C 17 QUEST with Map IDS = WED 12/21. C 16/19 Q/V due on TH 12/22. Annotations ONLY for C 19

Transcription

1 C 17 QUEST with Map IDS = WED 12/21 C 16/19 Q/V due on TH 12/22 Annotations ONLY for C 19

2

3 Greatest extent = 6000 miles E-W Covered an area of 9,000,000 sq miles (16% of the earth s land mass) Controlled over 100 million people Depending on the source: responsible for the death of million people (11% of the world s population at the time)

4 C 17: Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration Who were the Turks of the 10 th C? Age of Nomadic Empires: CE Nomadic (migratory/ looking for pastureland) Trade links between nomadic and sedentary peoples Governance was/is clan based Charismatic individuals become nobles/ respected Social organization: nobles/ commoners (very fluid) (power could be lost thru incompetence) Sought opportunities to trade with settled populations Women + (skilled archers, advisors, economic roles) Shamanism Lived on the border of the Abbasid Empire: eventually dominated them by the mid 11 th century

5

6 Turkish Empires and their Neighbors: 1210 CE Saljuq Turks eventually dominate the Abbassid Empire 1055 CE: Saljuq Turk named Sultan: caliphs remain figureheads 1071 CE: Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine army/ invade Anatolia (LIBERATORS) 1453 CE: Ottoman Turks (Mehmed II) conquer Constantinople By 13 th C: Sultanate of Delhi is established (Ghazanavid Turks) (they are Islamic) persecution of Hindus and Buddhists there

7

8 I conquered Constantinople with ,000 troops and a navy of 320 vessels. I was extremely tolerant of diverse religions and established the millet system. I spoke 7 languages fluently and supported education. 1453: Sultan Mehmed II ( Mehmed the Conquerer ) Constantinople renamed Istanbul = capital of the Ottoman Empire

9

10 Constantinople 10 th c CE

11 There were three notable times when the chain across the Horn was either broken or circumvented. In the 10th century the Kievan Rus dragged their longships out of the Bosporus, around Galatia, and relaunched them in the Horn; the Byzantines defeated them with Greek fire. In 1204, during the Fourth Crusade, Venetian ships were able to break the chain with a ram. In 1453, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, having failed in his attempt to break the chain with brute force, instead used the same tactic as the Rus towing his ships across Galata into the estuary over greased logs.

12

13

14 WHY? Did the Mongols erupt from Mongolia in the 13 th century and take over Eurasia? 1. Ecology (drought) 2. Trade disruptions (Jin Dynasty) 3. Genghis Khan (bring the rest of the world under one sword)

15 Greatest extent = 6000 miles E-W Covered an area of 9,000,000 sq miles (16% of the earth s land mass) Controlled over 100 million people Depending on the source: responsible for the death of million people (11% of the world s population at the time)

16 Reign I enjoy subjugation The greatest joy a man can know is to conquer the enemies and drive them before him. To ride their horses and take away their possessions. To see the faces of those who were dear to them bedewed with tears and to clasp their wives and daughters in his arms.

17 Born Temujan in 1162 Father assassinated when he was 9 yrs old Mongol sources describe his mother as a savior and great heroine At 10 years old he killed his half brother for not sharing his food with the family Married Borte in 1178 and had 4 sons and an unknown number of daughters He learned at an early age the importance of maintaining alliances/ married off his eldest son to the daughter of a neighboring khan HOW did he do it? 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan ( universal ruler ) 1209 conquered the Xia in NW China 1215 conquered the Jin Dynasty in N China seized area of modern Beijing 1219 conquered Central Asia after his ambassadors sent to negotiate trade relations were killed

18 Chinggis Khan ( CE) Psychological Warfare AND steppe diplomacy! Forging alliances? Explanations for success? All Mongol tribes united as one confederation Military units of men from different tribes Promoted on basis of merit and loyalty Religion? Mongols = 1 million (<1% of China) Mongol army = 100, ,000 (10% of population) CONQUEROR not an administrator

19

20

21 Army of ,000 Cavalry: miles/day Reward those who surrender Punish those who fight

22 Submit and Live, Resist and Die Conquered China 1220 CE Conquered Afghanistan and Persia Ravaged lands, destroyed everything Siege of Afghanistan = death to 1,600,000 people

23 Strategies?

24 Died: 1227 CE Images of him did not appear until after he died- he did not allow According to one account of Chinggis's death, a funeral cortege escorted his body to northeast Mongolia, where he was buried in an undisclosed location along with 40 horses and 40 virgins. OR consumed by animals?

25 Taizong, better known as Ögedei Khan. (Genghis Khan s son) Reign Greatest expansion of Mongol Empire

26

27 12/ 1241 Battle of Liegnitz Golden Horde (Batu) VS Hungary Mongols win! Europe in serious trouble.. BUT Ogodei dies. All return to Karakorum for his funeral. Europe is saved.

