The Peak of Roman Power

Transcription

1 7.2 Summarize the consequences of the fall of the Roman Empire including the continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire as the Byzantine Empire, Justinian and the significance of Constantinople. Rome ruled much of Europe around the Mediterranean for over 1000 years. However, the inner workings of the Roman Empire began to decline starting around 200 AD. By 400 AD Rome was struggling under the weight of its giant empire. The city of Rome finally fell in 476 AD. The Peak of Roman Power Rome reached its peak of power in the 2nd century around the year 117 AD under the rule of the great Roman emperor Trajan. Virtually the entire coastline along the Mediterranean Sea was part of the Roman Empire. This included Spain, Italy, France, southern Britain, Turkey, Israel, Egypt, and northern Africa. Gradual Decline The Fall of Rome didn't happen in a day, it happened over a long period of time. There are a number of reasons why the empire began to fail. Here are some of the causes of the fall of the Roman Empire: The politicians and rulers of Rome became more and more corrupt Infighting and civil wars within the Empire Attacks from barbarian tribes outside of the empire such as the Visigoths, Huns, Franks, and Vandals. The Roman army was no longer a dominant force The empire became so large it was difficult to govern Rome Divides into Two In 285 AD, Emperor Diocletian decided that the Roman Empire was too big to manage. He divided the Empire into two parts, the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire. Over the next hundred years or so, Rome would be reunited, split into three parts, and split in two again. Finally, in 395 AD, the empire was split into two for good. The Western Empire was ruled by Rome, the Eastern Empire was ruled by Constantinople. The "fall" of Rome discussed here is referring to the Western Roman Empire which was ruled by Rome. The Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantium Empire and remained in power for another 1000 years. The City of Rome is Sacked

2 The city of Rome was thought by many to be unconquerable. However, in 410 AD, a Germanic barbarian tribe called the Visigoths invaded the city. They looted the treasures, killed and enslaved many Romans, and destroyed many buildings. This was the first time in 800 years that the city of Rome had been sacked. Rome Falls In 476 AD, a Germanic barbarian by the name of Odoacer took control of Rome. He became king of Italy and forced the last emperor of Rome, Romulus Augustus s, to give up his crown. Many historians consider this to be the end of the Roman Empire. The Dark Ages Begins With the fall of Rome, many changes occurred throughout Europe. Rome had provided a strong government, education, and culture. Now much of Europe fell into barbarianism. The next 500 years would be known as the Dark Ages of Europe. Interesting Facts about the Fall of Rome The Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantium, fell in 1453 to the Ottoman Empire. Many poor people were glad to see Rome fall. They were starving to death while being taxed heavily by Rome. Near the end of the Roman Empire, the city of Rome was no longer the capital. The city of Mediolanum (now Milan) was capital for a while. Later, the capital was moved to Ravenna. Geiseric, King of the Vandals, sacked Rome once again in 455 AD. The Vandals were an Eastern Germanic tribe. The term "vandalism" comes from the Vandals. Questions 1. Under which Roman emperor did the Roman Empire reach its peak? a. Augustus d. Diocletian b. Trajan e. Nero c. Constantine 2. Around how long was Rome the major power in Europe and around the Mediterranean Sea? a. 100 years d. 500 years b. 200 years e years c. 400 years 3. When the Roman Empire was split into two separate empires, what city was

3 the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire? a. Rome c. Constantinople e. Thebes b. Alexandria d. Athens 4. What is the common name for the Eastern Roman Empire? a. Byzantium Empire d. Carthage b. Ottoman Empire e. Phoenicians c. Persian Empire 5. Which group of barbarians sacked Rom in 410 AD signaling the start of the fall of Rome? a. Huns d. Normans b. Visigoths e. Vikings c. Franks 6. What caused Rome to decline and eventually fall? a. Corrupt politicians and civil wars within the empire b. The empire became too large to govern c. Barbarian tribes such as the Franks and Vandals began to attack many Roman cities including Rome itself d. All of the above e. None of the above 7. What year is considered to be the end of the Western Roman Empire and the fall of Rome? a. 117 AD d. 476 AD b. 347 AD e. 614 AD c. 410 AD 8. Who was Odoacer? a. The last emperor of Rome b. The Roman Emperor who decided to split the empire into two more manageable empires c. The barbarian who overthrew the last emperor of Rome and brought an end to the Roman Empire d. The leader and general of the Huns e. King of the Vandals

