3.8 Two views of women fighters during the Algerian War of National Liberation, 1957 Ryme Seferdjeli

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "3.8 Two views of women fighters during the Algerian War of National Liberation, 1957 Ryme Seferdjeli"

Transcription

1 3.8 Two views of women fighters during the Algerian War of National Liberation, 1957 Ryme Seferdjeli Preface Algeria achieved independence from France in 1962 after 132 years of French colonization and eight years of a brutal war. Unlike other French colonies, Algeria had been integrated into the French territory as early as the nineteenth century and was administrated by the French Ministry of the Interior. The attachment of France to Algeria was reinforced by the presence of nearly 1 million European colons or settlers, the majority of who, in 1954, were born in Algeria, with roots in France or the Mediterranean, and were commonly known as pieds noirs. 76 Consequently, at the beginning of the 1950s the independence of Algeria, an integral part of France, was almost unthinkable. Moreover, during the course of the war oil was discovered and a decision taken to use the Sahara for the first nuclear and space experiments. Several attempts to fight colonialism through legal means by the main Algerian nationalist party, the Mouvement pour le triomphe des libertés démocratiques (MTLD), failed. In March 1954 a faction within the party called for immediate action, leading to the creation of the Front de libération nationale (FLN), with an armed branch, the Armée de libération nationale (ALN). On 1 November 1954 the FLN staged an armed insurrection in Algeria with the sole aim of achieving total independence from France. The insurrection marked the beginning of a long and brutal war in Algeria between the FLN/ALN and France. Political repercussions in France included the fall of six prime ministers and the collapse of the Fourth Republic. Ultimately, the war led to the total independence of Algeria after more than a century of French colonization. One of the most remarkable features of the war was the involvement of alarge number of young Muslim women in the revolutionary movement. Although the participation of women in such movements is common, the presence of young Muslim women in the Algerian war as nurses, liaison agents, but also as political and propaganda agents, was largely exceptional. Prior to 1954, Muslim women were largely confined to the home. Few were educated, few worked beyond the domestic sphere. Their daily lives were regulated by shari c a, and by traditional rules and 76 The pieds noirs (literally black feet ) represented approximately 10% of the population in Algeria on the eve of the 1954 insurrection, with 984,000 in 1954, 79% of whom were born in the country.

2 Gender and society 215 customs that antedated Islam which categorized them socially, judicially, and politically as second-class citizens. This situation was further exacerbated by the strict segregation enforced between the Muslim and European communities in Algeria. Consequently, the participation of women in the revolutionary movement had a novelty value. The French, perceiving Muslim women to be uneducated, backward, and oppressed in a patriarchal society, did not anticipate the role they would undertake as fighters. The FLN, too, did not appear to anticipate the large-scale participation of women. The Algerian war was not a conventional one, but a guerrilla war, in which the population was the best weapon the FLN could employ against the French. The population was the FLN s main target for recruits, and its support was crucial in a war where France had clear military superiority. With the support of the Algerian people as a whole, the FLN sought to sign up new combatants, establish a politico-administrative organization in order to extend its influence, collect money for the revolution, and ultimately, legitimize its action within the international community. The FLN needed the participation of women, and encouraged them to join the cause from the very beginning of the war. However, it endeavored to confine their roles to what could be described as female tasks. Although not discussed in the FLN document below (Document 2), women went well beyond what the FLN expected them to do (as can be seen from the accompanying photographs). Women acted as nurses and social and political commissioners, and were vital in the effort to shelter and provision combatants. Beyond these support roles, they also served as liaison agents, carrying weapons and, in exceptional cases, planting bombs. However, the FLN made sure to severely regulate them and to confine their role to specific assignments. Close supervision was also considered a necessity, especially as the tasks assigned to women gradually grew beyond the limits imposed by their gender identity. The heavy media coverage of the participation of women during the famous Battle of Algiers, in which they played a significant part by planting bombs in European quarters of Algiers, and their significant participation during demonstrations further reinforced this view. It also supported the view amongst the FLN that women should be employed as political instruments. For the French, the involvement of women was probably the most surprising element in the organization of the FLN. Until the war started, the French had never paid attention to Muslim women. However, by the time the French note was issued in November 1957 (Document 1, below), the French had already become aware of their activities in the war, and it was widely known some had joined the ranks of the ALN.

3 216 Gender and society Texts Within months of the outbreak of the insurrection in 1955, names of the young Muslim women arrested had been already reported in the local press 77 and, in July 1956, pictures of young Muslim women dressed in military uniforms were published. For the first time, the press reported the presence of women in the battlefield. The Battle of Algiers further confirmed their active contribution. The French note reveals French awareness in 1957 of the growing involvement of women in what the French defined as rebel activities, and its view of female Muslim fighters. From 1957 onwards, France s attention towards women increased. As a response to female involvement in the war, the French authorities, while intensifying their contact and control of the population, kept a separate agenda for women, mainly through social and medical assistance. Moreover, attempts to emancipate Muslim women through assimilation to France were offered as an incentive to keep them from joining the fight. Specifically, the French authorities granted Muslim women suffrage, reformed the marriage law in their favor, and encouraged them to unveil. Although many historians have studied the Battle of Algiers, there is very little mention in most of the literature covering the war of the participation of women. These documents illustrate not only their contribution to the war effort, but more importantly, the psychological effect their participation had during the course of the war on both the Algerians and the French. Through the course of the war, it came to symbolize for French and international public opinion the depth of Algerian commitment to the cause of independence from French rule. 1. Information note from the Xe military region, Army Corps of Constantine. Command of the North of Constantine and of the 14th infantry division, headquarters, second bureau 78 7 November 1957 Object: Note No. 9 from the Wilaya 79 No. 2 Were dispatched the enclosed translation of two notes of the Wilaya 2 found on the body of Harane Saïd, political [officer] responsible for the Nahia de JEMMAPES (Nahia 2 Mintaka 2), shot down on 4 October [referring to] Note No. 9 dated 2 May 1957 This note [No. 9 dated 2 May 1957] refers to the organization of the body of women fighters ( Moudjahidat ). 77 Dépêche quotidienne d Alger, 28 June 1955, 7 Sept. 1955, 13 Dec File 1H2582/D1, Service Historique de l Armée de Terre (SHAT), Vincennes. 79 Province in Arabic; the FLN organized its struggle by dividing Algeria into six wilayas.

