2. Identify Key Characters of the first Explain the difficulties Europeans had

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Dale Walton
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1 The Crusades

2 OBJECTIVES 1. Identify the causes of the Crusades 2. Identify Key Characters of the first 3 Crusades 3. Explain the difficulties Europeans had in terms of geography and politics 4. Understand the short term and long term effects of the Crusades. 11/2/2010 copyright 2006 free template from 2

4 Prior to the Crusades The conflict between these two cultures is nothing new Both of these religions have laid claim to the Middle East, especially the Holy Land There were a total of 7 crusades between the two cultures 11/2/2010 4

6 Prior to the Crusades The issue started when pilgrims from Europe wished for passage through the Holy Land Muslims of the Middle East did not like the idea of foreigners. Pilgrims were not respectful to Muslim tradition and faith while traveling 11/2/2010 6

7 Prior to the Crusades Muslims started to refuse passage for pilgrims into the Holy Land The issue became violent and was reported back to Europe and the capital of the Christian faith, Rome 11/2/2010 7

8 Pope Urban II calls for the defense of the Holy Land against the Muslims At the Council of Clermont in /2/2010 8

9 Pope Urban traveled to various cities for nine months preaching the Crusade and offering extraordinary inducements to include a plenary indulgence remitting all punishments due to sin for those who died on the Crusade Serfs were allowed to leave the land to which they were bound Citizens were exempted from taxes Debtors were given a moratorium on interest Prisoners were freed and death sentences were commuted by a bold extension of Papal authority to life service in Palestine 11/2/2010 9

10 The Back story Besides the issue of the Holy Land there were other reasons for the invasion of the Middle East The region of Spain was primarily Muslim, prior to the Crusades, Pope Urban supported the expulsion of all Muslims In 1054 the Christian Church officially split 11/2/

13 First Crusade Battle 11/2/

14 Travel Problems 11/2/

15 1 st Crusade Crusaders were able to capture Antioch (1098) after a disgruntled guard let them in Defended Antioch over the Turks when they found the Holy Lance Able to take Jerusalem (1099) when they luckily found stored timber in a cave and built siege machines 11/2/

16 Baldwin of Boulogne (1058?-1118) 1118) Originally from France Brother of Godfrey of Bouillon Youngest Brother, originally was destined to enter the Church Death of wife changed course, he no longer had the revenue from his wife s land to support 11/2/

17 Baldwin of Boulogne (1058?-1118) 1118) Baldwin moved towards the city of Edessa while the Crusaders moved south to Antioch Baldwin was accepted in Edessa because he was not an Orthodox Christian He married and became the Count of Edessa. 11/2/2010 copyright 2006 free template from 17

18 Results of the 1 st Crusade Prior to the Crusades, an order was created called the Hospitalers Their job was to escort pilgrims to the Holy Land Once the Crusades started, this order became an active military unit. 11/2/2010 copyright 2006 free template from 18

19 Results of the 1 st Crusade Another order was created during the 1 st Crusade, the Knights of the Temple, better known as the Templars. The Templars were a major force in all of the Crusades. 11/2/2010 copyright 2006 free template from 19

22 2 nd Crusade Crusaders attack Damascus, (their only ally in the region) Pushed back by the defense through the fruit trees. Damascus sides with the Muslim caliphs, Crusaders go home. 11/2/

25 3 rd Crusade s-1180 s 1180 s remaining Crusader states in region highly disorganized Only way to unify region is to fight Muslims 25

26 3 rd Crusade Reynald of Chatillion openly attacks Muslim caravan Reynald was not liked in any way. He was selfish and capable of doing many terrible things to gain political and financial support. He provoked the Muslims into the 3 rd Crusade. 11/2/2010 copyright 2006 free template from 26

28 3 rd Crusade After winning at Hattin, Saladin can not take Tripoli, Antioch, or Tyre He takes Jerusalem in Oct. 1187, no massacre, sells Christians into slavery First European soldiers arrive in May /2/2010 copyright 2006 free template from 28

29 3 rd Crusade Frederick Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire dies early in the crusade and leadership falls onto Phillip II (France) and Richard I (England) Acre falls to the Crusaders in 1191 Richard leaves for Jerusalem in August 1191, beats Saladin in battle 11/2/

30 3 rd Crusade Saladin and Richard negotiate peace for various reasons Richard-England on verge of Civil War Saladin-Needs to save face for losing to Richard Sign peace treaty Sept. 2, /2/

31 4 th Crusade ( ) 1204) Although the Fourth Crusade was intended to be a campaign against Muslim controlled Jerusalem, the crusaders turned their attention to their Eastern Christian brethren at Constantinople.

32 5 th Crusade ( ) 1221) The Fifth Crusade, called by Pope Honorius III in 1217, was an attempt to recapture the Holy Land by invading and conquering Ayyubid-controlled Egypt. Although the Christians succeeded in capturing Damietta, the crusade ultimately ended in failure.

33 6 th Crusade ( ) 1229) This crusade was largely the work of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. Although Frederick did not capture Jerusalem, he managed to establish a truce, which allowed Christians to return to the Holy City, while Muslims retained control over the Temple Mount

34 7 th Crusade ( ) 1254) The Seventh Crusade was led by Louis IX, the grandfather of King Philip IV (who persecuted the Templars). Although Louis succeeded in capturing Damietta, he was ultimately captured himself, and held for ransom in Egypt. The Templars paid part of the king s ransom in gold.

35 Winning the 1 st Crusade was a miracle Poor Military Knowledge Little Idea of Geography Politics Poor Organizational Skills 11/2/

36 Lasting Impact The Crusades were a total failure militarily Kings and nobles had issues at home The Holy Land was not opened East/West Christianity did not get any closer 11/2/

37 Lasting Impact The successes of the Crusades were the following: 1. Papal power is down 2. New constitutional govt s develop, Magna Carta 3. Trade Routes 4. European cities are more civilized 5. Advances in science, math, education 11/2/

38 Lasting Impact Negative aspects of the Crusades: 1. Total Military failure 2. Byzantine Empire is weakened 3. Permanent wedge between Christians and Muslims (Europeans/Arabs) 11/2/

The Crusades Myth and Romanticism Modern Myth and Romanticism Background Europe in the 1000s Primogeniture Pope Urban II

The Crusades Myth and Romanticism For centuries, the crusades have been romanticized and mythologized in the Western world Crusaders were glorified in Europe where the people had little knowledge or understanding