4 7.12 Write an explanatory text to describe the Shah Abbas and how his policies of cultural blending led to the Golden Age and the rise of the Safavid Empire. Key Terms: Golden age - is a period in which a society attains prosperity and cultural Achievements Heirs - a person who has the legal right to receive the property of someone who dies Shah Abbas was considered the greatest ruler of the Safavid Empire. The Safavids under Abbas reached their height during his reign. His task at the beginning of his reign was to rejuvenate the Safavid Empire. Abbas had the difficult task ahead of him of turning the empire around and reasserting its power in the Islamic world. As a result, Muslim culture enjoyed a golden age. A golden age is a period in which a society attains prosperity and cultural achievements. Many began to support the arts and learning. Shah Abbas turned his attention to military matters first. He built a huge standing army, a fighting force that is maintained in time of peace as well as war. Army units were stationed at military posts throughout the empire to quickly put down any trouble that broke out. Abbas declared that all Muslims, whether Arab or non-arab, were equal. This policy helped persuade people throughout the couple to accept his rule. Moving the capital also strengthened the Safavid Empire. The most loyal supporters lived far to the east of the Umayyad capital of Damascus. To be closer to their power base, Baghdad was made the new capital. Located on the Tigris River, Baghdad (see map) lay on old east-west trade routes. It became a busy marketplace and one of the world s major trading centers. Abbas also arranged new agreements with foreign powers concerning trade. The economy made the Abbasids very rich. Trade had been established on the island of Bahrain and in the Persian Gulf. With the establishment of the English East India Company in 1600, the Safavid Empire renewed their trade routes. The Safavid Empire was drawn into European affairs due to trading relationships. Their involvement in European affairs included either a middleman for goods from India or as an ally against the Ottoman Empire. Shah Abbas was an insecure ruler who feared that he would be removed from the throne by one of his sons. Abbas took over the throne by killing his on father. For that reason, he killed his eldest son. He also stopped the practice of giving provincial governorships to Safavid princes. It was tradition to expose the

5 empire s heirs (a person who has the legal right to receive the property of someone who dies) to government. The governorship was originally established to prepare heirs for when they called to govern the thorn. Abbas feared that this practice gave the princes too much power. This resulted in uneducated shahs with no governing experience, which contributed to the empire s decline. Very little was done to protect merchants from attack from outsiders. The attacks on merchant greatly hurt trade. The decrease in trade led to raised taxes. Tired of their selfish behavior, several groups challenged Abbasid rule. The more opposition the Abbasids faced from within their empire, the more open they were to attacks from outside. In 1055, the Seljuk Turks from Central Asia captured Baghdad. The Seljuk leader took over the empire, but they allowed the Abbasid caliph to remain as a religious leader. Over time, the Seljuks converted to Islam. The Seljuk Turks began to expand the lands. In 1071, they captured Jerusalem. By the late 1090s, they were threatening the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. In response, the Christian countries of Europe launched several wars, called the Crusades, to drive the Seljuks back. In 1258, a Central Asian tribe called the Mongols over took Baghdad. They destroyed the city and killed the Abbasid caliph. The Abbasid dynasty died with him. The Safavid Empire was a short-lived one, particularly when compared to the long-lived Ottoman Empire. During its short existence, the Safavid Empire was established as one of Islam s greatest dynasties. One of the most significant achievements was the conversion of the Persian people to Shi osm. This conversion created a Persian nationalism that remains strong in Iran today. The Safavid Empire eventually collapsed at to Afghan invaders. Questions: 1. Which of these was a part of the Safavid "Golden Age"? a. increased rights for women b. a transition to Sunni Islam c. the creation of a powerful navy d. increased ties with Europe and China 2. Which Safavid capital city was constructed under Shah Abbas that contained mosques designed by Persian architects, public baths, pools, and bazaars with merchants from around the world? a. Delhi b. Isfahan c. Istanbul d. Samarkand 3. The Safavid Empire empire under Shah Abbas created a Golden Age by borrowing ideas about technology from the Ottomans and Europeans, but blended it with the literature and language of the who

