ت اهلل ا هؼ ا هؼ ١ ت ل ١ كان ف ا ران ٠ ؿ ا مك ٠

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1 ت اهلل ا هؼ ا هؼ ١ ت ل ١ كان ف ا ران ٠ ؿ ا مك ٠ ت ل ١ كان ا مثائ ا ؼهت ١ ح ا مك ٠ ح ا ر ؼثد ق نا ف ذان ٠ ؿ اي غهب ث ا عى ٠ هج ا ؼهت ١ ح تالق ا ا االا ا ؼ اخ ػ م ا مث ١ ح ل ١ ح ث. لك نقخ ا اناخ ػ ا مثائ ا ؼهت ١ ح ا ت ل ١ كان ف ا ؼ ك ا مك ٠ ما الا ١ ح. ال ا ؽك ٠ س ا م ٠ ؼر ك ػ ا ر ناج ال ٠ ع و االػر اق ػ ١ ا ش ق ت ال ٠ رؼان غ ا ؼ ١ اخ االشه ٠ ح )1(. و ا نق لوه ف ا اال ن ٠ ح تا لكن ا لكن ف ا ران ٠ ؿ ا ث ١ ؼ )3( )2( ) ) plinous تا وكن. ف ا اقن اال ١ ١ ح تا و قان ن. ف ا اقن )4( ا ؼهت ١ ح ل ١ كان ات ا اػ ١ ت اتها ١ ( ػ ١ ا ا ال ). ل ١ ا ػهب ل ١ كان ظ ه ا ال ي هج ف ا مه ا اتغ لث ا ١ الق ا ىي ث م ه )5( ا ى ٠ ح ػ ل ١ كان ا ه ؼا نا. لك ار ف ف ذؽك ٠ ك الغ لث ١ ح ت ل ١ كان ؼكق تؼ ا ثاؼص ١ ى م ا مث ١ ح ا ا وا د انا ا مثائ ا ف ٠ ح لهب اق ا هؼا ا ذ ى ت ١ اق ا هؼا اي غهب )6( ذ ١ اء ا ا ا ى د ا ٠ ح ا ؼ ه ا ثات ف ا مح ت ١ اق ا هؼا اؼح ذك ه. نت ا ٠ رفك تؼ ا ثاؼص ١ غ ا عغهاف ١١ ا ؼهب ص ٠ ال خ ا ؽ ف ذؽك ٠ ك الغ لث ١ ح )7( ل ١ كان ف ؼ نا ا ا ا ك ا ؽ ١ ح ت ا. ؼ ١ س ٠ ؼرمك ا ل ١ كان ا مك ٠ ح وا د ذ ه )8( ؼ نا اؼ ١ ا. االا ا ثؼ األه ٠ ه ا ا م ١ كان ١٠ ٠ ى ا ؼ نا ا هل ا ا )9( ا ا ك ا ؽ ١ ح ت ا ا ا ه ا ت م ا مح ه نا ذى الا ر قائ ح ف ١ ا. الا نا ا ثؼ ا ت ل ١ كان وا د ذ ى االنا ا ف ٠ ح ا تا مهب ا ف ان ٠ فره ا ٠ ر اءي ٠ ػ ا صثد ا ت ل ١ كان ا ف ش ق ا م ٠ نق لوه ف ا مهآ )10( ا ىه ٠.