4 Gender and society 217 Independently from their role as nurses, in hospitals and outside hospitals assigned to Moudjahidat, the rebel higher command intends as well to use the latter as official representatives to the Algerian woman on a social and political level. The note indicates that women fighters are required to become more than just nurses but also real political agents of the FLN. The note No. 9 materializes their role by subordinating them to political responsible of Kasma, when it comes to dealing with their political and social activities. The presence of women within the rebels ranks has been reported several times in the territory of the Wilaya 2. Moreover, recent information, although unconfirmed, collected in Z.O.E.M, reports arrangements made by BOUALI Messaoud, chief P.M. of the Mintaka No 1, in view of proceeding with the insertion of some fifty women within the ranks of the HLL. 80 This set of facts indicates the growing part taken by women in rebel activities. We are witnessing, in that sphere, an evolution that needs to be followed very closely. The O. R. 81 will pay careful attention on that point, and all evidence collected regarding female political activities will be subject for review to be performed under the present stamp. Signed: General Desfontaines, Commander of the 14 th infantry division and the North of Constantine. 2. Note No. 9. Wilaya of the North Constantine 82 2 May 1957 Object: Role of women fighters (Moudjahidat) In accordance with a decision taken by the Committee of Wilaya, the body of women fighters will be organized as follows: 1. Specialization Women fighters are intended to serve in hospitals (or nurseries); they must first complete an internship which indudes medical instruction; the director of the health service of the Wilaya is entrusted with providing medical instruction. Women fighters are subject to the same laws and regulations as men, except for accommodation and discipline, which were subject to earlier instructions. 2. Role of women fighters Medical role. Political and social role. 80 HLL, in French Hors La Loi, i.e. outlawed. 81 O.R., in French Officiers Regionaux, i.e regional officers. 82 File 1H2582/D1, Service Historique de l Armée de Terre (SHAT), Vincennes.

5 218 Gender and society Duty of women fighters at the medical level: in hospitals as nurses. Outside hospitals where they treat civilian women. Within her medical role, the woman fighter is put under the authority of the nurse-in-chief (male). Duty of women fighters at the political and social level: Within the framework of the organization of the sector in which she is employed, the woman fighter has towards her sisters a social and a political role. Social role The woman fighter must be a real social assistant at the service of the Algerian woman. She must give useful advice to the Algerian woman in order to help her to look after her house, to bring up her children, to observe rules of hygiene, etc [...] Her role should be confined to that. Political role The woman fighter must instruct the Algerian woman by familiarizing her with the current situation. With this aim, she must do her best to explain to the Algerian woman: what the ALN is. what the FLN is. what the goals of the Algerian revolution are and what we are expecting from it. She must be in a position to answer all questions that will be asked by her sisters, to whom she should indicate their duty and what is expected from them by the ALN and the FLN. In her politico-social role, the woman fighter fulfils her activities under the responsibility of the political adviser of Kasma. The committees of Mintaka, of Nahia, and of Kasma, as well as medical doctors are in charge of the enforcement of the present note. Seal of the FLN

6 Gender and society Zohra Drif following her arrest in September Drif, the daughter of a qadi and one of the few Muslim students at the University of Algiers, became a member of the FLN in 1956 after clashes with Ultra Students at the university revealed discrimination against Muslims, on whom a curfew was imposed. She joined Yacef Saadi s network in Algiers. Saadi was responsible for organizing the guerrilla cells in Algiers and relied heavily upon women during the Battle of Algiers. Drif became Saadi s assistant and is believed to have participated actively in the direction of the Battle with Saadi. She, together with Saadi, was arrested in September 1957 and sentenced the following year to twenty years of forced labor for having planted bombs in public places in the European quarters of Algiers. She survived the war and married Rabah Bitat, one of the leaders and founders of the FLN. Source: Museum of Moudjahidine, Algiers

7 7a c. Moudjahidate (women fighters) in the maquis. The Moudjahidate, members of the ALN, represent the most remarkable group of women participants. The idea of the Moudjahidate emphatically shatters the traditional image of Algerian women as backward, veiled, and oppressed Muslims. The Moudjahidate left their homes for the mountains and countryside from where the revolutionary underground army would hide and operate. They were armed and dressed in military uniforms. Many of the Moudjahidate remained in the maquis for years. The role of Moudjahidate varied according to circumstances; they mainly carried out auxiliary services such as nursing, communication, engineering and food preparation. Some, in exceptional conditions, took part in combat. One of their tasks was to give female civilians a political and social education, by gathering women in meetings and explaining to them the significance of the revolution. Source: Museum of Moudjahidine, Algiers. Year: approximately between 1956 and 1959

THEMES IN PERSEPOLIS

THEMES IN PERSEPOLIS THEMES IN PERSEPOLIS THEME #1 RELIGION, OPPRESSION, AND MODERNITY Persepolis begins in 1980 in post-revolution Iran. While Iran was becoming more and more Westernized under the shah, the revolutionaries

