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1 Acton, Lord, 183, 183n100 opposition to nationalism, 131 adab, 177 Afghanistan, 172 Aga Khan, 121, 149, 190, 192 debate with Lajpat Rai, 190 Aghnides, Nicolas Prodromou, 68 Ahl-i-Hadith, 5, 6 Ahl-i-Sunnat wa Jamaat. see Barelwi Ahmad, Aziz, 25, 35n2, 38n17, 62n3 Ahmad, Basheer, 135 Ahmad, Imtiaz, 39 Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam, 6, 7, 124, 125 Ahmadiyya, 5, 24, 69 accusations of British patronage for, 169 emergence of movement, 6 7 Iqbal s critique of, 95, , 149, Iqbal s equation of Ahmadiyya with acceptance of nationalism, Lahore faction, 7, 53 opposition to, 7, 7n20, 24n86 Qadian faction, 7, 121 Ahmed, Ghulam, 53 Ajmal, 190 Akbar, 167, 168 akhlaqi literature, 43, 44 Ali, Abdullah Yusuf, 56, 60 Ali, Ameer, 21, 21n75, 51, 54, 56, 57, 58, 128, 134 defining Muslim, 69 exchange with Badruddin Tyabji, 67 on impact of British rule on Muslims, 70 on Pan-Islamism, on political participation of Muslims, 21 on the resumption of waqf by the colonial state, 51 Ali, Chaudhari Rahmat, 36, 36n3, 197, 207. See also Continent of Dinia Pak Plan adoption of modern political categories, 136 on nationhood, 136 on the need for nation-states, 196 position in the Pakistan narrative, 208 Ali, Chiragh, 4, 4n9, 8, 52, 54, 55, 56, 134, 141, 205 no Islamic socio-political structure, 59, Ali, Jamaat, 90 Ali, Maulvi Muhammad, 53, 61 Ali, Muhammad, 11, 61 on Iqbal s revolutionary poetry, 200 Islam and Christianity, 116 on Sayyid Ahmad Khan s interpretation of Islam, 101 Ali, Riza, 80 Ali, Shaukat, 11, 61 alienation: lack of vision/knowledge of the self, 81 84, , Aligarh, Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, 8, 18, 19, 45, 62, 73, 99, 100, 147, 173, 175, 176 aims, 174 Iqbal s critique of, 80 81, Aligarh Scientific Society, 7,

2 228 All-India Kashmir Committee, 14, 17 All-India Khilafat Committee, 11, 190 All-India Muslim Conference, 29, 181, 182 Iqbal s 1932 Presidential Address, 126, 172, 188 All-India Muslim League, 10, 12, 14, 29, 38, 48, 91, 149, 165, 181, 182, 190, 209 British Committee of the All-India Muslim League, 21 Iqbal s 1930 Presidential Address, 14, 30, 160, 162, , 188 position on Statutory Commission, 185 relations with the Congress, 11, 14, 37, 184 All-India Nationalist Muslim Party, 181 Allah, Haji Shariat, 8 Allahabad University, 19, 21 Allahabadi, Akbar, 108, 108n68 Ambala, 194, 195 American Presbyterian Church, 22 Anderson, Benedict, 42, 43 Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam, 14, 22, 100 Anjuman-i-Islam, 20 Anjuman-i-Khuddam-i-Kaaba, 11 Anjuman-i-Punjab, 75, 75n59, 175 Anjuman Kashmiri Musalmanan, 17 Ansari, Mukhtar Ahmed, 14, 181, 186, 187 Antlov, Hans, 42 Aristotle, 111 Armughan-i-Hijaz, 23 Arnold, Matthew, 77, 102, 104 Arnold, Thomas Walker, 19, 178 Arya Samaj, 22, 190 Asad, Talal, 96n7, 101 Asar-i Jadid, 45 ashraf, ix, 38 Ashraf, K. M., 196 Asrar-al-Sanadid, 152 Asrar-i-Khudi, 23, 29, 108 development of the individual and society, Aurangzeb, 167, 168 Azad, Abul Kalam, 22, 22n79, 48, 50, 92, 181 Islamic response