6 previously ruled that region. a. Egyptians b. Mongols c. Persians d. Russians 4. Which of these did Shah Abbas accomplish while ruling the Safavid Empire? a. decreasing contacts with Asia and Europe b. allying with the Mongols to invade Europe c. using gunpowder to modernize the military d. allying with the Ottoman Empire to defeat the Mongols 5. The Safavid "Golden Age" would BEST be placed in which time period? a. Late 1400s b. Early 1500s c. Early 1600s d. Late 1600s

7 7.18 Compare the indigenous religious practices observed by early Africans before and after contact with Islam and Christianity. Key Terms: ancestors - a person who was in someone s family in past times; one of the people from whom a person is descended animism - the belief that all plants, animals, and objects have spirits Christianity - the religion that is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ Islam - a religion which teaches that there is only one God and that Muhammad is God s prophet; the religion of Muslims missionaries - a person who is sent to a foreign country to do religious work (such as to convince people to join a religion or to help people who are sick, poor, etc.) INDIGENOUS RELIGIONS PRACTICES The religions practiced by the majority of people living in Africa are Christianity and Islam. However, there were many traditional religions practiced prior to the arrival of these two religions. Today, around 10 percent of the African population still practice some form of traditional religion. Common Beliefs Although Africa is a huge continent with many different peoples and traditional religions, some beliefs and practices are common through many of the religions. These include: Supreme God - Many African religions believed in a supreme god that created the world. Some examples include the gods Oludmare of Nigeria and Katonda of Uganda. In some religions this god may be prayed to for help, but in others the supreme god does not interact with humans. Nature Spirits - Beneath the supreme god were a number of spirits who mostly lived in nature including animals, water, and the earth. Ancestral Spirits - The spirits of dead ancestors often played an important part of the religion. By honoring these spirits, they hoped that the spirits would help them or would talk to the supreme god on their behalf. Sacrifice - Most of the Ancient African religions offered some sort of sacrifice to their gods or the spirits. The sacrifice varied from small items, like portion of food or drink, too much larger items like cattle or even human sacrifice.

8 Rites of Passage - Traditional religions played an important role in the rites of passage. These included rituals surrounding marriage, entering adulthood, birth, and death. Magic Many traditional African religions believe in mysterious forces and magic. Priests (sometimes called witchdoctors) could cast spells or provide charms to help people with their illnesses or other problems. Sometimes the witchdoctors used herbs and other remedies to help the sick. They also would tell the future by using magic and "casting the bones" where they would toss bones (or sometimes other items like shells) and then tell the person's fortune from the way the bones fell. Certain artisans were considered to use magic in their craft. The most powerful of the artisans were the ironworkers. Ironworkers would keep the secret of how they forged iron within their group in order to maintain the mystery and power of their craft. Rituals Traditional rituals and ceremonies played an important part in the community. Masks, drums, chanting, and dancing were often a part of the ritual. Generally the rituals called on the spirits of ancestors or the spirits of nature for help and assistance. Interesting Facts about Traditional Religions of Ancient Africa The people of the Mali Empire believed in a magical force called "nyama." The religious beliefs of Africans impacted all aspects of their everyday lives including their food, work, and family life. They believed in both good and bad spirits. Good spirits would protect them, while bad spirits could make them ill or make them misbehave. In the dry areas of Africa, certain priests would specialize as "rainmakers." They would drive away bad spirits that may have caused a drought and ask for help from good spirits on how they could make it rain. Although many Africans today identify with Christianity or Islam as their religion, many of them still participate in traditional African rituals. Some traditional beliefs and rituals from Africa spread to the Americas in places like Brazil and Cuba. THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM The continent s various populations and individuals mostly practiced Christianity and Islam. Islam was introduced to West Africa through traders and sailors that were either Arabic or had had contact with the Arabic culture. Trade along the Red Sea brought Christianity to the region. Christianity first arrived in North