2 2 ٠ ثك ا م ا مث ١ ح ا ر وا د ذرؽهن ت ١ تالق ا ا ث ا عى ٠ هج ا ؼهت ١ ح ا ر اػد ا ذ أ ا و ١ ا ١ ا ذر رغ ت لغ رهاذ ١ ع ل ػ ػ هق ا رعانج ا ك ١ ح ا ر ذ ه ػثه ا عى ٠ هج ا ؼهت ١ ح ا ا. ٠ ه winnett. ا ىح ل ١ كان ذ رك ؼك ق ا ه ا هل ١ ح ا ؼك ق ٠ لا فع ب )11( ق ٠ كا تؽ ا 21 و. ا ٠ اوا د ف ا ثكا ٠ ح فا ا رك ا ا ق ٠ كا ان ٠ ؼرمك ا اػك ا ل ث ١ ى ف وؼف ػ ه ف ا ٠ ا ؽ ١ ا ( ؼ ا 444 ق. ) وا د ق ر ذ رك ا ؼال )12 ( ظ تا ؼر ال ١ ػ ١ ظك. ٠ ى ا م ي ا ف ل ٠ رك ٠ رم ؼ ة ا ظه ف ا ؽ ١ ح ت. ا ا ؼ ا ه ف ان ٠ ؼرمك ا ا م ١ كان ١٠ اذفم ا ك ٠ ح ى ١ اي هق ا ؽ ) 13 ( ػا ح مها و م ا مه ا فا لث ا ١ الق. ا ح ف ػ ك ا ه ( ا ٠ اي )14( ت ف ( ا م اذفم ى ١ مها. ا ؽر ا ( ىح ل ١ كان ) ذ ؼد وؼفد ؽ ا اي ؼر د اؼ ا ثؽه ا ر تؽ ي ا مه ا فا ق. د )15 ( هق ا ك را ؼ ١ س الا د ر ر ا ؼثك ا. ا ر اقا ا ا م ا ( Js 3H ل ١ ت ظ ) ٠ ؼرمك اؼك ا ثاؼص ١ ا لثائ ث )16( ا عى ٠ هج ا ؼهت ١ ح وا د ا ؼح ن ل ١ كان ا ق ٠ كا وا د ؼا هج آ مان. الا وا د ؼا هج ى ١ ف ػ ك ا ٠ اي ت ف ق ٠ كا ؼا هذ ف ػ ك) ل ١ ت ظ ) ا ( ظ ت ه ) ١ ؼ ل ه ا ؼ ا ه نت ا وا د ذ ؽ ا ذرغ ١ ه ترغ ١ ه ( و ) ا ذ رم مح اله ؼ ة ا ظه ف ا رغ ١ هاخ ا ١ ا ١ ح ا ر وا د ذر ة ل ه ا نت ا نغثح ( و ) االنظػ ت اء ك ظك ٠ كج ا ح ت. ) ا عك ٠ ه تا موه نق لوه ( )17( ذ ا ف ح. ظ ته ه ظ ت ه ا ك ل ١ ف ا ح ػصه ػ ١ ا ف

3 3 ػ ا ظ ق ا م ١ كان ف ق ٠ كا ا ف ١ ك ا رؼها نأ winnett ػ ا ر ناخ ا ر ؼكشد ف ا مح ؼ ١ س ٠ ؼرمك ترؼالة ا ا ه ا ك ٠ كا ١ ح ا ؽ ١ ا ١ ح ش ا ؼ ١ ١ ح اتركاءا ا مه ا اقي لث ا ١ الق ؼر ا مه اال ي لث ا ١ الق ؼ ١ س ا ثؽد ق ٠ كا ر ا ؽ ١ ا ٠ ؼر ك ما ا ها ػ و ا ه ظ ت ه ظ ا ؼهت ا م اػره ػ اػاقج ت اء ا ان ك ٠ ح ا مكي ػ ػ ك ؽ ١ ا ا ه ؽ ١ ا ٠ إ ٠ ك ما ا ها Albrihtا م ٠ ه ا ىح ظ ت ه وا د ذ رك ا ك را ا هل ١ ح ه ا ١ ؼر ؼك ق ٠ لا اال ق ٠ كا ا ؼال ظ تا الا وا اال ه وم ه ف ا ؽر ا ٠ ى ا ه ا ؼهت ا م لوه ١ ه ق خ ) 18( ) ق. ) اؼك ن ؽ ١ ا ا ا ؽعه وا د ػا ح ىر. ى الا ػ ما ا ها! ٠ ؼ ا ت ل ١ كان ا ر ا ا ؽعه ا ك اال ثا االه م ػ ك ؼه ت ك اال ن ١٠ ا ح ف ػ ك ٠ اذغ ت ؼىائ ١ ا م فه ا ان اال ثا تؼك ا كؼان ا ا اال ن ١٠ ا ا ا م ١ كان ١٠ ١ ه ا ػ ا ؽعه ا ثؽد ظ ر. ا ٠ ا وا ا ثة ف ١ ا تمكن ا ١ ح ظ ت ه ل ١ كان ا ؽ ١ ا مك اػرمك Grohman ا ظ ت ه ا ي ه ؽ ١ ا ؼى ىح ؽ ١ ا ا ٠ ح )19 ( ا مه ا صا ق.. ى caskel نظػ ا ظ ت ه وا ؼاو ف ق ٠ كا ا )20( ه ؽ ١ ا وا ٠ م ١ انض ق ٠ كا. أ ا ان ه آه غ ١ ه ظ ت ه التك ا ٠ ى اال ١ ه ذاتؼا. ى ا ١ ا ؽر ا ٠ ى ذ ات ف اال اء ت ١ ظ ا م ١ كان ظ ا ؽ ١ ا ا ا ال هظػ ل ه ا ٢ ؼر ػهف ا ا ا ي ػهت ١ ح اؼكج ذ ات اال اء ا ها ث ١ ؼ ١ ا ى ذ ات اال اء ظ ن ف فرهج و ١ ح اؼكج ا ه رثؼك. ٠ ثك االنذثان ا ٠ ا ف ذؽك ٠ ك ف ١ ح اه ؼ ق ا م نق لوه ف ورات تا ف )21( ا ث ذؼ ق فرهج ١ اقج ح اال ثا ػ ا مح. ا ح ا فرهج ( 24 ق. 80 ) ؼ ١ س ا نق Caskel ا ؼ ق اػرمك ا ٠ ى ن اال ثا ٠ ى ىا ؽ ١ ا ٠ ا )22( تا ؼ ا ؽم ١ م ت وا ىا تااال فم.