to democracy and socialism, 118 portrayal as a Muslim nationalist , 27n96 Azad, Muhammad Hussain, 75, 75n59, 76 al-azhar, 179 ba ya, 6, 55, 55n95 Babur, 167 Bacon, Francis, 47 Baha ism, 121, 122 Bal-i-Jibril, 23, 83 Bandagi Nama, 80 Bang-i-Dara, 23 Barelwi, 5, 6 Bari, Abdul, 12, 48 Bashiruddin, 54, 57 Bavaria: as a model for federal states, 190, 192 bekhudi, 28, 29, 110 Bengal, 8, 70, 152, 182, 184, 185 Bergson, Henri-Louis, 123 bida, 6, 58 bildung, 177 Buddhism, 33, 94, 110 Bukhsh, Salahuddin Khuda, 2, 2n4, 39, 58 Burney, Sayyid Muzaffar Hussein, 26 caliph, 4, 11, 61 caliphate, 44, 50, 51, 164 Chaldean religions, 110 Chatterjee, Partha, 43, 83, 133 Chirol, Valentine, 101 Christianity, 110, 132. See also Friedrich Nietzsche: critique of Christianity public-private dichotomy in, 115, , 144, 145, 147 colonialism: as a totalitarian exercise of power, 63, 80, 81 82, 92, 117, 127, 200 impact of the colonial state, 49 Muslim responses to the colonial state, 3 12, communism, 57, 117 as a basis for socio-political organisation, as a weapon against colonising powers, , 203 Comrade, 12, 206 Confederacy of India. 192, 193n141 Connor, Walker, 127 Continent of Dinia, 196 Corbett, Geoffrey, 195 Covenant of Medina, 157, 158 dar-ul-aman, 9 dar-ul-harb, 8, 9, 50 Dar-ul-Ishaat Hind, 48, 61 dar-ul-islam, 8, 9, 49, 50

3 229 dar-ul-zimma, 9 dars-i-nizami, 5, 173 Delhi Urdu Akhbar, 44 Deoband, 65, 73, 134 Department of Ifta, 48n68 emergence of madrasa and movement, 6 Iqbal s critique of education provided, 178 shaping an Islamic education, 173 ulama grappling with new political structures, derivative discourse, 3, 54, 136 dhimmi, ix, 37 din, 41, 125, 148, 156, 157, 196 Din-i-Ilahi, 168 Durrani, F. K. K., 136, 137 East India Company, 3 education. See also Ali, Riza; Aligarh; Deoband; dars-i-nizami; Farangi Mahal; Nadwatul Ulama; Sayyid Ahmad Khan Iqbal on womens, Muslim responses to modern education, 71 73, 72n47 shaping a Muslim character through, Ehsaan, 157, 158 Eickelman, Dale, 39 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 77 Enayat, Hamid, 43 Engels, Friedrich, 102 Faiz, Faiz Ahmad, 24n85 Fanon, Frantz, 63, 79, 81, 197, 198, 202 al-farabi, Abu Nasr, 47, 53 Faraizi movement, 8 Farangi Mahal, 8, 12. See also Bari, Abdul Iqbal s critique of type of education provided, 178 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 41 fiqh, 9, 88, 148 socio-political prescriptions, 49 study of, 5, 173 Foucault, Michel, 101 French Revolution, 45 Fyzee, Asaf Ali Asghar, 60 Geertz, Clifford, 113 Gellner, Ernest, 41 al-ghazzali, Muhammad, 47, 53, 106 Ghulam-us-Saqlain, 45, 47 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 20, 77, 104, 177 Government College, 19, 21 Gramsci, Antonio, 13, 63 on ideological hegemony, 63 hadith, 6, 49, 91, 155, 159 debate over authenticity of, 53 54, methodology, 6 socio-political prescriptions, 49, 53, 54, 158 study of, 4 5, 173 Hafiz, 140. See also Sufism Haiy, Abdul, 8 Hali, Khwaja Altaf Hussain, 73, 73n52, 74, 78 shaping a reformed Urdu literature, 75 Halqa-i-Mashaikh, 107 Hamdard, 12 Hanafis, 