9 Africa. Over time Christian missionaries increased in Africa. However, where people had already converted to Islam, Christianity had little success. Christianity brought great change to Africa. With the Christian missionaries came education, literacy and hope for the disadvantaged. African Societies West African rulers welcomed North African traders, who not only brought new goods but also brought the Islamic religion to the area. Under Askia Muhammad s rule, Islam spread throughout the empire. He sent Muslim scholars into areas that had little contact with the Islamic religion. These scholars converted many people in the cities to Islam. However, in rural areas Islamic beliefs continued to blend with traditional religious practices. Some of Ghana s kings converted to Islam but still practiced their traditional religion. For example, in Ghana s traditional religion, a king s ancestry gave him the right to rule. If the king rejected their traditional religion, he would lose this right. Key Questions: 1. What did Christian missionaries bring to Africa? 2. How did Askia Muhammad spread Islam? 3. Why did kings blend Islamic beliefs with traditional religious practices?

10 7.25 Engage effectively in a collaborative discussion describing the development of the imperial state and the scholar-official class (Neo-Confucianism). Developed during the Song dynasty ( C.E) but can be traced back to Han Yu and Li Ao in the Tang Dynasty Where it existed Neo-Confucianism began in China during the Song dynasty, marking one of its greatest achievements. It particularly grew in popularity after the Song era and became a national movement in Asia as it was introduced to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Neo Confucianism sparked a shift in the ways of the government. The aristocracy (based on lineage/family you were born into) gave way to the new and improved bureaucracy. Entrance into the bureaucracy was available to more people due to the new Civil Service Exams. These exams were based on Neo-Confucian thought and teachings Civil Service Exams acted as the glue of the government, and when they were abolished in 1905 the Qing dynasty fell before enacting another schooling system. Neo-Confucianism wanted to remain the leading practiced philosophy in Asia. By means of accomplishing this task they absorbed aspects of both Buddhism and Daoism to better appeal to a larger mass of people and maintain their power. Seeing as though politics and government are very closely related, the changes in government due to Neo- Confucianism also affected the economy. As Civil Service Exams came into play people became more involved with the government. Since more political opportunities arose, economic opportunities followed. In direct correlation with Neo-Confucianism and Civil Service exams, the economy grew, since both politics and economy are so closely intermingled. New changes in economy began to take form and many economical developments evolved such as: - Organizing trade guilds leading to increased trade -Rise of paper currency -Flourishing cities along the southeast coast and waterways Women were supposed to "occupy" a level lower than men

11 Respected Women s role as mother in law, mother and housekeeper within the family Were said to be unselfish and loyal to their husbands Song often seen as the period where the role of women began to decline and lower. Women s property was indeed secure threw this time. Practiced Foot binding around the age of 5 or 6 the young girls toes were turned under and bound with silk, which was wound more tightly as she grew of age, and when she reached the age where she was supposed to marry, her foot had changed into a "lotus petal". Foot binding was a great source of pain for women and had limited movement and tasks they could complete, which held them back from certain occupations, and made them more house bound. Foot binding became vital for women to gain a husband. Impacted what became the "cornerstone" of education Chinese schools became of up most importance, and the passing of exams, the schools taught the beliefs of high self-knowledge, school became the highest form of education in Chinese societies, and tried to revive the original thought of Confucianism. Civil Service Examinations Impacted the cultural society Poets, painters, doctors and philosophers all became in the advancement of neo- Confucianism, spreading the beliefs behind each of their works. Impacted the revival of Daoist thoughts and beliefs As neo-confucianism encompassed more land and penetrated more boundaries, Buddhism became more revived. Monks began to create own Buddhist schools, which dominated in East Asia, Impacted the women Neo-confucianism looked at women as house-bound gave the culture/society the idea that women should be at home helping around the house, which also lead to the new practice of foot-binding, and how it became crucial in the Chinese society.

