The Representation of Muslims in the British Press Paul Baker

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1 The Representation of Muslims in the British Press Paul Baker

2 Objectives How do news stories construct Islam? Have there been any (recent) changes over time? Are there differences between reporting on Islam (as a religion) and Muslims (as a people)? Are there any differences/similarities between tabloids and broadsheets How can corpus-based methods be used alongside CDA or moral panic theory?

3 Data 150 million words of British news Broadsheets: The Business, The Guardian, The Independent & Independent on Sunday, The Observer, The Times & Sunday Times, Daily Telegraph & Sunday Telegraph Tabloids: The Daily Express & Sunday Express, The Daily Mail & Mail on Sunday, Daily Mirror & Sunday Mirror, The People, Daily Star & Sunday Star, The Sun

4 Search term Alah OR Allah OR ayatolah OR burka! OR burqa! OR chador! OR fatwa! OR hejab! OR imam! OR islam! OR Koran OR Mecca OR Medina OR Mohammedan! OR Moslem! OR Muslim! OR mosque OR mufti! OR mujaheddin! OR mujahedin! OR mullah! OR muslim! OR Prophet Mohammed OR Q'uran OR rupoush OR rupush OR sharia OR shari'a OR shia! OR shi-ite! OR Shi'ite! OR sunni! OR the Prophet OR wahabi OR yashmak! AND NOT Islamabad AND NOT shiatsu AND NOT sunnily

5 Sketch Engine Online corpus analysis software All words are grammatically and semantically tagged Word-sketches show salient grammatical patterns

6

7 R1 collocates of Muslim All word # 1 community world council women leaders countries cleric country men communities 1646

8 community community community world world world 2 world world rebels community community community 3 holy cleric world countries countries cleric 4 schools women holy leaders country countries 5 countries countries population women men country 6 leader population women country cleric women 7 women country cleric men council population 8 leaders council men council women association 9 country extremists country cleric population leaders 10 woman leaders fighters clerics leaders woman community community community community community world 2 world council world world world community 3 council world women council women women 4 leaders leaders council women communities council 5 cleric women leaders communities men men 6 women communities countries leaders council country 7 countries brotherhood communities men countries woman 8 population men brotherhood country country communities 9 communities countries men woman population population 10 country schools population countries brotherhood countries

9 community community community world world world 2 world world rebels community community community 3 holy cleric world countries countries cleric 4 schools women holy leaders country countries 5 countries countries population women men country 6 leader population women country cleric women 7 women country cleric men council population 8 leaders council men council women association 9 country extremists country cleric population leaders 10 woman leaders fighters clerics leaders woman community community community community community world 2 world council world world world community 3 council world women council women women 4 leaders leaders council women communities council 5 cleric women leaders communities men men 6 women communities countries leaders council country 7 countries brotherhood communities men countries woman 8 population men brotherhood country country communities 9 communities countries men woman population population 10 country schools population countries brotherhood countries

10 community community community world world world 2 world world rebels community community community 3 holy cleric world countries countries cleric 4 schools women holy leaders country countries 5 countries countries population women men country 6 leader population women country cleric women 7 women country cleric men council population 8 leaders council men council women association 9 country extremists country cleric population leaders 10 woman leaders fighters clerics leaders woman community community community community community world 2 world council world world world community 3 council world women council women women 4 leaders leaders council women communities council 5 cleric women leaders communities men men 6 women communities countries leaders council country 7 countries brotherhood communities men countries woman 8 population men brotherhood country country communities 9 communities countries men woman population population 10 country schools population countries brotherhood countries

11 holy religious country world world cleric 2 fanatics country community community country world 3 country holy hindu leaders cleric community 4 ceremony MP marriage extremists extremists country 5 women extremists taliban countries men council 6 extremists council women country community leaders 7 woman community festival holy fanatics fanatics 8 terrorists leader extremists council countries extremists 9 missionaries world faith states group countries 10 fanatic countries communities fanatics militants woman cleric community community community community community 2 council council women council men extremists 3 community leaders council women convert world 4 leaders cleric leaders extremists extremists women 5 world extremists world woman council woman 6 extremists women extremists leaders women fanatics 7 fanatics world cleric soldier country convert 8 men clerics woman patients fanatics council 9 women men country world communities population 10 countries communities countries country countries countries

12 holy religious country world world cleric 2 fanatics country community community country world 3 country holy hindu leaders cleric community 4 ceremony MP marriage extremists extremists country 5 women extremists taliban countries men council 6 extremists council women country community leaders 7 woman community festival holy fanatics fanatics 8 terrorists leader extremists council countries extremists 9 missionaries world faith states group countries 10 fanatic countries communities fanatics militants woman cleric community community community community community 2 council council women council men extremists 3 community leaders council women convert world 4 leaders cleric leaders extremists extremists women 5 world extremists world woman council woman 6 extremists women extremists leaders women fanatics 7 fanatics world cleric soldier country convert 8 men clerics woman patients fanatics council 9 women men country world communities population 10 countries communities countries country countries countries

13 Broadsheets - positions

14 Tabloid - positions

15

16

17 The Sun September 2001 Muslim fanatics can freely spout anti- British propaganda on our street corners, but proudly wave a British flag and you're in danger of being branded a racist. Well, no more.

18 Conclusion Shift from focus on Muslim community to Muslim world in aftermath of 9.11 More marked focus on Muslim women (except in aftermath of 9.11) Strong focus on Muslims with extreme positions. Tabloids more foccussed on fanatics and associated terms (brainwashing, crazed)

Kabani (1994) Vanity Fair ignored any of the important debate within Islam about the rights of women. It distorted every sentence I had uttered the

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