4 4 ٠ رفك winnett غ Caskel ا ؼ ق ٠ ى ىا ؽ ١ ا ٠ ا ال ث ١ ا ا ا وا عهق غا ها )23( ذأشه تا صمافح ا ث ١ ح. و ذ ه االؼر االخ ٠ ؽر لث ي فىه نت ا ل ه ٠ عؼ لث ي فىه ا ل ١ كان ؼا ي اػاقج ح ا م ١ كان ١٠ ا ا مح رمال االؼ اي ا رغ ١ هاخ ا ر ؼكشد ف ١ ا ا ا ت ل ١ كان تم ا ف ا مح فرهج لث اال ال. ان اؼر االخ اه ؼ ي ف ١ ح ؼ ق ا نت ا وا ؽ ١ ا ٠ ا ؼى ف ظ اال ثا تا را ٠ ى ال ح ا ن ا ؽ ١ ا ١١ ا ه ؽ ١ ا ذؼه اال ثا ف انا ١ فؽانت ا ر ه ػ ١ ق د ا م لث اال ثا. الا ام ا تهأ فاق ا آه ن ا ؽ ١ ا ١١ ا م ٠ ظ ا ذؽد ح اال ثا ؼر ا مه ا صا ا ١ الق فالتك ا ٠ ى ١ ؿ لث ١ ح ١ ىا ى الذ وا ال ثا.

5 5 ػاللاخ ت ل ١ كان غ ا م ا ؼا هج : وا د ا ؼاللاخ ا مائ ح ت ١ ا م ف ا ؼ ن ا مك ٠ ح ذم ا ٠ اذ ا ػ ا اي الر اق ا ح ا عاي ا رعان ا م وا ه ٠ ا ا ؽ ١ اج ف ا عر ؼاخ ا مك ٠ ح وا د ا رعانج ا ثه ٠ ح ا ثؽه ٠ ح لك ى د ظىءا ا ف ا ؽ ١ اج ا ؼا ح ا ١ ا ١ ح االلر اق ٠ ح ت االظر اػ ١ ح م ه وا د ا م ذؽه ف ا ١ هج ػ ا هق ا ثه ٠ ح ا افم ا ثؽه ٠ ح ا ػمك هق ا الخ ا ر وا د ذرؼه اف ح وث ١ هج وا ت ل ١ كان ذ ه ا م ا ر ذؼه د غ ل وثه وا ٢ ن ١٠ ا ى كا ١١ تؼك اال ١١ ا ١ ا ١١ ػ ا ا ف ل ت ل ١ كان لك ا رك ف ا ك ا ؼح تالق ا ا اي ا ؽعاو ؼر هق ق را ه وا د ا ك ف ل غ ١ ه شاترح ذرغ ١ ه ت ١ فرهج اه فىا د ذر غ اؼ ١ ا ا ذ ١ ك اؼ ١ ا ا اه. ا اتهو ػاللاخ ا م ١ كان ١٠ وا د غ اال ن ١٠ ا م ٠ ى ا ل ج ا ر اػد فه ١ ر ا ػ ا ك ا ؼح ت ا ا ا ك ا ر ذرؽهن ف ١ ا لث ١ ح ت ل ١ كان. وا د ١ ا ح ا ك ح اال ن ٠ ح ذم ػ ػ تؼ نؤ اء ا مثائ ا ؼهت ١ ح اي ث ا عى ٠ هج ا ؼهت ١ ح انا )24( نػ ٠ ح ا ح ت مات ا ؽفا ػ ا رمهان ا مح ا ال ح ا هق ا رعان ٠ ح ى ١ ان ا ٠ إوك ذثؼ ١ ح ت ل ١ كان ال ن ١٠ ذ و ٠ غ االنا ػ ١ ن آ ن. ت ان ا اناخ ذإوك إ ا ؼاللاخ ت ١ اال ن ١٠ ا م ١ كان ١٠ ا الفا لغ م ػ ك ذغالخ تال ه 738 ق. ػ ك ا غىا ه ٠ ك ا ١ ة اي ا ؽعاو اظثه وت ١ ث ىح ا ؼهب ان ػ )25( قفغ االذا ج وا د وت ١ ث وث ١ هج و ح لث ١ ح ل ١ كان ا ر وا ا أ ا اي ا ؽعاو. ذإوك ا ىراتاخ اال ن ٠ ح ف ػ ك ا ه ؽان ٠ ة 688 ق. ا ا غ مح اق اذ ؼ ؽان ٠ ة ؼ ا ١ اال ح ا ؽ ١ ح و ا ؼ ؼ ى ق ذؼ ف ا ر وا د ف ؼم ١ م ا وا ح ا ٠ ا تؼك فه ا ه م ا ىح ذ اؼ ا لي فرؽا فد غ )26( ا ثات ١١ ك اال ن ١٠. غ ١ ؿ لث ١ ح ل ١ كان ؼىائ ١ وا د لاػكذ ا ذك ه. ٠ إوك ل ه ان ا انج ا ا ا رك ه ١٠ لك ا ك ا ث م ه ت 8000 ن اج ا ا وا ت ل ١ كان )27( ا رك ه ٠ لك ا ر ه ا تا ن اج ا ا. ٠ ثك ا الفا لغ ت ١ ذؼ ف ؼىائ ١ ١ ك لث ١ ح ل ١ كان ا م ذ ل ١ اقج ا ع ١ ك )28( ؽان ٠ ة ا اق ا ا ر ال ا ىح فهان ؼىائ ١ ا ا ثاق ٠ ح.