12 Questions 1. How did the Chinese determine who would make a competent government leader? a. It was based on local elections. b. It was based on how a person did in battle. c. It was based on if a person passed an exam. d. It was based on the wealth of a person s family. 2. Neo-Confucianism saw its BIGGEST impact on which dynasty? a. Qin b. Song c. Tang d. Zhou 3. What term describes the government positions that officials who passed the civil service exam became a part of? a. Aristocracy b. Bureaucracy c. Feudalism d. Nobility 4. The scholar-official class (scholar gentry) of the Song Dynasty achieved their status by a. Gaining favor with the Emperor. b. Owning large and important businesses. c. Proving themselves in battle against the Mongols. d. Passing examinations based on Neo-Confucian teachings.

13 7.28 Explain the influence of China and the Korean peninsula upon Japan as Buddhism, Confucianism, and the Chinese writing system were adopted. In Korea, Buddhism was adopted first by the nobles and later by the common people. It then spread from Korea to Japan. Korea is close to the islands of Japan. Chinese culture sometimes spread to Japan from Korea. Like the Chinese, the Japanese wrote with brushes and ink in paper. They used calligraphy for their writing system.. The Confucianism of Japan and Korea Japan s Neighbors Japan s closest neighbors are China and Korea. Both countries had a powerful influence on Japan. China referred to the islands of Japan as "the land of the rising sun" which is Nippon in Japanese. Nippon is what the Japanese call their country. Prince Shotoku, who ruled from 593 to 622, was very impressed with the Chinese culture. He sent many leaders and scholars to China to study. Shotoku opened an embassy in China. An embassy is the office of one government in another country. He based his leadership on the Confucian principles of loyalty and respect. Shotoku was very impressed with Buddhism and he encouraged the spread of Buddhism in Japan. Some Japanese had concerns that Buddhism challenged Shinto, which was the traditional belief of Japan. As time went on, the two religions became blended. More Japanese accepted Buddhism continued to practice Shinto. Like the Chinese, the Japanese wrote with brushes and ink. Writing was considered a thing of beauty. Calligraphy is the art of beautiful writing. Like Chinese writing, each character is painted with a set order of strokes. A Chinese Flavor Although Shinto and the various sects of Buddhism have dominated the hodgepodge that is Japanese spiritual life, other belief systems mostly of Chinese origin have influenced the way in which the Japanese have viewed the world. Confucianism, the philosophy and religion based on the ethical and humanitarian teachings of Confucius, gained a foothold in Japan in the 7th century C.E. Its

14 political theories and family values have persisted for centuries, and even became the official ideology of the state during the Tokugawa period ( ). Other significant belief systems have been Chinese astrology and feng-shui (earth study), as well as a host of other Chinese folk beliefs and practices. Questions 1. What conclusion can you make regarding the writing system of China and Japan? a. China invaded Japan. b. They are related to one another. c. Japan adopted Buddhism from China. d. Chinese writing was based on Japanese writing. 2. What important cultural aspect spread from China and Korea and was later adopted by the Japanese? a. Samurai b. Foot binding c. Writing system d. Civil Service Exam Harmony is to be valued, and an avoidance of wanton opposition to be honored. All men are influenced by class feelings, and there are few who are intelligent. Hence there are some who disobey their lords and fathers, or who maintain feuds with the neighboring villages. But when those above are harmonious and those below are friendly, and there is concord in the discussion of business, right views of things spontaneously gain acceptance 2. Sincerely reverence the three treasures the Buddha, the Law [teachings], and the Priesthood [community of monks] 3. When you receive the Imperial commands, fail not scrupulously to obey them. The lord is Heaven, the vassal is Earth. Heaven overspreads, and Earth upbears [W]hen the superior acts, the inferior yields compliance. - Excerpt from the Seventeen Article Constitution (Articles 1-3 shown), Japan, 604 CE The third article of Japan s Seventeen Article Constitution is most clearly influenced by what philosophy or religion? a. Buddhism b. Confucianism c. Daoism

15 d. Zoroastrianism 4. Which of these BEST shows Japan s attempts to establish a culture that was independent of Chinese influence? a. the creation of Kana, the first Japanese writing system b. the use of Chinese imperial court system in Japanese government c. the creation of the first Japanese novel The Tale of Genji d. the development of a Japanese capital modeled after the Chinese grid system 5. Which religion was popular in China and spread through Japan by missionaries? a. Buddhism b. Confucianism c. Hinduism d. Shintoism

