تخمیه ضخامت برف در قل ی ک ي کرکس با ب ري گیری از ر ش GPR

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1 مجم ع مقاالت 2 صفح تا اردیب شت ماي تخمیه ضخامت برف در قل ی ک ي کرکس با ب ري گیری از ر ش GPR ؾ ی ات قؿیعا 2 فؽ اظ خ اظی 1 قداظ ل ثؽی 1 ظا م آ ضت ی کاؼن اقی اؼنع ژئ فیؿیک گؽ ژئ فیؿیک نؽکت عقی ها ؼ ؾ ی آب پی sajjad.ghanbari@ut.ac.ir 2 ظا م آ ضت ی کاؼن اقی اؼنع ژئ فیؿیک گؽ ژئ فیؿیک نؽکت عقی ها ؼ ؾ ی آب پی f.javadi@yahoo.com ظا م آ ضت ی کاؼن اقی اؼنع ژئ فیؿیک گؽ فیؿیک ؾ ی قك ژئ فیؿیک ظا هگا ت ؽا Ali.abusaeidan@yahoo.com چكیذي تا ت خ ت کاؼتؽظ ای فؽا ا ؼ ل ی GPR ا یت طا ؿ ی یعؼ ژیکی یطچاي ای تؽفگیؽ تط ی ضطا ت تؽف ظؼ ل ی تؽفگیؽ ک کؽکف ن ؽقتا ط ؿ ا دا پػیؽفت. ظؼ ای ؼ ل تا پؽ فی ؾ ی ضطی قپف پؽظاؾل تفكیؽ ؼاظاؼگؽا سع ظ ی الی ای طت ف تؽف ؾ ی هطى گؽظیع. پؽظاؾل تا اقتفاظ اؾ ؽ افؿاؼ Reflex تا ت کاؼگیؽی پاؼا تؽ ای پؽظاؾنی ا ع ت سیر انثاؼ قیگ اي فی تؽ ای یا گػؼ ت ؽ خثؽا ا ؽژی ت ظقت آ ع. یا گی قؽؾت قیؽ ج ؼاظاؼ ظؼ تؽف چ ی ضطا ت تؽف ظؼ چ عی مط تا اقتفاظ اؾ ق عاژ ای ط و ساقث گؽظیع تاییع نع. تا ت خ ت ثؽایی ک ا اج ظؼ تؽف کیفیت ؼاظاؼگؽا ایی ت ظقت آ ع تكیاؼ ط ب ت ظ اقت. ظؼ ایت تایح ت ظقت آ ع اؾ ای طا ؿ تكیاؼ ؼضایت تطم ت ظ ت ا ایی ؼ ل ژئ ؼاظاؼ ؼا ظؼ طا ؿات هات اثثات ظ. اژي اي كلیذي: پؽظاؾل ؼاظاؼگؽا ژئ ؼاظاؼ قؽؾت قیؽ ج ضطا ت تؽف ک کؽکف Estimation of snow thickness in crest of Karkas Mountain by GPR Ghanbari, S. 1, Javadi, F. 2, Abusaeidan, A. 1 Graduated in geophysics, Geophysics department of ZAP consulting engineers, Iran 2 Graduated in geophysics, Geophysics department of ZAP consulting engineers, Iran Graduated in geophysics, Geophysics Department, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Iran Abstract Estimation of snow thickness was applied in crest of Karkas Mountain; according to the several applications of GPR and hydrological importance of glaciers. Linear profiling, processing and interpretation of GPR section properly show the layers of snow and mountain surface. Processing steps was applied with Reflex by processing parameters such as Dewow filtering, Decay energy gain and band-pass filters. The average velocity of radar