6 6 ان ا ٠ ا ا انج ػ ا ن تا ١ ثاي ) ) ف ١ ا ٠ ف غىاذ ػ ػهب ىح )29( ػه ٠ ث ف ا ع ف ا ا ؼ ١ س ؼانب ٠ اذغ ت ؼىائ ١ ه ل ١ كان. لك لاق ٠ اذغ ا م ١ كان ١٠ تص نج ك اال ن ١٠ ا ٠ ؽمك ا ص ان ا عاغ اال وا وح ف ظ ة )30( ا ك ح اال ن ٠ ح. مك وا د ا ؽهاء عا ا ؼهب ف او اذ ؼ ١ س ا ر ان ا مثائ ا ؼهت ١ ح ا ر ذهت ا ا ا ه ا مهاتح فمك عأ ٠ اذغ ت ؼىائ ١ ا انا اال ثا له ٠ ثح ا عا نج النا ت )31( ل ١ كان.أ ا ١ ؾ ل ١ كان وا ا ٠ عأ ا انا ا الق ػ ر اال ثا ػ ك ا )32( ٠ اظ ا انا انظ ١ ح ػ ا ا ان ٠ ؼ ق تا اال ثا ا ل ١ كان. ا ا ؼاللاخ اال ن ٠ ح غ ا مثائ ا ؼهت ١ ح ف تالق ا ا اي ا ؽعاو وا د غ ١ ه رمهج فمك نق ػ ؼه ب وص ١ هج لؼد ت ١ اال ن ١٠ ا مثائ ا ؼهت ١ ح ف ذ ه ا ا ك ا ح لث ١ ح ل ١ كانا ؼهت ١ حا ر وا د لاخ ١ اقج ػ ا ك ا ؼح ذ رك اي ا ؽعاو ؼر ف ١ ٠ ثك ل ه وا ثثة ا ١ ح ا ؽ اخ ا رعان ٠ ح ا الؼح ػ ا هق ا رعان ٠ ح ا ثه ٠ ح ا ح ف ظ ب ا عى ٠ هج ا ؼهت ١ ح ا ا ثؽه ا ر ػثه تالق ا ا. ٠ ثك ا لث ١ ح ل ١ كان تؼك ا ؽالي ا ك ح اال ن ٠ ح اظ د ل ج اه ا ؼاخ ف فه ١ ر ا ػ ا مح ا م ج ا ثات ١ ح ا ر ا ر اػد ك ف ل ا ا ا ا ا ك ث ا عى ٠ هج ا ؼهت ١ ح ٠ ثك ا ٠ ا ا ف ل لث ١ ح ل ١ كان لك ا ؽ ف ػ ك ا ه ث ئ ١ ك ا م اذفم ذ ١ اء ػا ح فمك نق ف اؼك ا م ا ا واذث وا ؼ ١ فا ه ث ئ ١ ك )33( ذ ا م ا ٠ :- - 1 ا نق ؾ ي ب > ي ن ت ب ي - 2 اخ خ ع نب ي ني ن خ 3- ع ب ف ي خ خ ي ب ق خ ي ع ق -4 ؽ ق ي ا ف ا م ا نق ف اال ه اال ا. 1 -أ ا ه ا ؼ ١ ف ت ئ ١ ك ه تات. 2 -اذ ١ د غ نب ي ني / و ( ؼر ). 3-٠ رفمك فالج ذ ب / ق خ