More information

ARAB BAROMETER SURVEY PROJECT ALGERIA REPORT

ARAB BAROMETER SURVEY PROJECT ALGERIA REPORT ARAB BAROMETER SURVEY PROJECT ALGERIA REPORT (1) Views Toward Democracy Algerians differed greatly in their views of the most basic characteristic of democracy. Approximately half of the respondents stated

More information

ALGERIA - A Country Study

ALGERIA - A Country Study ALGERIA - A Country Study Search Algeria nmlkji Include word variants nmlkj Use only words as entered. SEARCH ALGERIA Acknowledgments PREFACE Table A. Selected Acronyms and Contractions COUNTRY PROFILE

More information

the Middle East (18 December 2013, no ).

the Middle East (18 December 2013, no ). Letter of 24 February 2014 from the Minister of Security and Justice, Ivo Opstelten, to the House of Representatives of the States General on the policy implications of the 35th edition of the Terrorist

More information

The Search for Natural Law. By James Tekkipe. In any form of government, it is necessary for the government to

The Search for Natural Law. By James Tekkipe. In any form of government, it is necessary for the government to James Tekkipe Spring 2008 Instructor: Madaline Herlong The Search for Natural Law By James Tekkipe In any form of government, it is necessary for the government to uphold its positive laws as the overall

More information

Tolerance in French Political Life

Tolerance in French Political Life Tolerance in French Political Life Angéline Escafré-Dublet & Riva Kastoryano In France, it is difficult for groups to articulate ethnic and religious demands. This is usually regarded as opposing the civic

More information

Muslim Public Affairs Council

Muslim Public Affairs Council MPAC Special Report: Religion & Identity of Muslim American Youth Post-London Attacks INTRODUCTION Muslim Americans are at a critical juncture in the road towards full engagement with their religion and

More information

Account of The Algerian Urban Guerrilla Network and Its Role in The FLN s Campaign during The Battle of Algiers ( )

Account of The Algerian Urban Guerrilla Network and Its Role in The FLN s Campaign during The Battle of Algiers ( ) Account of The Algerian Urban Guerrilla Network and Its Role in The FLN s Campaign during The Battle of Algiers (1956-1958) Abder-Rahmane Derradji * Abstract: Algerian guerrilla network has been studied

More information

Human Rights Committee. Alternative report (updated) Algeria

Human Rights Committee. Alternative report (updated) Algeria Human Rights Committee 123rd session - 2-27 July 2018 Alternative report (updated) Algeria Freedom of Religion or Belief [Original report in French] Joint submission by : The World Evangelical Alliance

More information

Part 4: Case Studies:

Part 4: Case Studies: Part 4: Case Studies: Nov. 24-29: FLN (Front de Liberation National) and Revolution in Algeria Nov. 24 Overview: rise of FLN, Battle for Independence, legacies Nov. 26, 29 FILM Battle of Algiers Colonial

More information

Liberation from what? : French Muslim women s bodies as a site of national boundaries and identity

Liberation from what? : French Muslim women s bodies as a site of national boundaries and identity University of Tennessee at Chattanooga UTC Scholar Honors Theses Student Research, Creative Works, and Publications 5-2019 Liberation from what? : French Muslim women s bodies as a site of national boundaries

More information

WOMEN AND ISLAM WEEK#5. By Dr. Monia Mazigh Fall, 2017

WOMEN AND ISLAM WEEK#5. By Dr. Monia Mazigh Fall, 2017 WOMEN AND ISLAM WEEK#5 By Dr. Monia Mazigh Fall, 2017 MUSLIM WOMEN IN SAUDI ARABIA Title of the book: A Most Masculine State: Gender, Politics and Religion in Saudi Arabia Author: Madawi Al-Rasheed Cambridge

More information

FINAL PAPER. CSID Sixth Annual Conference Democracy and Development: Challenges for the Islamic World Washington, DC - April 22-23, 2005

FINAL PAPER. CSID Sixth Annual Conference Democracy and Development: Challenges for the Islamic World Washington, DC - April 22-23, 2005 FINAL PAPER CSID Sixth Annual Conference Democracy and Development: Challenges for the Islamic World Washington, DC - April 22-23, 2005 More than Clothing: Veiling as a Cultural, Social, Political and

More information

138 th IPU ASSEMBLY AND RELATED MEETINGS. Consideration of requests for the inclusion of an emergency item in the Assembly agenda E#IPU138

138 th IPU ASSEMBLY AND RELATED MEETINGS. Consideration of requests for the inclusion of an emergency item in the Assembly agenda E#IPU138 138 th IPU ASSEMBLY AND RELATED MEETINGS Geneva, 24 28.03.2018 Assembly A/138/2-P.6 Item 2 22 March 2018 Consideration of requests for the inclusion of an emergency item in the Assembly agenda Request

More information

Speech by Michel Touma, Lebanese journalist, at the symposium on Religion and Human Rights - Utah - October 2013.

Speech by Michel Touma, Lebanese journalist, at the symposium on Religion and Human Rights - Utah - October 2013. Speech by Michel Touma, Lebanese journalist, at the symposium on Religion and Human Rights - Utah - October 2013. The theme of this symposium, Religion and Human Rights, has never been more important than

More information

THE IRAQI KURDISTAN REGION S ROLE IN DEFEATING ISIL

THE IRAQI KURDISTAN REGION S ROLE IN DEFEATING ISIL THE IRAQI KURDISTAN REGION S ROLE IN DEFEATING ISIL The summer of 2014 was a fatal summer, not only for the Iraqi Kurdistan Region but also for the Middle East and the rest of the world. It witnessed the

More information

Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated

Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated 1 2 Naive girls who follow the love of their life, women who are even more radical than their husbands, or women who accidentally find themselves in the

More information

Iranian Kurds: Between the Hammer and the Anvil

Iranian Kurds: Between the Hammer and the Anvil Iranian Kurds: Between the Hammer and the Anvil by Prof. Ofra Bengio BESA Center Perspectives Paper No. 1,103, March 5, 2019 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The new strategy toward Iran taken by Donald Trump, which