5, 6, 8 Harris, Moinuddin, 189 Hasan, Mehmood, 81, 176 Hasan, Mir, 18, 19, 121 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 20, 83, 118, 143, 149, 150, 167, 206 Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 42, 166, 177 al-hidaya, 67 Hindu Mahasabha, 187 Hobbes, Thomas, 47 Hughes, Thomas Patrick, 40 Hunter, William Wilson, 69, 70 huriyyat, 56, 56n98 Hussain, Haji Hakim Nadir, 61 Hussain, Riaz, 26 Hussain, Wahed, 60 Ibn al-mawardi, Abu al-hasan Ali, 56 Ibn Arabi. See also Sufism wahdat-al-wujud, 108 Ibn Khaldun, 123 Ibn Rushd, 54 Ibn Taymiyya, 106 ideology: conceptions of, Islam as an, , 113n94, , , ijma, 38, 38n17

4 230 ijtihad, 88, 100, 123, 148, 205 modern Muslim intellectuals and, 12, 86 ulama disputing the right to practise ijtihad, 88 90, 95 Ilm-o-Iqthisad, 23 Imam Ali, 35 India Councils Act of 1909, 13, 67 Indian Association, 175 Indian Councils Act of 1861, 9 Indian National Congress, 9, 26, 67, 154, 165, 184, 187, 190. See also All-India Muslim League Lucknow Pact on separate electorates, 184 Indian Patriotic Association, 152 Indonesia, 25 Iran, 62, 201 Iranian Revolution, 119, 201 Islam, Kazi Anwarul, 209 Islamia College, 22 Islamists, 25, 62, 113n94, 119, 200, 201 Ismailis, 121, 149 Ittihad-i-Millat Party, 182 jadidiyyat writers, 76 Jahangir, 167 Jalil-ur-Rahman, Muhammad, 49 Jamaat-e-Islami, 25, 203 Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, 37n9 Jamia Millia Islamia, 189, 189n131 al-jamiyyat, 135, 154 Jamiyyat-i-Ulama-i-Hind, 60, 154, 181, 190, 197 aims, 12 on nationalism and Islam, 135 opposition to the Muslim League. 91, 186, 186n116 political programme, , 195 publications, reasserting authority of the ulama, 90 seeking to provide political leadership to Muslims, jamuriyyat, 40 Javid Nama, 23, 30, 82 Jawab-i-Shikwa, 23 Jawed, Mohammad Aslam, 26 Jewish community, 169, 171. See also Spinoza, Baruch de Judaism jihad, 49, 50, 202 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 14, 24, 30, 182, 185, 203, 208, 209 Joint Committee on Indian Constitution Reform, 186, 187 Judaism, 110, 115. See also Spinoza, Baruch de Jewish community Jung, Nawab Nizamat, 98 al-jurjani, Ali ibn Muhammad, 41 kalam, 7, 178, 179 Kant, Immanuel, 41, 172 Karim, Faizul, 51 Kedourie, Elie, 41, 42 Keith, Arthur, 130, 130n18 Khaksar movement, 89n129 Khamenei, Ali, 201 Khan, Abdul Majid, 197 Khan, Aftab Ahmad, 45 Khan, Hafiz Nazir Ahmad, 100 Khan, Sayyid Ahmad, 19, 45, 46, 55, 65, 72, 95, 98, 101, 128, 134, 177 on the causes of the mutiny, 9 critiquing the ulama, debate with Mohsin-ul-Mulk, 87, 99 educational reform, 72, 79 80, exchange with Badruddin Tyabji, 67 on the extension of the elective principle, 10 on political participation, 21, 52 portrayal as a Muslim separatist, 24 25, 35 rationalist interpretation of Islam, 86 87, , 205 response to colonial context, 7 8 shaping a reformed Urdu literature, 75, 127 Shariati on, 202 use of the term qawm, Khan, Shamsoodeen, 70 Khan, Zafar Ali, 22, 182 on Pan-Islamism, 206 al-khatib al-baghdadi, 68 Khilafat movement, Khizr-i-Rah, 22, 23, 138 khudi, 28, 29, 109, 110, 112, 123, 140, 141, 167 Kitabu t-ta rifat, 41, 147 Krishak Praja Party, 182 Lahore, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 121 Lahore Resolution, 208 Lais, Abul, 37n9