7 7 ٠ كي ا م ا ت ئ ١ ك لك ذؽا ف غ تؼ ا مثائ ١ ؼك ق ىر ػا ر ا عك ٠ كج )34( ذ ١ اء ا ر تم ف ١ ا ػ ه اخ لك ار ف ف ا ثاب غاقنذ ذ ١ اء ػ قذ ا تات. ١ ك ٠ ا ا ٠ إوك ل ف ت ل ١ كان ا ظا ة ا ه ا ثات ت ا ؼى ل ه عك ا ؽالي ا ك ح ا ثات ١ ح ظ ن ل ج ظك ٠ كج ف ا مح ( ا فهي اال ١ ) لك ١ ه ا ػ تات 539 ق. ان ٠ ه ػ قجا م ١ كان ١٠ ا ل ذ ف ا ؼ ه ا فان ( ق. ) ت ان ٠ ه ا ا م ١ كان ١٠ اػك ا ا فهي ػ اؼرالي ه. نت ا وا ل ه اػر اقا ػ الوه ١ هقق خ Herodot ا ( قانا اال ي ق. ) ة ىا ػ ا فهي قا د و ؼ ب ا ١ ا تا الء ت ف ذاتؼ ١ ا انلاء ت ا ثؽ ا ا كلاء ػ ك ا ؽ ا م ث ١ ى تا ه ن ا ه ال ا فهي ٠ ى ت مك ن غى ه ك اناقج )35( ا ؼهب. ٠ ه تؼ ا ثاؼص ١ ا ا ه ا م اػك ا فهي تا ه ن ا ه ه اال ثا. ى اال ثا وا ا ل ج ف ل ه ا لد ا ثىه رأم ا ك ح اال ١ ح ا ا افمح تا ه ن ا ه ا ل ج اال ثا وا د ذ رك ؼر اؼ ا ثؽه ا ر تم ه ٠ ى ١ ه ق خ )37(. winnet ى )36( ا ي كن ا م ١ ٠ ه اال ثا. مك م ما ا هأ نف ا ٠ غ ف االؼر اي ا ه ا ؼهب ا م اػك ل ث ١ ى ػ غى ه لك ٠ ى ه ل ١ كان ( ا ٠ اي Lemaire ا م تا مه لك انؾ ت ف ) ا م نق لوه ف اؼك ا م االنا ١ ح )38( ا فا ق. ا م. ١ د أ ي ت ؿ ه أ ١ ى ؽ ن ا ه ا ٠ اي ت ف Lemaire ا عك ٠ ه تا موه ا Lomaire غ لائ ح ن ل ١ كان شالز ن وا ٢ ذ : ا ٠ اي ت ف 502 ق. ظ ت ه ق. ل ١ ت ظ 400 ق.

8 8 ا قنا ح ١ ه االؼكاز ا ت ل ١ كان ػاق ا ك ف ل ػ ا ك ا ؼح نت ا ؽ اخ ذعان ٠ ح ح ى و ١ ف ٠ ؽكز ل ه ف لد ظ ن ا ثه ن ٠ ح ا فهي لاخ ا ؼاخ ا ا ؼح ١ ثم االؼر اي ا ت ل ١ كان اػك ا ا فهي ك ث ئ ١ ك ا ا تاهاظ ػا ر ذ ١ اء ا ٠ ى ل ه ثا هج تغ ا ظه ػ ا انق ف ا اقن ء اال اع ف تات ت ا ر ف ا ؼاف ا ك ح ا ثات ١ ح ا ؽال ا ػ ا ػ ثانوحا فهي ف ػ قج ١ ر ػ اي غهب ا عى ٠ هج ا ؼهت ١ ح ػ قج ت ل ١ كان اتك ػ ك ل ذ ذؽا ف ا مث ١ ح مات ا ال ح ذؽهن ا فهي ال ح ا هق ا رعان ٠ ح ا ٠ ا ا ر ذفك اال ثها ن ٠ ح ا فان ١ ح ا عك ٠ كج. ى ٠ ثم ا غ ت ل ١ كان ػ ك ا ؽالي اال ثها ن ٠ ح ا فان ١ ح ظ ن اال ى كن ل ١ ا ا ثها ن ٠ ر ق ا مح ا ؼهت ١ ح إاي ٠ ؽراض ا قنا ح.