More information

Liberty, Property and War. (Sermon at Beaverkill Community Church, 7/8/2018)

Liberty, Property and War. (Sermon at Beaverkill Community Church, 7/8/2018) Liberty, Property and War (Sermon at Beaverkill Community Church, 7/8/2018) There is no human liberty without property. If a man cannot keep the fruits of his labor, he is not free. He is, in fact, a slave

More information

Turkey. Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review. Eighth Session of the UPR Working Group of the. Human Rights Council

Turkey. Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review. Eighth Session of the UPR Working Group of the. Human Rights Council Turkey Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review Eighth Session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council May 2010 1 Executive Summary. In this submission, The Islamic Human Rights Commission

More information

Syria: A Look At One of the Most Fragile States in the World

Syria: A Look At One of the Most Fragile States in the World Syria: A Look At One of the Most Fragile States in the World Foundations of Colonialism to Independence: 19241946 French presence in Syria can be traced back before the collapse of the ottoman empire The

More information

War on Terrorism Notes

War on Terrorism Notes War on Terrorism Notes Member of Ba'ath Party Mixing Arab nationalist, pan Arabism, Arab socialist and antiimperialist interests. Becomes president in 1979 Iranians and Iraqis fight because of religious

More information

ISLAM. Viewer s Guide. 1. What are some of the reasons that Islam is misunderstood by many people?

ISLAM. Viewer s Guide. 1. What are some of the reasons that Islam is misunderstood by many people? 1 Viewer s Guide Directions: After viewing the program, answer the following questions either on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet. 1. What are some of the reasons that Islam is misunderstood

More information

Policy Workshop of the EU-Middle East Forum (EUMEF) Middle East and North Africa Program. Deconstructing Islamist Terrorism in Tunisia

Policy Workshop of the EU-Middle East Forum (EUMEF) Middle East and North Africa Program. Deconstructing Islamist Terrorism in Tunisia Policy Workshop of the EU-Middle East Forum (EUMEF) Middle East and North Africa Program Deconstructing Islamist Terrorism in Tunisia NEW DATE: 25-27 February 2016 Tunis Dear Candidate, We kindly invite

More information

Adopted and Issued at the Nineteenth Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers in Cairo on 5 August 1990.

Adopted and Issued at the Nineteenth Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers in Cairo on 5 August 1990. The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam Adopted and Issued at the Nineteenth Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers in Cairo on 5 August 1990. The Member States of the Organization of the Islamic

More information

Pt.II: Colonialism, Nationalism, the Harem 19 th -20 th centuries

Pt.II: Colonialism, Nationalism, the Harem 19 th -20 th centuries Pt.II: Colonialism, Nationalism, the Harem 19 th -20 th centuries Week 9: Morocco [Nov. 11 Remembrance Day Holiday; Nov. 13 cancelled; Discussion Nov. 15] Morocco: 19 th -20 th C. History of Imperial

More information

Is Enforced Displacement the New Reality in Syria? Radwan Ziadeh

Is Enforced Displacement the New Reality in Syria? Radwan Ziadeh Is Enforced Displacement the New Reality in Syria? Radwan Ziadeh April 28, 2017 The situation in Syria continues to defy an observer s understanding of reality. Indeed, no Syrian in 2011 imagined that

More information

President Mahmoud Abbas Lecture Cooper Union College

President Mahmoud Abbas Lecture Cooper Union College President Mahmoud Abbas Lecture Cooper Union College Sep. 22 nd 2014 President Bharacha, distinguished faculty and guests, religious leaders, dear students and members of the Cooper Union community, thank

More information

Regional Issues. Conflicts in the Middle East. Importance of Oil. Growth of Islamism. Oil as source of conflict in Middle East

Regional Issues. Conflicts in the Middle East. Importance of Oil. Growth of Islamism. Oil as source of conflict in Middle East Main Idea Reading Focus Conflicts in the Middle East Regional issues in the Middle East have led to conflicts between Israel and its neighbors and to conflicts in and between Iran and Iraq. How have regional

More information

Religious Minorities in Iran

Religious Minorities in Iran In His Name, the Most High Introduction: Religious Minorities in Iran Today a minority is defined as a sociological group that does not constitute a politically dominant voting majority of the total population

More information

Oct 2016 Meeting Minutes Discussion of American Muslim Faith and Beliefs

Oct 2016 Meeting Minutes Discussion of American Muslim Faith and Beliefs Oct 2016 Meeting Minutes Discussion of American Muslim Faith and Beliefs What is Muslim Faith? Muslim History In The United States Director Chaaban opened his discussion with a brief history of Muslim

More information

"Military action will bring great costs for the region," Rouhani said, and "it is necessary to apply all efforts to prevent it."

Military action will bring great costs for the region, Rouhani said, and it is necessary to apply all efforts to prevent it. USA TODAY, 29 Aug 2013. Syrian allies Iran and Russia are working together to prevent a Western military attack on Syria, the Iranian president said, as Russia said it is sending warships to the Mediterranean,

More information

Health Care and Cultural Understanding within the Arab, Middle Eastern, Muslim and South Asian Communities

Health Care and Cultural Understanding within the Arab, Middle Eastern, Muslim and South Asian Communities Health Care and Cultural Understanding within the Arab, Middle Eastern, Muslim and South Asian Communities 1 Who We Are The Arab-American Family Support Center is a non-profit organization that empowers

More information

Syria's Civil War Explained

Syria's Civil War Explained Syria's Civil War Explained By Al Jazeera, adapted by Newsela staff on 02.22.17 Word Count 1,055 Level 1000L A displaced Syrian child, fleeing from Deir Ezzor besieged by Islamic State (IS) group fighters,

More information

The Byzantine Empire and Emerging Europe. Chapter 8

The Byzantine Empire and Emerging Europe. Chapter 8 The Byzantine Empire and Emerging Europe Chapter 8 Section 2 Decline & Fall of Rome The Romans are no longer a world superpower so what the heck happened? 1. Military Problems 2. Economic Problems 3. Political

More information

Step 1: Read the Historical Context and write the first sentence of your essay.