5 231 Latif, Syed Abdul, 113n94, 191, 192n139, 196, 196n165 Leitner, Gottlieb Wilhelm, 75n59 liberal Islam, 56 Liebnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 172 Locke, John, 47, 96 Lucknow Pact, 11, 184, 185, 190 Luther, Martin, 144, 145 MacColl, Malcolm, 4, 56 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 47 MacTaggart, John MacTaggart Ellis, 20 Madani, Hussain Ahmad, 1, 31, 48, 49, 52, 95, 128 debate with Iqbal, on Islam and modern political institutions, 135 response to modern intellectuals, Madrasa-tul-Muslimeen, 22 Magian, 88, 110, 122, 150 Makhzan, 22, 23, 78, 84 Malaviya, Madan Mohan, 14, 187 Malik, Hafeez, 25, 27n96 manqulat, 5, 173 Mappila uprising, 124 maqulat, 5, 173 al-maraghi, Sheikh Mustafa, 179 Margoliouth, David Samuel, 205 Marx, Karl, 102, 183 Marxism, 94, 117, 143, 203 Islam in the light of, Marxist, 203 maslaha, 58 Masud, Ross, 88, 172 Maududi, Abul A la, 57, 57n106, 58, 60, 89, 95, 119, 125, 133, 135, 138, 201 discourse on the Islamic state, on Islam and Christianity, 116 mazhab, 41, 125, 148, 153 Mehdi Ali, Mohsin-ul-Mulk, 8, 8n23, 117 debate with Sayyid Ahmad Khan, 87, 99 on Islam and science, Mekka aur Geneva, 146 Memmi, Albert, 81 Metcalf, Barbara, 5, 134 Mill, John Stuart, 46, 47 millat, 28, 29, 40, 41, 128, 140, 148, 149, 151, 158, 161, 163, 167, 182, 187, 198 defining, , 155, 156, millat system, 41, 148, 183, 185 Milton, John, 20 Minto, Lord, 10 modernist: interpretations of Islam, 57 Muslim intellectuals, 7, 200, 202 portrayal of Iqbal as a, 76, 80 Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, 189, 190 Mughals, 3, 4, 38, 167 Muhammad, Atta, 17, 121 Muhammad, Nur, 15, 16, 19 Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College Magazine, 46 Munir Commission, 7n20 Muqaddama-i-Sher-o-Shairi, 74 Muslim Educational Conference, 72, 73, 149 Muslim nationalists, 25, 26, 38, 40, 151, 161, 197, 207 Muslim separatism, 25, 26, 35, 38, 40, 151, 161, 197, 207 mutahida qawmiyyat, 145, 151, 153, , 161 Mutahida Qawmiyyat aur Islam, 49, 155 mutiny, 3, 9, 70 Nabiullah, Syed, 52 nabuyiyat, 115, 117 Nadwatul Ulama, 65 Iqbal s critique of education provided, 178 Nadwi, Suleiman, 22, 22n80, 54, 76, 91, 92, 114, 172 nala-i-jung, 77, 92, 107 Nama-i-Muqaddas Hablul Matin, 50 Naseem, Abdul Rasheed, 158, 158n163 nation, 129, 139, 165, 183, 185, 186, 206, 207, 209. See also Acton, Lord; Chatterjee, Partha; Keith, Arthur; millat; mutahida qawmiyyat; qawm25, 28, 29, 31, 40, 128 attempts at defining nationhood, 36, 37 discourses on national character, as a prestige community, and the state, 127 as a supra-territorial religious community, Tagore s warning to the no-nations of the East, 137 National Pact, 187 nation-state, 117, 130, 134, 139, 164. See also mutahida qawmiyyat1, 2, 27, 29, 31, 38, 44