16 7.30 Describe how the Heian (contemporary Kyoto) aristocracy created enduring Japanese cultural perspectives that are epitomized in works of prose such as The Tale of Genji, one of the world s first novels. Heian Period In ancient Japanese culture the aristocrats of the Heian period ( ) are probably the most fascinating. Many of their values, practices, and customs seem to be almost opposite to what we view as obvious or "normal" in contemporary society. Aristocrats were members of society who held rank in the Imperial Court. There was little room for social mobility in Heian Japan and rank was either inherited or granted from the Emperor himself. Although only 1% of the population were aristocrats, the aristocracy writes almost all the historical literature from this time period about the aristocracy. There is very little known about the lifestyle of the common people during Heian Japan. Romance was very much alive during this period. If a man saw a woman of good taste and wanted to meet her he would first find out where she lived. He would then compose a poem of about three lines of verse. Everything about the poemrequired perfection, including the handwriting, paper, and type of perfume used to scent the letter and envelope. Depending upon the season and circumstances, a suitable tree sprig or flower would be selected and attached to the letter. After judging the man's level of refinement and taste from the poem, the woman might then decide to invite the man for a visit. On the first meeting the woman would sit behind a screen so that only her outline could be seen and the two would chat and possibly exchange poems. If both parties provided sufficient hints then a physical relationship could follow. The concept of beauty was greatly different during the Heian than it is now. Many rules of beauty applied to both sexes. The nude body was considered ugly and must always be clothed, often with many layers of clothing. Choice of outfit was critical and even a small mistake could be a source of great embarrassment or destroy a reputation. For both genders a plump figure, round puffy face, powdery white skin, and small eyes were considered ideal. A thin figure and dark skin was associated with the peasant class who worked often worked outdoors and did not get enough to eat. Some rules were more specific to women. White teeth were ugly by Heian aristocrats and women blackened their teeth with a sticky black dye. When smiling or laughing a woman's mouth might have appeared as a toothless, dark oval. Women also had to reposition their eyebrows as Mother Nature had apparently made a mistake. To correct the "mistake" eyebrows were plucked out and then painted on, usually rather thick, about 2-3 centimeters above the original location. Long hair was another feature considered attractive and women

17 often grew their hair out so that is was longer than their body length. Washing all of this hair was a job for the servants and could be an all-day event. There were also rules of beauty and appearance that were specific to men. A large amount of facial hair was not attractive, but a thin mustache and/or a small tuft of beard on the chin were considered ideal. Men may not have needed to pluck their eyebrows, but idealized depictions from this period show the eyebrows high on the forehead. Aristocratic men from this period have a reputation for being feminine and in some artwork it is difficult to tell men and women apart. This is especially apparent in depictions of children and young adults. Things have changed a lot since the time of the Heian aristocracy, but familiarizing ourselves with their views on the world helps to put our own contemporary values in perspective. The Tale of Genji is a classic work of Japanese literature written by the noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu in the early years of the 11th century, around the peak of the Heian period. It is sometimes called the world's first novel, the first modern novel, the first psychological novel or the first novel still to be considered a classic. Notably, the work also illustrates a unique depiction of the lifestyles of high courtiers during the Heian period. Questions: 1. One of the unique aspects of The Tale of Genji is that the novel A) was written completely in Chinese. B) was published after the author became emperor. C) supported a movement that wanted to join with China. D) dealt with the lives of women in Japanese imperial society. 2. Prior to the publication of The Tale of Genji, Japan A) had no written language. B) viewed stories as an insult to the gods. C) tended to use poetry and characters from China. D) resisted the use any form of written communication. 3. Women who were part of Japanese court life during the Heian period were expected to A) be literate, play an instrument or write calligraphy. B) act as a merchant since that was unconsidered unmasculine. C) remain uneducated and only men could write poetry or novels.

18 D) have their feet bound at a young age to make a better marriage contract. 4. The The Tale of Genji was written during the Heian period of Japanese history. Which of these statements is an accurate description of the Heian period? A) Japan was consumed by expansion and war against China. B) Mongol invaders captured Japan and founded the Yuan Dynasty. C) Culture and the arts were very important to the imperial court. D) The Shogunate was founded, resulting in the country's international isolation.

19 7.36 Conduct a short research project explaining the significance of developments in medieval English legal and constitutional practices and their importance in the rise of modern democratic thought and representative institutions including trial by jury, the common law, Magna Carta, parliament, habeas corpus, and an independent judiciary in England. NOTE: The legal practices of medieval England are the foundations of many modern legal practices. In 1264, representative government came to England. King Henry III (3) was removed from the throne by English nobles after he broke an agreement with them. The nobles replaced him with a group of representatives, which later became known as parliament. The Parliament included nobility, high-ranking church officials, and representatives from cities and towns. English Parliament PARLIAMENT: Includes - House of Lords and House of Commons Parliament formed two houses, or groups, to govern the country: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Parliament would eventually control the collection of taxes. As a result, it could limit the power of the English monarchy. Parliament was also eventually able to introduce and pass laws. The king could not declare new laws without Parliament s approval. The changes mentioned above took centuries to develop as Parliament s power grew slowly. Wars were even fought over Parliament s authority. But the legal and constitutional practices of medieval England would be a guide for later political leaders. King John and the Magna Carta In 1215, King John of England was forced to sign the Magna Carta stating that the king was not above the law of the land and protecting the rights of the people. Today, the Magna Carta is considered one of the most important documents in the history of democracy. Background John became king in 1199 when his brother, Richard the Lionheart, died without any children. John had a bad temper and could be very cruel. The English Barons did not like him.

20 John also had to deal with a lot of issues while he was king. He was constantly at war with France. To fight this war he placed heavy taxes on the Barons of England. He also angered the Pope and was excommunicated from the church. The Barons Rebel By 1215, the barons of northern England had had enough of John's high taxes. They decided to rebel. Led by Baron Robert Fitzwalter, they marched on London calling themselves the "army of God". After taking London, John agreed to negotiate with them. Signing the Magna Carta King John met the barons on June 15, 1215 at Runnymede, a neutral site just west of London. Here the barons demanded that King John sign a document called the Magna Carta guaranteeing them certain rights. By signing the document, King John agreed to do his duty as King of England, upholding the law and running a fair government. In return, the barons agreed to stand down and surrender London. Civil War It turns out that neither side had any intention of following the agreement. Not long after signing, King John attempted to nullify the agreement. He even had the Pope declare the document "illegal and unjust". At the same time, the barons didn't surrender London. Soon the country of England was facing civil war. The barons, led by Robert Fitzwalter, were supported by French troops. For a year the barons fought King John in what is called the First Barons' War. However, King John died in 1216, putting a quick end to the war. Details of the Magna Carta The Magna Carta was not a short document. There were actually 63 clauses in the document outlining various laws that the barons wanted the King to enforce. Some of the rights these clauses promised included: Protection of church rights Access to swift justice No new taxes without the Barons' agreement Limitations on feudal payments Protection from illegal imprisonment A council of 25 Barons who would insure that King John followed the laws Legacy

21 Although King John did not follow the agreement; the ideas put forth in the Magna Carta became lasting principles of liberty to the English. Three of the clauses are still in force as English law including the freedom of the English Church, the "ancient liberties" of the City of London, and the right to due process. The ideas of the Magna Carta also influenced the constitutions and development of other countries. The American colonists used the rights guaranteed in the document as a reason to rebel and form their own country. Many of these rights are written into the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights. HABEAS CORPUS Habeas Corpus has been with us for 800 years. It gave the British citizen the right not be detained without charge. It also made the presumption of innocence until proven guilty into law. Basically, this right keeps government from jailing people without cause. INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY IN ENGLAND Independent judiciary courts are independent from other branches of government and can make sure there is a balance of power. For example, judiciary courts can prevent government from passing laws that violate the rights of citizens. English Common Law "All people should be subject to the same rules." "A set of principles popular amongst most people in an area." Popularized by Henry II of England in the 12th Century. Questions: 1. Article 29 of the Magna Carta establishes the concept of A) freedom of speech. B) due process of law. C) freedom of religion. D) freedom of petition. 2. In the early 13th century, English nobles forced King John to sign the, which placed limits on some of his powers. a. Declaration of Rights of Man b. English Bill of Rights