Step 1: Read the Historical Context and write the first sentence of your essay. Name Class Date What is a DBQ? DBQ stands for Document Based Question. It is a type of essay that provides you with documents to serve as sources of information for your writing. Each DBQ you take will

More information

Reviewed by Leland Barrows (Voorhees College) Published on H-Africa (June, 2007) Algeria and the Ambiguities of Value Judgments in History

Reviewed by Leland Barrows (Voorhees College) Published on H-Africa (June, 2007) Algeria and the Ambiguities of Value Judgments in History John Ruedy. Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005. xiv + 327 pp. $21.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-253-20746-3; $22.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-253-21782-0.

More information

RELIGION AND BELIEF EQUALITY POLICY

RELIGION AND BELIEF EQUALITY POLICY Document No: PP120 Issue No. 02 Issue Date: 2017-02-01 Renewal Date: 2020-02--1 Originator: Head of Learner Engagement, Equalities, Diversity and Inclusion Responsibility: Deputy Principal, Finance and

More information

Paper 1: Justice Must Be Seen To Be Done : Organisational Justice And Islamic Headscarf And Burqa Laws In France. Nicky Jones INTRODUCTION

Paper 1: Justice Must Be Seen To Be Done : Organisational Justice And Islamic Headscarf And Burqa Laws In France. Nicky Jones INTRODUCTION Paper 1: Justice Must Be Seen To Be Done : Organisational Justice And Islamic Headscarf And Burqa Laws In France Nicky Jones INTRODUCTION 6 In late 1989, the first events of the affair of the headscarf

More information

POLITICAL PROGRAMME OF THE OGADEN NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (ONLF)

POLITICAL PROGRAMME OF THE OGADEN NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (ONLF) POLITICAL PROGRAMME OF THE OGADEN NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (ONLF) PART 1. Declaration Forming The ONLF We the people of Ogaden Recognizing that our country has been colonized against our will and without

More information

Revolutions Enlightenment ideas help spur revolutions in America and France

Revolutions Enlightenment ideas help spur revolutions in America and France 11/28 Bell-Ringer Silent Read Chapter 18 Section 1 Define: Estates General & Deficit Spending Explain: Tennis Court Oath & Storm on the Bastille You have 10 minutes Revolutions Enlightenment ideas help

More information

Iranian Targets Hit in Syria by the IDF and Responses in Iranian Media

Iranian Targets Hit in Syria by the IDF and Responses in Iranian Media Iran Following the Latest Confrontation with Israel in the Syrian Arena Dr. Raz Zimmt January 24, 2019 Iranian Targets Hit in Syria by the IDF and Responses in Iranian Media On January 21, 2019, the Israeli

More information

The Fighters Factory: Inside Al-Shabab's Education System

The Fighters Factory: Inside Al-Shabab's Education System The Fighters Factory: Inside Al-Shabab's Education System 15 May 2018 seeks to be the premier security think tank in Somalia. Building on the security experience of its members, it aims to promote security

More information

AMERICAN BAPTIST POLICY STATEMENT ON AFRICA

AMERICAN BAPTIST POLICY STATEMENT ON AFRICA AMERICAN BAPTIST POLICY STATEMENT ON AFRICA 7020:9/87 A. Theological Foundation The American Baptist Churches, as part of the visible body of Jesus Christ in the world, base their concern for all peoples

More information

Institute on Religion and Public Policy Report: Religious Freedom in Uzbekistan

Institute on Religion and Public Policy Report: Religious Freedom in Uzbekistan Executive Summary Institute on Religion and Public Policy Report: Religious Freedom in Uzbekistan (1). The Republic of Uzbekistan pays homage to the concept of religious freedom in name only. The Law of

More information

Iran Researched and compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on 12 September 2012

Iran Researched and compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on 12 September 2012 Iran Researched and compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on 12 September 2012 Reports of convictions for apostasy in Iran within the last 5 years A Danish Immigration Service fact-finding

More information

PS 506 French political thought from Rousseau to Foucault. 11:00 am-12:15pm Birge B302

PS 506 French political thought from Rousseau to Foucault. 11:00 am-12:15pm Birge B302 PS 506 French political thought from Rousseau to Foucault 11:00 am-12:15pm Birge B302 Instructor: Genevieve Rousseliere Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Email: rousseliere@wisc.edu

More information

The situation of Christians and the Armenian Evangelical Church in Syria

The situation of Christians and the Armenian Evangelical Church in Syria The situation of Christians and the Armenian Evangelical Church in Syria By Rev. Haroutune Selimian For this, we are called to embody this Word of God: 'I know the plans that I have for you', declares

More information

Syria's Civil War Explained

Syria's Civil War Explained Syria's Civil War Explained By Al Jazeera, adapted by Newsela staff on 02.22.17 Word Count 1,055 Level 1000L A displaced Syrian child, fleeing from Deir Ezzor besieged by Islamic State (IS) group fighters,

More information

Issue Overview: Jihad

Issue Overview: Jihad Issue Overview: Jihad By Bloomberg, adapted by Newsela staff on 10.05.16 Word Count 645 TOP: Members of the Palestinian group Islamic Jihad display weapons while praying before walking through the streets