6 232 nation-state (cont.) as expression of modernity, 2, 28, 36, , Jamiyyat-i-Ulama-i-Hind on the, over-organising tendencies of the, nationalism, 133, 134, 135. See also Acton, Lord; Ahmadiyya, Iqbal s equation of, with nationalism; Chatterjee, Partha; Jamiyyat-i-Ulama-i-Hind; Madani, Hussain Ahmad; mutahida qawmiyyat; nation; nation-state; qawm1, 2, 26, 28, 29, 31, 36, 51, 76, 113, 114, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131 and atheism, as the greatest enemy of Islam, 1, 145 Jamiyyat-i-Ulama-i-Hind on, national consciousness without, , review of historiography on, as a universal process, as a weapon, 139, as a western ideology, , Naumann, Friedrich, 115 Nawaz, Muhammad Shah, 192, 193n141 Nehru Report, 33, 165, 184, 188, 189 Iqbal s response to the, reactions to, , Nehru, Jawaharlal, 14, 24, 122, 136, 187 Neuberger, Benyamin, 43 Newton, Isaac, 96, 97 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 20, 102, 122, 138, 172, 205, 206 ascetic priests, 107, critique of Christianity, , 107, 138 denouncement of the state, 143 Iqbal s critique of, superman, , 141 Nizami, Hasan, 92, 106, 107 Nomani, Mohammed, 128 Numani, Shibli, 8, 8n22, 19, 78, 92, 168 on being ruled by non-muslims, 49 on religion and science, , 205 on Pan-Islamism, Oriental College, 23 Ottoman Empire, 3, 4, 11, 41, 139, 148, 161 Paigham, 45 Paine, Thomas, 97, 99 Paisa Akbar, 22 Pak Plan, 136, See also Ali, Chaudhari Rahmat conflation with Iqbal s 1930 Presidential Address, 207 Iqbal and the, 197 Pakistan, 38, 165, 196. See also Ali, Chaudhari Rahmat; Pak Plan; twonation theory demand for Pakistan, 36, 37, 38 legacy of Iqbal in, 24 25, 43, 127, 208 Pan-Islamism, 11, 27, 31, 127, 129, 130, 205 Parwez, Ghulam Ahmad, 125, 201 on the need for an Islamic state, Pas Cheh Bayad Kard Ai Aqwam-i-Sharq, 23, 29, 176 Payam-i-Mashriq, 23 Pernau, Margrit, 44 Piscatori, James, 39, 201 Plamenatz, John, 41 Plato, 103 Plotinus, 108 Political Islam, 31, 39, 205 power: Islam and power, , progressive writers, 76 prophethood, finality of, 121, 123, 150. See also risalat110, Punjab, 15, 182, 184, 185, 191, 195 Punjab Legislative Council, 18 Punjab Provincial Muslim League, 14 Punjab Unionist Party, 18, 182 Punjab University College, 175 Qadir, Shaikh Abdul, 22, 23, 78 qawm, 208. See also mutahida qawmiyyat28, 40, 47, 71, 73, 117, 128 ambiguity of the term, defining qawmiyyat, , equation with the term nation, 28, 41 Quran: as a constitution, 53 methodology, 6, socio-political prescriptions, 54, 120, 134 Qureshi, Ishtiaq Husain, 25 Rai, Lajpat, 190 debate with the Aga Khan, 190

7 233 Rashidun caliphs, 53, 56, 57, 132, 134, 204 Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, 24, 88, 105, 150 religion: definition of. 96n7 idea of natural religion, 96, 97, 98 Islam as a natural religion, post-enlightenment conceptions of, 96 98, , 200 Renan, Ernest, 137 The Review of Religions, 124 Risala Anwar-al-Sufiya, 90 risalat, 122, 148, 167 as the basis of the Muslim nation, , 151 Round Table Conferences, 14 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 47, 144 Rumi, 105, 106, 111 Rumuz-i-Bekhudi, 23, 29, 130 development of the individual and society, Sabean religions, 