Asian Empires of the Middle Ages: The Mongols

Transcription

1 Asian Empires f the Middle Ages: The Mngls Backgrund - Established Empires Kwarazm Persia T their suthwest Kara Khitay Central Asia T their West China T their Suth Xixia Chin Suthern Sng - Gegraphy Grew up n Steppes f Central Asia Wide pen expanses Perfect fr grazing herds Sheep and Yaks Perfect fr hrses Mngls learned hw t ride at age 3 Culd ride withut hlding reins Sht bws at full gallp Nmadic Lived in Yurts Culd mve in abut 15 min Had t burn animal dung fr heat Always faced dr t suth Glbal Warming Turns steppe int desert Frce Mngls suth in search f better pastures Origins f Cnquest - Divisin Tribal cnflicts Ancient Rivalries Chin puppet masters Wuld pit them against each ther t keep tribes frm becming t pwerful Divide and Cnquer Scared f unified Mngls Great wall meant t keep Mngls in Nrth - Genghis Khan s Origins Brn as Timujin Irn Wrker Father Chieftain Pisned by Tatars Mther has his prmise revenge Betrthed wife Brte captured by rivals Bribed ther nbles and uncles t help him get her back Builds pwer t becme chieftain

2 Highly spiritualistic - Begins wars t unite tribes 1196 Attacks Tatars Vengeance fr father s murder Chases them acrss Asia Use f Hrses Each warrir had 4 Ate and slept n hrseback Mre mbile than enemies Early versin f Blitzkrieg Highly mbile and quick attacks Changes sciety Breaks tribal lyalties Lyal t him Wmen High in Mngl sciety Wmen received shares f plunder Wipes ut Tatars Anyne taller than axel f a wagn - Named Genghis Khan 1206 Universal Leader Head ruler f the Mngls Mngl Cnquests - Chin Begin attacks n Chinese in 1211 China is the wealthiest kingdm with plenty f gd land Sng viewed Mngls as barbarians that they can Ally with Chin cnquered quickly Used captured Chinese t build siege machines Zhngdu Captured 1215 Mdern day Beijing - Tls f the Mngls Drums Inspired fear in cities Used prisners t fill in mats arund cities Killed everything in cities wh refused t surrender Tales f atrcities Psychlgical warfare Rape 1/200 peple n earth is related t Genghis Khan Cmmunicatin Pny express style cmmunicatin netwrk Psts every miles with fresh hrses Official curiers carried medallins signifying their rle First style f passprt Allwed hlder t mve everywhere in empire - Rebellin Western tribes rebelled Genghis Khan stpped invasin f China t deal with them.

3 Cnquering Chased them int Muslim lands Annexed land int Empire Ultimatums t cities Surrender r be destryed - Kwarazam Genghis stpped at brder Attempted t start trading relatinships With Sultan Muhammad First envy murdered Secnd envy shamed Yu have chsen war 1219 N eye left pen t weep fr the dead Otrar Gvernr had mlten silver pured in eyes and ears Samarkand Mngls attack ut f desert City falls in 10 days Sultan Muhammad makes a run fr it Ultimate destructin Salt in Fields Flded cities Destry Walls Destry Farms Once finished turns back t China Dies en rute - Impacts Pax Mnglica Mnglian Peace Glden age f Mnglia Travel frm Rme t Beijing easily dable Largest cntinuus land empire in histry After death f Genghis Empire divided int 4 Khanates Kingdms Administratin - Genghis Cntrl f Empire Karkrum Capital f Mngl Empire Imprted Artisans frm cnquered areas t turn city int thriving center f Arts and culture Religius tlerance Shamanism Persnal beliefs f Genghis Religin f natural Spirits Cnfucius schlars Helped advise in hw t rule Chinese Islamic Schlars Helped with siege weapns Daist Searched fr elixir f life fr Genghis

4 Cultures used t help empire Chinese and Muslim bureaucratic system Helped develp written language fr Mngls Trade Opened land rute frm Eurpe t Krea The Khanates - After death f Genghis Empire divided int 4 Khanates Kingdms Ögedei Khan C.E. - Great Khan wh succeeded Genghis - Third sn f Genghis Khan frm first wife Cnquered Persia Cnquered Jin Empire Kaifeng With help f Sng wh then betrayed Mngls killed envy Attacked Sng Cnquered Caucuses Azerbaijan, Armenia, Gergia Cnquest f Krea Started when Mngl envy killed Cnquered Nrthwest India Kublai Khan - Grandsn f Genghis C.E C.E. Establishes Yuan Dynasty - Cultural Changes Chinese nt allwed t learn Mngl script Mngls nt allwed t marry Chinese Mngls retained custms Established capital at Tatu Beijing Kublai adpted Chinese culture New Scial Hierarchy Mngls Tp Central Asians Nrth Chinese Suth Chinese Bttm Cultural flurishing Brught schlars and artisans frm all ver Many Muslims Persians

5 Astrnmers fixed Chinese Calendar Welcmed travelers frm all ver Marc Pl Batu Khan - Glden Hrde Aka Tatars Aka Tartars Peple frm Hell - Grandsn f Genghis - Mngls Invade Russia 1236 C.E. Rus t weak t resist Russian Princes terribly divided Seen as a war-up t invasin f Western Eurpe Only successful winter invasin f Russia Vladimir, Ryazan, Mscw all wiped ut 1240 C.E. Mngls turn t Kiev Mngl Envys thrwn frm Walls City destryed except Cathedral f St Sphia Nvgrd Spared due t Alexander Nevskii Mngls fcused n Western Eurpe Frced Rus t act as tributary states Peasants gave grain t lrds and Mngls Mscw built back up Tribute cllectr fr Khans Annexed ther twns Became seat fr Eastern Orthdx Church Brke away in 1380 Battle f Kulikva Impacts Russia Mdernized t deal with Mngls Mscw gains imprtance Cut ff frm Western Eurpe - Invasin f Eurpe King Bela Hungarian Harshly dismissed Mngl Envys frm Batu Wanted nmads wh were in Hungary running frm Batu Batu uses as excuse t invade Hungary 1240 C.E. Germans Respnd Als beaten Free reign t attack Eastern Eurpe Stpped by death f Ogedei Pwer struggle ensues Kublai Khan C.E C.E. Finally cnquered remainder f Sng Empire

6 - Established capital in Khanbaliq where he ruled Krea, China, and Tibet and 1281 Tried t invade Japan Vietnam , 1283, 1287 Cnquest f Burma Islamic Wrld - Eurpeans first thught f Mngls as their Prester Jhn Savir f Christendm against Muslims? Mngls reaped destructin all ver Islamic Wrld Viewed them as catastrphe - Hulegu Grandsn f Genghis Captured and destryed Baghdad 1258 C.E. Murdered Abbasid Calip 800,000 Peple died fr resisting - Mamluks Egyptian Dynasty 1260 Defeat Mngl Army With help f Crusaders - Timur Tamerlane Nt f Mngl Birth Cnquests 1260s-1405 Used fear Based ut f Samarkand Brught back artisans t build up capital Died in 1405 Empire trn apart by civil war End f Mngl Era Let them pass thrugh their lands