More information

2. How did President Bashar al-assad respond to the peaceful protests?

2. How did President Bashar al-assad respond to the peaceful protests? Background Essay Questions 1. Why did Syrian citizens rise up in protest in March 2011? 2. How did President Bashar al-assad respond to the peaceful protests? 3. Despite being opposed to President Assad,

More information

Analysis of ISIS's Claims of Responsibility for Terrorist Attacks Carried Out Abroad. Overview 1

Analysis of ISIS's Claims of Responsibility for Terrorist Attacks Carried Out Abroad. Overview 1 Analysis of ISIS's Claims of Responsibility for Terrorist Attacks Carried Out Abroad August 15, 2017 Overview 1 This study examines the forms of ISIS's claims of responsibility for terrorist attacks it

More information

Overview. Diplomatic efforts concerning the settlements of the Syrian war continue: In early

Overview. Diplomatic efforts concerning the settlements of the Syrian war continue: In early Spotlight on Iran November 4, 2018 November 18, 2018 Author: Dr. Raz Zimmt Overview Diplomatic efforts concerning the settlements of the Syrian war continue: In early November, the envoy of the Russian

More information

UC Merced The Undergraduate Historical Journal at UC Merced

UC Merced The Undergraduate Historical Journal at UC Merced UC Merced The Undergraduate Historical Journal at UC Merced Title The Dynamism of the Veil: Veiling and Unveiling as a Means of Creating Identity in Algeria and France Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/62w625wh

More information

COUNTRY RANK North Korea Somalia

COUNTRY RANK North Korea Somalia 2015 The World Watch List (WWL) is a ranking of 50 countries where persecution of Christians for religious reasons is most severe. Open Doors works in the world s most oppressive countries, strengthening

More information

Overview 1. On June 29, 2014, ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-baghdadi declared the establishment of the

Overview 1. On June 29, 2014, ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-baghdadi declared the establishment of the The Collapse of the Islamic State: What Comes Next? November 18, 2017 Overview 1 On June 29, 2014, ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-baghdadi declared the establishment of the Islamic Caliphate by the Islamic State

More information

Module 7: Body Politics:

Module 7: Body Politics: Module 7: Body Politics: Module 7a: Hijab 101 (powerpoint) Module 7b: Multiple Meanings & Images of the Hijab (powerpoint) Module 7c: Belonging & Banishment Quebec s Bill 94 (powerpoint) Module 7d: Educator

More information

Past Involvement of IHH in Supporting the Global Jihad and Radical Islam - Additional Information 1

Past Involvement of IHH in Supporting the Global Jihad and Radical Islam - Additional Information 1 Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center June 3, 2010 Past Involvement of IHH in Supporting the Global Jihad and Radical Islam - Additional Information 1 Overview 1. According to reliable information,

More information

Global View Assessments Fall 2013

Global View Assessments Fall 2013 Saudi Arabia: New Strategy in Syrian Civil War Key Judgment: Saudi Arabia has implemented new tactics in the Syrian civil war in an effort to undermine Iran s regional power. Analysis: Shiite Iran continues

More information

Insaniyat n s 65-66, july - december 2014, p Summaries

Insaniyat n s 65-66, july - december 2014, p Summaries Insaniyat n s 65-66, july - december 2014, p. 342-346 Summaries Gilbert MEYNIER: Algeria and Algerians under the colonial system. Historico-historiographical Approach With as a background the cruel conquest

More information

UNIT 5: Christianity, Islam, and the Crusades

UNIT 5: Christianity, Islam, and the Crusades UNIT 5: Christianity, Islam, and the Crusades Day 1 Nov. 27 or 28 Pre-assessment-Starter Day 1: Nov. 27 or 28 1. How were early Christians treated in Rome? 2. Why was Christianity so popular? 3. How did

More information

Israel Shahak on Jewish Fundamentalism

Israel Shahak on Jewish Fundamentalism Israel Shahak on Jewish Fundamentalism For non-jews (but really for every person eager to know the truth) to understand the Jewish mentality Israel Shahak brings forth a couple of main points, which otherwise

More information

1. How do these documents fit into a larger historical context?

1. How do these documents fit into a larger historical context? Interview with Dina Khoury 1. How do these documents fit into a larger historical context? They are proclamations issued by the Ottoman government in the name of the Sultan, the ruler of the Ottoman Empire.

More information

WSS GSG UTILITY TURNAROUND SERIES. Population covered: 284,072 inhabitants for water

WSS GSG UTILITY TURNAROUND SERIES. Population covered: 284,072 inhabitants for water Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE Case Study PDAM Intan Banjar, Indonesia Alizar Anwar and Maria Salvetti AUGUST 2017 Key Characteristics of Aggregation Case

More information

After Mali Comes Niger

After Mali Comes Niger February 12, 2013 SNAPSHOT After Mali Comes Niger West Africa's Problems Migrate East Sebastian Elischer SEBASTIAN ELISCHER is an assistant professor of comparative politics at the Leuphana University

More information

Syrian Opposition Survey June 1 July 2, Democratic Models

Syrian Opposition Survey June 1 July 2, Democratic Models Syrian Opposition Survey June 1 July 2, 2012 Democratic Models Being democratic sometimes means different things to different people. In your own opinion, how important are each of the following to democracy

More information

Remarks by Bani Dugal

Remarks by Bani Dugal The Civil Society and the Education on Human Rights as a Tool for Promoting Religious Tolerance UNGA Ministerial Segment Side Event, 27 September 2012 Crisis areas, current and future challenges to the

More information

ACT ON CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES ("Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", no. 36/06)

ACT ON CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, no. 36/06) ACT ON CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES ("Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", no. 36/06) I. GENERAL PROVISIONS Freedom of religion Article 1 Everyone is guaranteed, in accordance with the Constitution,