waves in snow and also the estimation of snow thickness compared and confirmed by special measuring instruments named snow sounding. That should be said that the processed radargram that obtained after processing was very qualified, because of bitty abbreviation of signal when waves traveled in snow or ice. Finally the results of study were very satisfying and the ability of GPR approved in same studies. Key words: GPR, Karkas Mountain, Processing, Radargram, Snow thickness, Wave velocity 9 مقذم ؼاظاؼ ف غی ؾ ی ) GPR ( یک ؼ ل ژئ فیؿیکی تؽ پای ا تهاؼ

2 2 ا اج ا کتؽ غ اطیكی اقت ک ت ؾ ا یک ؼ ل قؽیؽ غیؽ طؽب تؽای ت ت یؽ ظؼ آ ؼظ قط ذ ؾیؽؾ ی ی ت کاؼ یؼ ظ )ظا ی ؿ.)2002 ت ا كت اقت ؼ ؾ ت GPR ا ؽ ؾ ظؼ یا ؼ ل ای ژئ فیؿیکی اؾی ؼ ت ؼ ؾ کاؼتؽظ ای تاؾ ای ؼا تا فمیت ؾؽض ایع. ؼ ؾ ت ؼ ؾ پؽ ؼ ك تؽ الت اظی تؽ نع ای ؼ ل کاؼگیؽی خ ظ غ اطیكی یا غیؽؾاظی ؼقا ای ا عاف ک سیط ایی ظؼ اقت. ؼ ل ا داؼی ا ظؼ آنکاؼقاؾی ت دؽ ک ک یتی تانع عانت 1992(. ا ؼ یؽ ) ظاؼظ ا ظیا کتؽیک گػؼظ ی ین ظ GPR ا ظیا کتؽیک كثت ت گػؼظ ی ؼا ت ي ؼت كثی ک یت ای ظی تؽ تثای GPR یظ ع. اقا ؼ ل ایم ε r تا اظ ق دیع ا اج گكی تؽ زاک ؼ اتط چ ی اظ ا کتؽیکی ؾث ؼ ک ع ظؼ چگ گی اقت اؼ اقت. ؾا تؿیی ا کتؽ غ اطیكی ثاتت اؾ اظ طت ف ت یؿا ج ا کتؽ غ اطیكی تاؾتاب ؼ ل ف ق ظاؼای سع ظیت ایی یؿ اقت. آ ا اتكت ظیا کتؽیک كت اؾخ آ ک ظؼ سیط ای ؼقا ا ج گكی نع قؽیؿا یؽا نع ؾ ك ف غ ت نعت کا م ی یاتع. تا ای زاي یکی اؾ سیط ای تكیاؼ اقة تؽای طا ؿات ژئ ؼاظاؼ یص تؽف ی تانع. ا تهاؼ قیگ اي ؼاظاؼ ظؼ یص تؽف یؿ تست تاثیؽ ظ و یت فیؿیىي و تؽي ي ن ظ. ا ي ف غپػیؽي ا ىتؽیىي ظ ؼقا ایي اتاؼظ 2001 (. ف غپػیؽي ها گؽ غؽفیت یص )ال ا ىتؽیىي غ ب تؽاي گ ظانت تاؼ ا ىتؽیىي ؼقا ایي تیا گؽ لعؼت اظ 2000(. خ ظ آب آؾاظ ظؼ ا تماي آ اقت )ف خیتا اتك کا اضا ي ایي ا ع ه ي ت ا ع دؽ ت تاالؼفت ماظیؽ و یت ضطا ت تؽف ظؼ یطچاي ای ک كتا ی تؽؼقی اي ف ق ن ظ. آ ی ت ا ع ت ؾ ا یک پاؼا تؽ ظؼ تغییؽات قاال طا ؿات یعؼ ژی ت زكاب آیع. چؽاک ای یطچاي ا اؾ اتؽ اي ی تا ی ک ع ی آب ظؼ اتؽ پایی ظقتی كت ع. کت ی زایؿ ا یت آ كت ک زع ظا یک نه اتؽ آب ظؼ خ ا اتكت ت اگؽچ تا اقتفاظ اؾ ؼ ل 2002( ی ضطایؽ تؽف اقت. )تاؼ ت ژئ ؼاظاؼ طا ؿ ی ضطا ت تؽف ا کا پػیؽ اقت ا ا تعقت آ ؼظ تایح ط ب اؾی ؼ ل ظؼ گؽ پؽظاؾل اقة تفكیؽ يسیر ی ی ا ی ت تكیاؼی اؾ ؼاظاؼگؽا ای ت ظقت آ ع تانع. ظؼ عؼت ها ای تاؼؾی اؾ ا عاف ؼظ ػؽ ؼا ی ت ا یافت. ت ظؼپؽظاؾل ی ظ ی ض ؼ پؽظاؾل مطؽ ژئ ؼاظاؼ طؽذ ی ن ظ. اتتعایی پؽظاؾل نا آ اظ قاؾی ؽتة ؽاز GPR ماطؽ ظ ظاظ ا تؽ اقا ف اي کا ی قایؽ ؿ ات یؽایم ت ؽ ت کاؼگیؽی نا تهطیى تؿعی ی ؽز اتتعایی اقت. فی تؽ ای ؾ ا ی کا ی تؽکیثی اؾ اقتفاظ ی يسیر ؾ ا ی ؾ یات اؾ ظقت آ ت ا ظاظ پیهؽفت پؽظاؾل اقة اقت. ظ ت ایؿ ظ ثاي ت کاؼتؽ آ ظؼ ک ن ظ ی اطالق پؽظاؾنی ظقت ت تؽای ا اقت. ای کاؼ ظاظ ماطؽ ظؼ خكتد ؼظ عف ی ؼظ ػؽ ای ا داؼی ا اؾآ ا ی تؽی اضر ت یؽ آ ؼظ تفكیؽ ؾ ع تطم ظ ت ت ا ی ؼا GPR ای ظاظ تفكیؽ تانع. ا ظاظ ک ی تفكیؽ اؾ عف کؽظ. ت عی تمكی کیفی تفكیؽ ک ی ظؼ خ ظ اطالؾات ؼ ی اؾ ػؽ ؼظ فیؿیکی ای یژگی اقتطؽاج آب آ ظگی طا ؿات تیهتؽ ظؼ تفكیؽ ا ای گ تانع. ی ماطؽ ت گؽافی یعؼ کؽت ؼ آب طاؾ عقی ؾیؽؾ ی ی ای تفكیؽ ت ک ا ظاظ کیفی تفكیؽ ی گیؽظ. لؽاؼ ت خ ؼظ ؼ ی تؽ اقة ای پؽظاؾل اؾ اي اؾ تؿع اقت ؿؽ ف یؿ گؽافیکی تعقت ؾ ا ی ماطؽ ک تؽتیة ای ت پػیؽظ. ی ظاظ ا ي ؼت مطؽ ت قطسی ؾیؽ سیط ظؼ ا اج قؽؾت اؾ اقتفاظ تا آ ع کیفیت الؽ ظؼ فكؽ تفكیؽ ؼ ای ظؼ ی ن ع. تثعی ؾ می

3 نک تاؾتاب ا ؼا كثت ت تاؾتاب ای دا ؼ تهطیى ظاظ تا ت خ ت یژگی ای تاؾتاب ا اؾ خ پی قتگی تؿؼگی گكتؽل آ ا ای ؼ یعاظ ا ؼا اؾ یکعیگؽ تفکیک ی ک ع. ظؼای پژ م اتتعا یک پؽ فی ضطی اؾ ظاظ ای GPR تؽظانت گؽظیع قپف تا پؽظاؾل تفكیؽ ؼاظاؼگؽا ت ظقت آ ع مایك ی تایح زاي تا الؿیات سیطی ت ا ایی ؼ ل ػک ؼ ظؼ تؿیی ضطا ت تؽف اؼؾیاتی ی گؽظظ. ر ش تحقیق ؼنت و کؽکف تطهی اؾ ی ن ا ی ؼنت ک ای ؽکؿی ایؽا ت ظ پ اي ت قؿت 200 کی تؽ ؽتؽ ؼا ؾیؽ پ نم لؽاؼ ظاظ اقت ت گ اي ک اؾ ن اي غؽتی ن ؽقتا کانا تا خ ب نؽلی ن ؽقتا ط ؿ اظا ظاؼظ. ک کؽکف تا اؼتفاؼ 992 تؽ اؾ قطر ظؼیا اي آؾاظ ؽتفؽ تؽی و طم اؾ ق گ اي آغؼی ت قط اؾ ساظ اقیعي یا تاؾي آغؼآ اؼي تهکی نع اقت. ل ی و کؽکف ت ؾ ت اؼتفاؼ ؾیاظ تمؽیثا ظؼ ی ی اؾ قاي پ نیع اؾ تؽف ت ظ ثؽ اي ی چه ای تؿعظی اقت ک ظؼ ظا ای و خؽیا ظاؼ ع. تؽظانت ظاظ ا ت قط گؽ ژئ فیؿیک نؽکت عقی ها ؼ ؾ ی آب پی ت ي ؼت پؽ فی ؾ ی ضطی ا دا پػیؽفت اقت. تؽای تؽظانت ظاظ ا تا ت خ ت نؽایط طم ؼظ ػؽ اؾ آ ت 220 گا ؽتؿ ظقتگا اال )MALA( اقتفاظ گؽظیع اقت. نک ) 1 ( مطؽ اتتعایی ت ظقت آ ع اؾ تؽظانت ظاظ ا ؼا ها ی ظ ع. ت گا تؽظانت ظاظ ا اگؽ ا ی ؼ یعاظ ج كتمی و ظؼ ا