THEORIES OF ISLAMIC LAW

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1 THEORIES OF ISLAMIC LAW The Methodology of Ijtihād Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee

2 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Major Themes Ijtihād throughagrundnorm Is there a common theory of interpretation? Separationbetweentheoryandpractice? Theproblemofrights Disciplines related to uṣūl al-fiqh The Meaning of Uṣūl al-fiqh Uṣūl al-fiqh defined The meaning of fiqh Analysisofthedefinition Uṣūl al-fiqh Thefinaldefinition Comparisonwithlegaltheory I TheConceptofIslamicLaw 41 4 Law as the Ḥukm of Allāh Thegrundnorm TheinterestofMan Sharī ah andnaturallaw Laws in cases where the sharī ah issilent ThelimitsofIslamiclaw i

3 ii Theories of Islamic Law Contents 4.6 Lawasagrowingtree Law and its Classification: The Ḥukm Classificationofprimaryrules Obligations arising from primary rules The ḥukm waḍ ī orsecondaryrules Azīmah and rukhṣah Thepurposeoftheclassification The Act and the Subject The nature of the act (maḥkūm fīh) The conditions of obligation (taklīf ) The nature of the act and the right involved The subject (maḥkūm alayh) Ahlīyah orlegalcapacity Causesofdefectivecapacity The Union of Primary and Secondary Rules Theunionofrules Doctrines of Ḥadd and the Spheres of Law ThespheresofIslamiclaw Alegalbasisforthespheres Interactionofthespheres The spheres of law and ḥudūd penalties Advantagesofvisualizingtwospheres II Theories of Interpretation Common Features of Interpretation Interpretationingeneral The law is always the ḥukm of Allāh The ḥukm of Allāh and literal methods Qiyās and the ḥukm of Allāh

4 Contents Theories of Islamic Law iii 10 Theories of General Principles Background Approachestolegaltheory Developments in the law after al-shāfi ī The earlier jurists and their methodology Main features of Ḥanafī theory Theories of Strict Interpretation Modification of existing legal theory by al-shāfi ī The Sunnah governs the meaning of the Qur ān The general word and the general principle The need to strengthen the khabar wāḥid TheopinionofaCompanion Al-Shāfi ī sviewsonanalogy ẒāhirīandḤanbalītheories The Theory of the Purposes of Law Probable reason for evolving a new theory Stricttheoriesandthetexts Thedesignoftraditionallegaltheoryandthe extensionofthelaw Al-Ghazālī s theory of the purposes of law Al-Juwaynī sproposals Legal theory and the purposes of law Qiyās and the formation of principles The concept of the munāsib or maṣlaḥah The structure of the attributes and the aḥkām Mu aththir, munāsib,andmulā im The broader principle of maṣlaḥaḥ ThepurposesofIslamiclaw The new theory and the methodology of the jurist Thetheoryinsimpleterms

5 iv Theories of Islamic Law Contents General propositions, principles of policy,andmoralnorms The new theory and the principles employed Thenewtheoryandanalogy The new theory and the development of the law The Refinement of the Purposes of Law Tyingthestrandstogether Maqāṣid al-sharī ah andthetexts The nature and structure of the maqāṣid Primary purposes in the service of the Hereafter The two faces of the maqāṣid Primary and secondary purposes Priorities within the maqāṣid Tracing the logic of the maqāṣid Nasl orthefamilyunit? Publicandprivateinterests? Maqāṣid andthemuslimcommunity The Muslim community as a living organism The maqāṣid and the political system The maqāṣid and the economic system The maqāṣid andthelegalsystem Priorities:IslamicandWestern III Ijtihād Today Lessons From Legal History AtheoryofIslamiclaw TheprinciplesofIslamiclaw The Scope of Ijtihād

6 Contents Theories of Islamic Law v 15 The Modes of Ijtihād StrategiesofIslamization The general approach in Pakistan Codification Applying the unwritten Islamic law Ijtihād andtheruleofrecognition Select Bibliography Glossary 391

USUL AL-FIQH DR. BADRUDDIN HJ IBRAHIM CERTIFICATE IN ISLAMIC LAW HARUN M. HASHIM LAW CENTRE AIKOL IIUM

USUL AL-FIQH DR. BADRUDDIN HJ IBRAHIM CERTIFICATE IN ISLAMIC LAW HARUN M. HASHIM LAW CENTRE AIKOL IIUM Contents Introduction Rules of Islamic law Sources of Islamic law Objectives of Islamic law INTRODUCTION