More information

ARAB BAROMETER SURVEY PROJECT YEMEN REPORT

ARAB BAROMETER SURVEY PROJECT YEMEN REPORT ARAB BAROMETER SURVEY PROJECT YEMEN REPORT The Center for Strategic Studies at the University of Jordan supervised a project to measure Arab public opinion in the Republic of Yemen in cooperation with

More information

Tolerance in Discourses and Practices in French Public Schools

Tolerance in Discourses and Practices in French Public Schools Tolerance in Discourses and Practices in French Public Schools Riva Kastoryano & Angéline Escafré-Dublet, CERI-Sciences Po The French education system is centralised and 90% of the school population is

More information

The Changing Face of El Moudjahid During the Algerian War of Independence

The Changing Face of El Moudjahid During the Algerian War of Independence University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Religious Studies Faculty Scholarship Religious Studies 2011 The Changing Face of El Moudjahid During the Algerian War of Independence Andrea L. Stanton University

More information

Overview. Tehran continues to deny Israeli reports about Iranian involvement in the clashes last

Overview. Tehran continues to deny Israeli reports about Iranian involvement in the clashes last Spotlight on Iran February 4 February 18, 2018 Author: Dr. Raz Zimmt Overview Tehran continues to deny Israeli reports about Iranian involvement in the clashes last weekend in Syria, which were triggered

More information

China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan ( ) Internal Troubles, External Threats

China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan ( ) Internal Troubles, External Threats China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan (1800-1914) Internal Troubles, External Threats THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE WEST IN THE 19 TH CENTURY A P W O R L D H I S T O R Y C H A P T E R 1 9 The Ottoman Empire:

More information

North Africa (History of Archaeology) Archaeology in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya) is closely entwined

North Africa (History of Archaeology) Archaeology in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya) is closely entwined North Africa (History of Archaeology) Archaeology in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya) is closely entwined with the region s complex colonial and postcolonial history. Many research agendas

More information

AS ISTANBUL BAR ASSOCIATION, WE HAVE NEVER OBEYED, WE WILL NOT. WE WILL NOT BEND IN FRONT OF PERSECUTION.

AS ISTANBUL BAR ASSOCIATION, WE HAVE NEVER OBEYED, WE WILL NOT. WE WILL NOT BEND IN FRONT OF PERSECUTION. 1 AS ISTANBUL BAR ASSOCIATION, WE HAVE NEVER OBEYED, WE WILL NOT. WE WILL NOT BEND IN FRONT OF PERSECUTION. WE WILL NEVER GIVE UP OUR DEMAND FOR RULE OF LAW, JUSTICE AND DEMOCRACY. Distinguished President

More information

MODERNISATION STRATEGIES ON COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ZAKAT

MODERNISATION STRATEGIES ON COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ZAKAT MODERNISATION STRATEGIES ON COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ZAKAT Challenges 1. Low level of public confidence 2. the need to introduce more effective channel of payment 3. Lack of aggressive efforts in

More information

Resume of a discussion with His Holiness The Dalai Lama on the morning of April 6, 1959.

Resume of a discussion with His Holiness The Dalai Lama on the morning of April 6, 1959. Resume of a discussion with His Holiness The Dalai Lama on the morning of April 6, 1959. I mentioned to the Dalai Lama that I had brought a message of welcome from the Prime Minister for him and that it

More information

"THE DEATH OF CAPTAIN WASKOW" by ERNIE PYLE Analyzing a Primary Historic Source: Ernie Pyle's "The Death of Captain Waskow"

THE DEATH OF CAPTAIN WASKOW by ERNIE PYLE Analyzing a Primary Historic Source: Ernie Pyle's The Death of Captain Waskow "THE DEATH OF CAPTAIN WASKOW" by ERNIE PYLE Analyzing a Primary Historic Source: Ernie Pyle's "The Death of Captain Waskow" Subject: History, Journalism, Language Arts Estimated Time Required: One class

More information

«Violent Islamist Extremism : The European Experience» Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs U.S. Senate Washington, June 27, 2007

«Violent Islamist Extremism : The European Experience» Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs U.S. Senate Washington, June 27, 2007 1 «Violent Islamist Extremism : The European Experience» Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs U.S. Senate Washington, June 27, 2007 Oral summary of statement of Jean-Louis Bruguiere Mr.

More information

In Aménas Hostage Crisis Jan 13

In Aménas Hostage Crisis Jan 13 In Aménas Hostage Crisis 16-19 Jan 13 Summary Brief as at 22.01.13. Key Points Complex terrorist operation that took several months to plan. A propaganda coup, but could have been more drawn out if the

More information

Syria's Civil War Explained

Syria's Civil War Explained Syria's Civil War Explained By Al Jazeera, adapted by Newsela staff on 02.22.17 Word Count 675 Level 800L A displaced Syrian child, fleeing from Deir Ezzor besieged by Islamic State (IS) group fighters,

More information

Business etiquette, language & culture

Business etiquette, language & culture Business etiquette, language & culture Page 1 of 7 Business etiquette, language & culture Overview The UAE has a diverse and multi-cultural society, and 80% of the UAE population are expatriates. As a

More information

The Risks of Dialogue

The Risks of Dialogue The Risks of Dialogue Arjun Appadurai. Writer and Professor of Social Sciences at the New School, New York City I will make a simple argument about the nature of dialogue. No one can enter into dialogue

More information

HSTR th Century Europe

HSTR th Century Europe Robin Hardy (RAHardy25@gmail.com) Department of History and Philosophy Montana State University, Bozeman Office Hours: By appointment, Wilson Hall 2-162 Lecture: Tuesday and Thursday 8-9:15 A.M. LINH 109