اؾ فؽقت ع ت گیؽ ع ي ؼقع تغییؽ لؿیت ظ ع خات خایی يفؽؾ ا ی ؼش ی ظ ع. ای ضطا فمط تاؾث خات خایي ا ی ؼ یعاظ ت ى تاؾث ؼا م ت ا ي ؼ یعاظ ا اؾ خ ؼ یعاظ اي تاؾتاتي اؾ ىا الؿیها ی گؽظظ. تؽاي ای ػ ؼ یه معاؼ ؾ ی تؽاي تهطیى ا ی ؼ یعاظ تىاؼ ي ؼ ظ و ت اقط آ ا ی ؼ یعاظ ج كتمی ا ؼا تهطیى ظ ع. ت اتؽ ای ظؼ طكتی ؽز تا اقتفاظ اؾ پاؼا تؽ ت سیر ایكتا correction( )static يفؽ ؾ ا ی ؼاظاؼگؽا ؼا ت سیر یک ی. نک 1: ؼاظاؼگؽا ضا ت ظقت آ ع اؾ تؽظانت ظاظ ا ت ؾ ت ف اي ؾ ا ي و تا تی پا ك اي اؼقا ي ت قط فؽقت ع پا ف ایي و ت ي ؼت كتمی اؾ طؽیك ا ؾ ی ت گیؽ ع ي ؼق ع چ ی خ ظ تاؾتات ایي و اؾ ت ظ اي و ؾ ك هأت ي گیؽ ع

4 4 گیؽ ع اؾ قیگ اي انثاؼ یه ظ. ای كأ قثة ت خ ظ آ ع یه ؾ اي ای ؾ اي فؽوا ف پایی تؽ ی ن ظ. پایی )WOW( آ كت فؽوا ف ؼ ي فؽوا ف اي تاالتؽ لؽاؼگؽفت آ ا ؼا غه ل ي و ع. ا عاؾ هط ات چ ی آ ت ا فاي ت پایی فؽوا ك اي ای نعت و اقت تاالگػؼ فی تؽ Dewow یه فی تؽ ا ىتؽیىي ؾ ی اتكت اقت. یه ؽوؿي فؽوا ف تؽاي اؼقا ي قیگ اي طیف پیه گػؼا ع تؽاي ظؼ اظا ی پؽظاؾل ت قط پاؼا تؽ ت ؽ اقت. نع طؽازي ضاو آ ت Energy) )Decay قؿی ظؼ افؿایم كثت )Gain( ت ؽ خثؽا کا م ا ؽژی قیگ اي ت یؿ ض ا ی ظانت. ؽز تؿعی پؽظاؾل سع ظ ظ قیكت اتیه سیطي ف اي زػف ظؼ پ ای تا ع فؽکا كی اقت. ؿ ال اؾ ي تان ع قیگ اي فؽوا ف تا تفا ت فؽوا كي ظاؼاي و ظاؼ ع قؿي فی تؽ ا ای ي و ی. اقتفاظ فؽوا ف ز ؾ فی تؽ اي لات کت ی و ع. زػف ظاظ ا ؼ ي اؾ ؼا ضاو فؽوا ف تا ع یه اي ي یژگي اي تکاؼگیؽی فی تؽ ای فؽکا كی زفع ظؼ ت خ ؽوؿي فؽوا ف اطؽاف ظؼ ا ؽژي زفع ظ ی ت ا ی تاؾتاب اي ؿ ال فؽکا ف ای لطؽ ت گ ای اقت. اقتفاظ ؼظ آ ت ا تطاب ی گؽظ ع ک تا ع ای فؽکا كی یکكا ی كثت ت فؽکا ف ظؼ پؽظاؾل ماطؽ 1999(. ا ا )ظی یف ؽکؿی ایداظ ای ع ؼاظاؼ ؿ ال فؽکا ف ای لطؽ ت ي ؼت تمؽیثی اؾ یک چ اؼ تا یک ظ ظ تؽاتؽ تا چ اؼ تؽاتؽ فؽکا ف ؽکؿی آ ت اؾ اي ین ع گا ؽتؿ تؽای اؾ اي ماظیؽ ظؼ تید فی تؽ ػک ؼ ظؼ ػؽ گؽفت نع. تؽای تثعی س ؼ ؾ ا ؼقیع ت ؾ ك اؾ معاؼ یا گی قؽؾت قیؽ ج ؼاظاؼ ظؼ تؽف ک تؽاتؽ تا )2( ک ی. نک تؽتؽ ا ثا ی ی تانع اقتفاظ ی 0/2 ا گ و اؾ ؼاظاؼگؽا پؽظاؾل نع ی ایی ؼا ها ی ظ ع. ي اؾن اؾ یص ؼاظاؼگؽا پؽظاؾل نع ي ایي پیعاقت یه الی ا ثا ی زعاوثؽ تاؾ ك 2 تمؽیثا اؾ ؾ ا ؼقیع اي يفؽ تا ظؼ ؾ ا ؼقیع ای تیهتؽتا سع ظ قا تی تؽي ایا نع اقت. 12 ا ثا ی ی ت ا زض ؼ تؽف ؼا تا ضطا ت تغیؽ تهطیى 20 