110 Sa di, 162 Safavid Empire, 3 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 81, 202 Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar, 136, 136n47 Scottish Mission College, 19 Scottish Mission School, 19 Seeley, John Robert, 47 separate electorates, 10, 189, 190, 191, 193 Shaikh, Farzana, 38 sharia, 4, 6, 11, 12, 44, 106, 107, 120, 156, 168, 202 codification of, in colonial period, comparison of Iqbal s and Maududi s approaches to, 119 debates over continued relevance of, in modern period, flexibility of, in pre-modern period, Iqbal on the importance of, in the modern state, in the Islamic state, 204 Jamiyyat-i-Ulama-i-Hind on, 135, , 195 Shariati, Ali, 119, 201 Iqbal s influence on, Sherwani, Haroon Khan, 47 Shia, 66, 159, 202 attempts to overcome Shia-Sunni sectarian division, 73, 149 Shikwa, 22, 23 Shua-i-Umeed, 199 shura, 40, 55 Sialkot, 15, 16, 121 Sidgwick, Henry, 137 Sikhs, 171, 172 Simla Deputation, 10 Sind, 51, 182, 184 Singh Sabha, 22 al-sirajiyya, 67 Sirhindi, Sheikh Ahmad, 106 Smith, Adam, 47 Smith, Wilfred Cantwell, 60 socialism, 18, 29, 113, 200, 203 Iqbal on, 142 Soroush, Abdolkarim, 201 Spengler, Oswald, 105, 150, 151 Spinoza, Baruch de, 171 The Spirit of Islam, 21, 134 Srinagar, 15, 17 Statutory Commission, 189 Muslim reactions to the establishment of the, 191 Statutory Commission Report, 34, 165, 185, 188, 189 Iqbal s response to the, reactions to the, Sufism, 16. See also Hafiz; Ibn Arabi, wahdat-al-wujud Barelwis on, 6 Deobandi opposition to the excesses of, 5 Iqbal s position on, 15 16, neo-sufism. 106, 106n60 tafsir, 87, 88, 89, 99, 173 study of, 5 tafsir bil ray, 88, 89 Tagore, Rabindranath, 137, 143, 207 taqlid, 62, 86, 86n115, 100 ulama on, Tarana-i-Hind, 209 Tarana-i-Milli, 209 tauhid, 122, 167 as the basis of nationhood, 148, 151 basis for the development of man and society, , 120, , 198 Tehzib al-akhlaq, 8, 71, 98 Thompson, Edward John, 130, 130n14, 141, 170n30 Timur, 167 Tipu Sultan, 50, 123

8 234 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 183 Tolstoy, Leo, 47, 102 Tolu-e-Islam, 125, 203 Tonnesson, Stein, 42 Translation Society, 7 Trotsky, Leon, 63 Tulu-i-Islam, 23, 150 turath, 2, 55, 55n95 Turkey, 133, 164 Tusi, Nasir al-din, 44, 47, 53 two-nation theory, See also All- India Muslim League; Lahore Resolution; Muslim separatism; Pak Plan35 Tyabji, Badruddin, 67, 67n23, 68 exchange with Ameer Ali, 67 exchange with Sayyid Ahmad Khan, 68 ulama. See also Deoband; Farangi Mahal; Nadwatul Ulama adoption of printing presses, 48 response to modern Muslim intellectuals, 12 responses to the colonial context, 5 6, 12 umma, xii, 37, 139, 151, 158, 161 uniform civil code, 60, 186 Usmani, Shabbir Ahmad, 90 Utilitarianism, 46, 79, 174 Viswanathan, Gauri, 174 Waliullah, Shah, 4 waliyat, 115 waqf, 51n76, 51n75, 51 resumption of, by the colonial state, 51 Ward, James, 20 Weber, Max, 36n5, 128, 131 Wordsworth, William, 20 World Muslim Congress, 179 Zabur-i-Ajam, 23 zakat, 69 and the Islamic state, 204 Zamindar, 22, 50 Zarb-i-Kalim, 23, 180 zaruriyyat-i-din, 6 Zoroastrianism, 110