28

29 Ilkhanate of Persia (Hulagu) (brother to then Great Khan Mongke, and Khubilai Khan) Sack of Baghdad (Jan-Feb 1259) All Bagdad elite were murdered Caliph trampled Libraries, museums, mosques, hospitals Qanats desstroyed Killed: 200,00 1 million (women and children not spared) Baghdad doesn t recover until the 20 th Century

30 Khubilai Khan Reign

31 How did I treat the Chinese? How did I govern them? Hunting Expedition: Khubilai Khan

32

33 The Travels of Marco Polo, 1350 Published in Old French Republic of Venice A rare popular success in an era before printing

34

35 4500 vessels 100,000 troops Largest seaborne Expedition before WW II Kamikaze

36 Hormuz

37 How are they able to control such a large area? How does Mongol treatment of conquered peoples differ in China and the Middle East?

38 Tamerlane the Conquerer ( ) Skull towers of 20,000-80,000 conqueror not a governor/ invaded N India/ sacked Delhi Planned to invade China then died May have killed as many as 17 million people Heirs = Mughal, Safavid Ottoman Empires (Osman) Collapse of the Mongols? Legacy of the Mongols?

39 Tamerlane sacks Delhi

40 RISE Analyze the rise and fall of the Mongol empires. FALL Genghis Khan unite Mongol tribes by 1206 Genghis Khan controlled northern China by 1220 Died in 1227 HOW: ecological changes = drought on steppes prompted Mongols to expand/seek grasslands Trade disruptions: attempts by Chinese to interrupt trade= more Mongol raiding Charismatic leader, steppe diplomacy = able to reconfigure alliance system Organized new military strategies Encouraged high value placed on demonstrations of personal courage/ loyalty Kublai Khan especially noteworthy Death of Genghis Khan: no successor/ no guiding principle for how to determine a successor Difficulty for Mongols to transfer loyalty beyond Genghis Khan and beyond the level of the tribe Some traditional Mongols opposed the idea of making concessions in order to live a sedentary lifestyle Mongol Empire then too big: divide into 4 khanates Yuan Dynasty collapse: tried to issue paper money with no backing/ power struggles/ assassinations/ civil war Power struggles from the 1320s by 1368 Chinese pushed Mongols back to steppes Ilkhanate of Persia: excessive spending, over utilization of resources/ tried to issue paper money and force people to use it (closed up shops rather than use the$$) Internal power struggles/ no clear line of succession ALL effected by the spread of the bubonic plague by 1330s. Mongols inadvertently accelerated its spread through secure trade routes

41 Analyze the impact of the Mongols on East Asia, Middle East and Europe. East Asia Middle East Europe Genghis Khan Conquered northern China by 1220 Kublai Khan (Yuan Dynasty) : restored rituals of court/ music/dance/ built temple for his ancestors/ embraced Lama Buddhism/ traditional Chinese form of govt/ no intermarriage with Chinese/ Chinese forbidden to learn Mongol language/ Marco Polo as adviser for 20 yrs to share his knowledge of business practices/ collapse due to deliberate attempt to inflate currency: paper money in order to horde all precious metals/ brought in foreigners to serve in govt/ did not trust nor respect the Chinese/ failed attempts to invade \\Japan 1274 and 1281 (kamikaze winds)/ dismissed Confucian scholars b/c felt they interfered w/ Buddhism -Destroyed qanats -Ilkhanate of Persia -(Hulugu-Kublai s bro) sacked Baghdad 1258 CE -toppled the Abbasid Empire -Killed 200,000-1 million -Killed 1.6 million in Afghanistan - exacted huge amts of tribute - once conquered, generally tolerant of local customs -Allowed locals place in govt - Ilkhana Ghazan converted to Islam 1295CE- massacred Jews and Christians (no more tolerance) Tamerlane: th C Defeated Central Asian khanate 1370 CE : attacked rich cities then TAX (80,000 Killed)- skull towers Reportedly killed 17 million Poor administrator Golden Horde overran Russia CE Successful as far west as present day Poland, Hungary, eastern Germany before turning back PRIMARILY a TRIBUTE relationship -Prized high steppes for grazing their horses -Russian princes rejected Mongol rule by 15 th C -Mongol presence stayed in Crimea Sea area until late 18 th C

42 1245: Exchange of letters Pope Innocent IV and the Great Khan (Guyuk Khan)(Ogodei s son)

43

44 Analyze the similarities and differences of Mongol rule in East Asia and Russia.

45 Pope to Great Khan It is not surprising that the Pope, as the head of the Christian church, would use a harsh tone in this letter because he wants to stop the Great Khan from ravaging the lands of his fellow Christians. Great Khan to Pope The Great Khan invokes Heaven as a force beyond his control and so legitimizes his harsh actions. Because the Great Khan is writing to the Pope, the head of the Christian church, the analogy to heaven will be one that the Pope can easily understand.

46 Marco Polo Marco Polo writes with exceptional detail about Mongol practices so that his fellow Europeans will be able to better appreciate and understand this unfamiliar culture. Rashid al-din Rashid al-din, a Mongol high official, would naturally write with high praise about Ogedei and his government because he himself would want to be associated with an administration that is successful and accomplished.

47