9 9 ا فاذ ح ٠ ثك ا ت ل ١ كان وا ا ػثانج ػ ذؽا ف لث وث ١ ه ٠ ر غ ف ل ٠ رم ؼ ة ػاللر تا م ا ؼا هج ف ا مح لف ا مثائ ا ٠ ح ذؽد اء ما ا رؽا ف ا م ا ىثه ا ٠ ى ا وا ا ا ١ ؾ لثائ لاخ اخ ا ؼح ت ثة االػكاق ا ىث ١ هج مثائ ا ا ك ػ ا ثؼ الء مة ( ه ) ما ١ غه ٠ ثا الا ػهف ا ا ا ػهب ا ع ب الء وا ا ٠ م ػ ا مثائ ؼ تا ١ ؾ ا مثائ وا م ي ل ه ال ف فرهج ظ ن ا م ج اال ١ ١ ح تؼك ا ا ١ ا ١ ح ا ه ا ١ ح ذثاػا.ا ذ ه ا م وا د الذ ػ تم ١ ا ق ي ا و ١ ا اخ ١ ا ١ ح ذىافأ ا تا م ج ا ذؼان ا ؽ ا ا ا اي غهب ا عى ٠ هج ا ؼهت ١ ح ٠ ه ت ا ا ه ٠ ك ذعان ػا ( ه ٠ ك ا ثف ن(ا م ٠ ر تا هق ا رعان ٠ ح ف تالق ا ا ذ ه ا ر ذ ا ا ثؽه ا ر ؼظ ذ ه ا ا ك وا د ذرؽهن ف ١ ا لث ١ ح ت ل ١ كان. م ه انظػ ا م ي ذى ان ا ه تا ى ا ؼه ف ا ا ػثانج ذؽا فاخ لث ١ ح وث ١ هج ذ ى د و ا ا ٠ عاق ؼ ١ ف ا م ا ىثه ا ا ؽ ا ا ح ا رعان ٠ ح غ ظ ق فرهج ال ا رمهان الر اق ( ذعان ) ف ا مح اق ا اوق ان ا ؽ ١ اج ا ؼا ح. ت ا ا م ا ىثه ؼا د ا ؽفا ػ ا ا مهانا ال ح ذؽهن ل اذ ا ا ١ ا الي ذ ه ا رؽا فاخ ا مث ١ ح ر ١ عح ال رمهان وا االفهاق ا ح ا رعان ٠ ر م ىا اله انا ذ ه ا رؽا فاخ فىا ا ٠ رهو اشانا ف ا ؼاتك ت ا ٠ مك من ا لهات ١ ا ٠ كا ا خ ان فر ثػ لث ن ا ك ذان ٠ ف ١ ح. ا ذان ٠ ؿ ت ل ١ كان ٠ ىر ف ا غ ف ا ؼ ن ا مك ٠ ح ٠ ؼر ك ػ تؼ اال اناخ ف ا ىراب ا مكي ا ذ ه ا ر نقخ ف ا ىراتاخ اال ن ٠ ح ا ٠ ؼر ك ػ ذف ١ ه تؼ ا ىراتاخ ا ر ػصه ػ ١ ا ف ا ك ذؽهن ت ل ١ كان ؼظ ا من ٠ ح ا ا ك لث ن ٠ ح.