ی ظاظ. چ ی قطر يطؽ ای نیة ظاؼ ک یؿ تا تاؾتاب ای ظؼ ؾ ا ؼقیع ای تیهتؽ ایا گؽظیع اقت. الؾ ت کا ال هطى غکؽ اقت پؽ فی ظؼ یک قطر یک اضت تؽظانت اضتالف ت پ گؽافی تا تؽف پ نا ع نع اقت. اؾی ؼ یاؾی ت ت سیر ت پ گؽافی ظؼ ق مط اؾ كیؽ پؽ فی تا اقتفاظ اؾ ق عاژ ای یكت. اقت. ق مط ی ػک ؼ ظؼ ط و ضطا ت تؽف ا عاؾ گیؽی نع هطى گؽظیع اقت. ضطا ت تؽف ظؼ س ا ي ک ظؼ 2 ؼاظاؼگؽا نک تؽ 2 تمؽیثا تؽی پؽ فی الؽ نع 2/2 سع ظ ی تمؽیثی ت ظ اقت ک ط ا ی اقثی تا معاؼ لات تهطیى ظؼ ؼاظاؼگؽا تؽی پؽ فی تؽاتؽ 12 ظاؼظ. ضطا ت تؽف ظؼ س ظ سع ظ ی تؽ تعقت آ ع. تا ت خ ت ؼاظاؼگؽا ضطا ت تؽف ظؼ ای /2 تا تؽ اقت. /2 تا مط تی

5 5 2 نک ؼاظاؼگؽا پؽظاؾل نع ی ایی ک الی ای طت ف ت ض تی ظؼ آ لات تهطیى تفكیؽ ع. چ ی ضطا ت تؽف ظؼ س ق ظؼ سع ظ ی 22 تؽی پؽ فی تمؽیثا 2/2 تؽ ت ظقت آ ع. معاؼ تط ی ی لات تهطیى ظؼ ؼاظاؼگؽا ایی ظؼ زع ظ ؾعظ ت ظقت آ ع اقت. ا گ ک ها ع ی ن ظ زتی تا ت کاؼگیؽی معاؼ یا گی قؽؾت ا اج ؼاظاؼ ظؼ ؼاظاؼگؽا اؾعاظ ت ظقت آ ع تؽای ضطا ت تؽف تكیاؼ اقة لات لث ع. 2 وتیج گیري یک پؽ فی ضطی اؾ ظاظ ای GPR تؽظانت گؽظیع. پف اؾ پؽظاؾل ؼاظاؼگؽا تفكیؽ ک ی کیفی ماظیؽ ت ظقت آ ع تؽای ضطا ت تؽف ظؼ ق مط اؾ ط ي پؽ فی تا ماظیؽ لات تهطیى ظؼ ؼاظاؼگؽا مایك گؽظیع. تایح زاي ط ا ی اقثی ؼا یا نؽایط الؿی تؽؼقی ای ژئ فیؿیکی ها ظاظ. ظؼ ای پژ م یکی ظیگؽ اؾ کاؼتؽظ ای ژئ ؼاظاؼ ت ض تی ایا گؽظیع. مىابع Barnett, T. P., Adam, J. C., & Lettenmaier, D. P. (2005). Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow dominated regions. Nature, 48(7066), Daniels, D., J., 2004, Ground Penetrating Radar, the Institution of Electrical Engineers presses. Davis, J. L & Annan, A. P., Ground-penetrating radar for high resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy, Geophysical Prospecting, : Fujita, S., Matsuoka, K., 2000, A summary of the complex dielectric permittivity of ice in the megahertz range and its applications for radar sounding of polar ice sheets. Sapporo, Hokkaido Unive Plewes, L., Hubbard, B., 2001, A review of the use of radio echo sounding in glaciology, Progress in Physical Geography, Van Overmeeren, R. A., 1994, Georadar for hydrogeology, First break,

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