More information

Religious Diversity in Bulgarian Schools: Between Intolerance and Acceptance

Religious Diversity in Bulgarian Schools: Between Intolerance and Acceptance Religious Diversity in Bulgarian Schools: Between Intolerance and Acceptance Marko Hajdinjak and Maya Kosseva IMIR Education is among the most democratic and all-embracing processes occurring in a society,

More information

Beheadings and the Bible by: Bill Perkins

Beheadings and the Bible by: Bill Perkins Beheadings and the Bible by: Bill Perkins The recent cold-hearted murders by Muslims in Paris finally exposed to the world what we're actually dealing with in respect to Islamic ideals and goals. Their

More information

INTERVIEW WITH AGNIESZKA ZWIEFKA

INTERVIEW WITH AGNIESZKA ZWIEFKA INTERVIEW WITH AGNIESZKA ZWIEFKA DIRECTOR OF SCARS, A DOCUMENTARY SUPPORTED BY EURIMAGES OCTOBER 2018 BY SARAH HURTES BEFORE WE TALK ABOUT THE FILM, CAN YOU SHARE YOUR OWN BACKSTORY? I come from a journalist

More information

1. What key religious event does the map above depict? 2. What region are the arrows emanating from? 3. To what region are 3 of the 4 arrows heading?

1. What key religious event does the map above depict? 2. What region are the arrows emanating from? 3. To what region are 3 of the 4 arrows heading? Name Due Date: Chapter 10 Reading Guide A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe The postclassical period in Western Europe, known as the Middle Ages, stretches between the fall of the Roman Empire

More information

Summer Internship. 2018

Summer Internship. 2018 Summer Internship. 2018 This form is due June 4, 2018 What is the Summer Internship? At the summer internship, you will have the awesome opportunity to learn from Christian Faith s church leaders, get

More information

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION CRIMINAL COMPLAINT

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AO 91 (Rev. 11/11) Criminal Complaint AUSAs Matthew Hiller and Angel M. Krull (312) 697-4088 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. MOHAMMED

More information

Syria's Civil War Explained

Syria's Civil War Explained Syria's Civil War Explained By Al Jazeera, adapted by Newsela staff on 02.22.17 Word Count 1,166 A displaced Syrian child, fleeing from Deir Ezzor besieged by Islamic State (IS) group fighters, hangs on

More information

An Introductory to the Middle East. Cleveland State University Spring 2018

An Introductory to the Middle East. Cleveland State University Spring 2018 An Introductory to the Middle East Cleveland State University Spring 2018 The Department of World Languages, Literature, and Culture and the Department of Political Science Class meets TTH: 10:00-11:15

More information

December 24, Richard W. Stanek Hennepin County Sheriff 350 South 5 th Street, Room 6 Minneapolis, Minnesota Dear Sheriff Stanek:

December 24, Richard W. Stanek Hennepin County Sheriff 350 South 5 th Street, Room 6 Minneapolis, Minnesota Dear Sheriff Stanek: December 24, 2013 Richard W. Stanek Hennepin County Sheriff 350 South 5 th Street, Room 6 Minneapolis, Minnesota 55415 Dear Sheriff Stanek: The Council on American-Islamic Relations, Minnesota (CAIR-MN)

More information

Struggle between extreme and moderate Islam

Struggle between extreme and moderate Islam EXTREMISM AND DOMESTIC TERRORISM Struggle between extreme and moderate Islam Over half of Canadians believe there is a struggle in Canada between moderate Muslims and extremist Muslims. Fewer than half

More information

Introduction. Definition of Key Terms. Security Council. The Question of Yemen. Student Officer: Humna Shahzad

Introduction. Definition of Key Terms. Security Council. The Question of Yemen. Student Officer: Humna Shahzad Forum: Issue: Security Council The Question of Yemen Student Officer: Humna Shahzad Position: Deputy President Introduction Yemen being an Arab country in the middle east, wasn t always like the country

More information

UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW JOINT SUBMISSION 2018

UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW JOINT SUBMISSION 2018 NGOS IN PARTNERSHIP: ETHICS & RELIGIOUS LIBERTY COMMISSION (ERLC) & THE RELIGIOUS FREEDOM INSTITUTE (RFI) UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW JOINT SUBMISSION 2018 RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN MALAYSIA The Ethics & Religious

More information

Life In Algeria And His So Called Algerian Essays; His Involvement In The Combat Resistance In WW2. Judit Matamoros, Sydney Kilgore

Life In Algeria And His So Called Algerian Essays; His Involvement In The Combat Resistance In WW2. Judit Matamoros, Sydney Kilgore Life In Algeria And His So Called Algerian Essays; His Involvement In The Combat Resistance In WW2 Judit Matamoros, Sydney Kilgore Algeria Algeria is one of the countries forming the Western part of North

More information

What is Islam? And a Christian Response

What is Islam? And a Christian Response What is Islam? And a Christian Response It s not every day that religion appears as a front page story in today s newspapers, particularly on a regular basis. But over the past 20 years one religion has

More information

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent and Merciful S/5/100 report 1/12/1982 [December 1, 1982] Towards a worldwide strategy for Islamic policy (Points

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent and Merciful S/5/100 report 1/12/1982 [December 1, 1982] Towards a worldwide strategy for Islamic policy (Points In the name of Allah, the Beneficent and Merciful S/5/100 report 1/12/1982 [December 1, 1982] Towards a worldwide strategy for Islamic policy (Points of Departure, Elements, Procedures and Missions) This

More information

US Iranian Relations

US Iranian Relations US Iranian Relations ECONOMIC SANCTIONS SHOULD CONTINUE TO FORCE IRAN INTO ABANDONING OR REDUCING ITS NUCLEAR ARMS PROGRAM THESIS STATEMENT HISTORY OF IRAN Called Persia Weak nation Occupied by Russia,

More information