10 10 ا ا 1- هت ىها : ا ٠ ىح ا ؼهب ا ىا ١ ح ذان ٠ ؿ ا ؼهب لث اال ال ف تالق ا ا ع ح قنا ح ذان ٠ ف ١ ح ق ك ا ؼكقا / ا ظه ن ق : ا ىراتاخ ا ف ٠ ح ع ح ه ط 2 ض knouf.e.:nabataean Origin in Arabian Studies in Honour of Mahmmud p. 66. ا ١ ؼم ت أؼ ك ت ا ػ )خ ) 248 ذان ٠ ؿ ا ١ ؼم ت ت ١ ه خ ض اؼ ا ػثاي ذان ٠ ؿ ق ح اال ثا ػ ا ن ق ا كن ا اتك. 141 ه ٠ ك اق ا هؼا ا ا هق ا رعان ٠ ح ا ماق ح هق ث ا عى ٠ هج ا ؼهت ١ ح انج ت ا ذ رم اي غهب ث ا عى ٠ هج ت ه ٠ ك ا ثف ن ا رع ظ ب ث ا عى ٠ هج ٠ رع تؼك ا ا ا ا ؼ ١ س اق ا هؼا ٠ ص ؼ مح ا ت ١ اظىاء ا ك ذعان ٠ ح فر فح. Rabinowitz,I, = Aramic Encription of the 5 th Century. B. C. From NoRth Arab Shrine in Egypt / NES p.3 Dumbrell, W. j. Tell EL Maskuta BowLS & The Kingdom of -6 Qedar in The Persian Period in BASOR ؼع ا ث كا ت ١ ه خ ا ؽ اب ا ك ٠ ٠ ال خ ت ػثك اهلل ( خ 626 ) ض I: اي ا ؽعاو ذهظ ح ػثك ا ؽ ا ؽ ١ اال ى كن ٠ ح KnauF. opcit. p

11 11-10 اؼ ا ػثاي ا كن ا اتك 20 ن ق ا كن ا اتك Winnett. f. : Notes on the Lihyanite and thamaudic Inscription, Lemausen, 51, p Geohman, A : Arabien Kulturgeschte des alten orien Munchen, p. 74. اؼ ا ػثاي ا كن ا اتك. 21 ا ظه ػثك ا ؼ ١ ف و اي. ١ ه ق خ ٠ رؽكز ػ ا ؼهب تالق ع ح ا ؼ ن ك 1987 ط 2 ض ن ق ا كن ا اتك Lemaire. A. : un Noveau Roi Arabe de Qedar dans -14 inscription de AautelaEncens de Lakish in RB p. 71. Lemaire = lpd. p Winnett : opcit. p Winnet. f. Reed. W : Ancient Records from North Arabia Tornto. p Winnett : Notes. p وانظر

12 Grohman : opcit. p ا ظه ا كن ا اتك Arabin, p Caskel, W.: Lihyan und Lihyansch, Koln, p ا ظه ا ثىه من قنا اخ ف ذان ٠ ؿ ا ؼهب لث اال ال ظا ؼح ا ث هج قان ا ىرة Lihyan and Lihyaunsh. p. 41, Ancient Records. p The Ancien Arabs :,nomads on the Border of the Eertile Crescent 1-5 Century B. C Jerusalm, the Magnes Press p ٠ ه ت نظه ا ا ىاخ ا ؼهت ١ اخ و إالخ ػ ا اؼ ١ ح ا ه ؼ ١ ح ت ١ ا ا هف او اظ ا ا اؼ ا ١ ا ١ ح. ا ك ل ا ك : ل ش ق ت ١ ن ا ٠ اخ ا إن ١ ؽر ٠ اخ ا م ع ح و ١ ح ا غح ا ؼهت ١ ح ا ؼ االظر اػ ١ ح ا ه ٠ ا ط Grohman, : opcit 94 / اال ان ػثكا هؼ ا ١ ة : ؽاخ ػ تؼ ا ك ا مك ٠ ح ف اي ا عى ٠ هج ا ؼهت ١ ح ع ح ا كانج 1975 ط ظ اق ػ : 27- ا ف ف ذان ٠ ؿ ا ؼهب لث اال ال ت ١ ه خ 1980 ض

13 13 اندن م االثري نمنطقة انخه ج انعرب مكتب انترب ة انعرب ندول انخه ج ط ص ها ؽ ك ت ١ : قنا ح ف اؼ اي ا ؼهب ػاللاذ ا ك ١ ح ع ح و ١ ح ا غح ا ؼهت ١ ح ا ؼ االظر اػ ١ ح ظا ؼح ؽ ك ت ؼ ق اال ال ١ ح ا ظه ن ق ا كن ا اتك Winnett and Reed : opcit. p ا م ١٠ ة ١ ا ت ػثك ا هؼ :. 73 ا اال ال ثا ع ح ا كناج ط Nabataem origin. p انظر موقع ت ماء عهى انخر طة انمرفقة وانماخوذة من Drappeau, f.s : dunord ouest aux expogues etperset Hellenistigues.Docteur Dedantses Lnscriptions recherches Sur La Lan Gueet La Chronolgie Dune Oa sis delarabia deluniversite ALX - Marseillel, Vol, 717, مال ػ ا مت ١ ة ١ ا ت ػثك ا هؼ م ث ١ ح ظك ٠ كج مح ن ظ ب ذ ١ اء ع حا كانج ط ى ٠ ك ا ؼ اخ ا ظه هػ ػ ١ ك : تات ف ػ ك آه و ا ع ح قنا اخ ذان ٠ ف ١ ح ظا ؼح ق ك ا ؼكقا مال ػ ػثك ا ؼ ١ ف و اي : ض 1. 9 ا ؼهب تالق ع ح ا ؼ ن ك 1987 ط 2 ا كن ف Ancient Record.p Lemaire : opcit. p.71.

