembosan and Changing Muslims Political Support New Social Groupings Islam and Electoral Behaviour 143 iii

8 Struggling for the Umma: Changing Leadership Roles of Kiai in Jombang, East Java Chapter 7. The Kiai in the Context of Socio-Political Change Changing Kiai's Islamic Politics Kiai's Political Influence: Post- Back to Khittah The Charisma factor The Kiai's New Relationship with Authority 166 Chapter 8. The Kiai's Effort in Remoulding Relationships with Other Muslim Groups Differences and Locality The Conflict Reduced Reformulation of Ukhuwa Islamiya Expanding Da wa 196 Chapter 9. Conclusion 201 Bibliography 207 iv

9 List of Tables 2.1. The Number of Santri Attending Schools within the Pesantren Darul Ulum, The Number of Santri with their Place of Origin Percentage of Votes Shared by Political Parties in Jombang in General Elections Number of Votes of the Major Parties in the 1971 General Election in Jombang Percentage of Islamic Parties' and PPP's Share of Votes in Various Kecamatan in Jombang Percentage of the Decline in PPP's Vote Share in Various Kecamatan in the 1987 General Election Muslim Respondents' Standpoint on Political Manoeuvres of Penggembosan Percentage of Muslim Respondents' Reasons for their Support for PPP Percentage of Voting Pattern of Muslim Respondents in the 1977, 1982, 1987 and 1992 General Elections a. Changing Voting Pattern of PPP Respondents Percentage of the Muslim Respondents' Perspective on the Difference in PPP after 1985, and the Area in which such a Difference Occurs Number of Respondents in the Four Villages of Three Districts of Jombang to whom Jombang Kiai are Known (The Kiai are Listed in Alphabetical Order) The Respondents' Views on the Idealised Person to Lead an Islamic Organisation Percentage of Respondents' Attitude to the Availability of Many Islamic Organisations Percentage of Respondents' Perspective of the Ideal Society Perception of Intermarriage Between Members of Various Muslim Groups Reasons to Accept and Refuse Intermarriage Percentage of Respondents' Preference as Marriage Partner for their Children 195 v

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11 List of Figures 1.1. Map of East Java Jombang: Kecematan Results of the General Election in Jombang Muslim Support for Political Parties in Various Kecamatan in Jombang in the 1971 General Election A Tendency of Social Grouping and Support for a Certain Political Organisation among NU Members (Former PPP Supporters) in Jombang Muslim Political Orientation in Jombang 139 vii