14 ا اقن ا هاظغ 14. اؼ ا ػثاي : ذان ٠ ؿ ق ح اال ثا ػ ا 1987 ا ثىه من ػثكا ىه ٠ : قنا اخ ف ذان ٠ ؿ ا ؼهب لث اال ال ظا ؼح ا ث هج قان ا ىرة ظ اق ػ : ا ف ف ذان ٠ ؿ ا ؼهب لث اال ال ت ١ ه خ. ا ؽ اب ا ك ٠ ٠ ال خ ت ػثكاهلل ) ؼع ا ث كا ت ١ ه خ 1956 ( خ 626 هت ىها : ا ٠ ح ىح ا ؼهب ا ىا ١ ح ذان ٠ ؿ ا ؼهب لث اال ال ع ح قنا اخ ذان ٠ ف ١ ح ق ك ا ؼكقا /. ا ك ل ا ك : ل ش ق ت ١ ن ا ٠ اخ ا إن ١ ؽر ٠ اخ ا م ع ح و ١ ح ا غح ا ؼهت ١ ح ا ؼ االظر اػ ١ ح ا ه ٠ ا ط ا ك ١ االشه مح ا ف ١ ط ا ؼهت ىرة ا رهت ١ ح ا ؼهت ك ي ا ف ١ ط ا م ١٠ ة ١ ا ت ػثك ا هؼ : ا اال ال ثا ع ح ا كانج ط 2 ا م ١٠ ة ١ ا ت ػثك ا هؼ : م ث ١ ح ظك ٠ كج مح ن ظ ب ذ ١ اء ع ح ا كانج ط 1. ن ق ا ىراتاخ ا ف ٠ ح ع ح ط 2 ض ػثك ا ؼ ١ ف و اي : ١ ه ق خ ٠ رؽكز ػ ا ؼهب تالق ع ح ا ؼ ن ط 2 ض 1 ك ها ؽ ك ت ١ : قنا ح ف اؼ اي ا ؼهب ػاللاذ ا ك ١ ح ع ح و ١ ح ا غح ا ؼهت ١ ح ا ؼ االظر اػ ١ ح ظا ؼح ؽ ك ت ؼ ق اال ال ١ ح ! : اي ا ؽعاو ذهظ ح ػثك ا ؽ ا ؽ ١ اال ى كن ٠ ح اال ان ػثك ا هؼ ا ١ ة : ؽاخ ػ تؼ ا ك ا مك ٠ ح ف اي ا عى ٠ هج ا ؼهت ١ ح ع ح ا كانج ط ا ١ ؼم ت أؼ ك ت ا ػ ( خ 284 ) ذان ٠ ؿ ا ١ ؼم ت ت ١ ه خ 1980.

15 Caskel.w. Lihyan and Lihyan, Kol Drappeau.F. S. Dumbrell. W. J. Dedanet SeS lnscriptions recherches Sur La Lan Gueet La chrondgie Dune Oa SiS de Larabia dunordouest Aux epogueset perset Hellenistigue. Docteur de L universite Alx Marseillel VoL, III Tell EL - Maskuta Bowls & The Kingdom Of qedar in the persian period in BASoR Epha, 1. Grohman. A. Rabinowitz. 1 Knowf. E. A. The Ancient Arbs. Nomads on the Border Of the Fertile Crescent 7-5 Century B. C Jerusalm, Magnes press 1984 Arabien Kulturgeschte des alten orient Munchen, 1963 Aramic insrptions of the 5 th Century B. C from North Arab shrin in Egypt JNE. 15. Nabataean origins in Arabian Studies In Honour of Mahmmud, 1989.

16 16 Lemaire. A. UN Noreau Roi Arabe de Qedar dans inscripion de L Autela Encers de Lakish in RB Winnett. F. Reed. W. Ancient Records From North Arabia. Tornto Winnett. F. Notes on the Lihyanite and Theam audic Inscription. Lemausen, 51, 1938.

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