22 c. Parliament Act d. Magna Carta 3. A writ of is used by courts to determine whether or not an accused person can continue to be held in custody. a. Mandamus b. Assistance c. Certiorari d. Habeas corpus 4. The Magna Carta is most important for which reason? a. It created Parliament b. It was the great charter c. It created the first democracy in England d. It put limits on the monarch s powers 5. Which BEST describes "common law"? A) laws based on the rule of precedent B) laws that come straight from monarchs C) statements and laws interpreting the Constitution D) a collection of laws that do not apply to elite people

23 7.37 Examine the spread of Christianity north of the Alps and the roles played by the early church and by monasteries in its diffusion after the fall of the western half of the Roman Empire. diffusion - to spread persecution - to mistreat or oppress because of religion, race, or beliefs monotheistic - worship of one God polytheistic - worship of more than one god missionary - a person who tries to convert others to a particular religion monastery - a secluded community where men called monks focus on prayer and scripture convent - a religious community for women known as nuns THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY When the Roman Empire collapsed, Christianity had not spread far beyond the empire s borders. Christians believed in the worship of one God. The worship in one God is called monotheistic. Many Europeans were pagans. A pagan is a follower of a polytheistic (the worship of more than one god) religion. Catholic missionaries traveled across Europe to convert pagans to Christianity during the Middle Ages. A missionary is a person who tries to convert others to a particular religion. The Monasteries and Missionaries The Medieval church was the wealthiest landowner in Medieval England. During the Middle Ages, monasteries and convents were established for men and woman choosing a life of religious study and prayer. A monastery is a secluded community where men called monks live and focus on prayer and scripture. A convent is a religious community for women known as nuns. Monks and nuns devote their lives to spiritual goals. During the early Middle Ages, many missionaries (monks) were sent by popes to travel across Europe to spread Christianity. By the 700 s and 800 s, Catholic missionaries were working in many parts of Europe. Over time, the Catholic faith became part of everyday life in most parts of Europe. Many monasteries spread Christianity by performing important tasks within their community. They were the only source of some form of medical treatment. Some monasteries had what can only be described as medieval hospitals attached to them. The monks did the medical treatment. Some monasteries were also centers of learning and culture. Frankish Leader Clovis and Charlemagne As great leaders continually invaded different regions of Europe they carried with them their religion. In 486, a Frankish leader named Clovis invaded Roman Gaul,

24 now France. He defeated the last great Roman army in Gaul. By 507, his kingdom stretched west from the Rhine River to the Pyrenees Mountains. In time, Clovis and most of his subjects converted to Christianity. In 768, Charlemagne took over the Frankish kingdom. He built a European empire greater than any known since ancient Rome. By 800, much of Western Europe had become part of his well-managed empire. Charlemagne reformed and strengthened the Church. He promoted the education of priests, organized Church authority, and made alliances with popes. Questions: What group of people North of the Alps established powerful kingdoms and greatly strengthened Christianity in Europe? Who was the wealthiest landowner in Medieval England? What group of people were sent by the popes to travel across Europe and spread Christianity? What were the monasteries the center of?

25 7.44 Cite evidence in writing explaining the importance of Florence, Italy and the Medici Family in the early stages of the Renaissance and the growth of independent trading cities, such as Venice, and their importance in the spread of Renaissance ideas. Medici Family The Medici family ruled the city of Florence throughout the Renaissance. They had a major influence on the growth of the Italian Renaissance through their patronage of the arts and humanism. Rulers of Florence The Medici family were wool merchants and bankers. Both businesses were very profitable and the family became extremely wealthy. Giovanni de Medici first brought the family to prominence in Florence by starting the Medici bank. He also was the leader of the Florence merchants. His son, Cosimo de Medici became the Gran maestro (leader) of the Florence city-state in The Medici family ruled Florence for the next 200 years until Leaders of the Renaissance The Medici are most famous for their patronage of the arts. Patronage is where a wealthy person or family sponsors artists. They would pay artists commissions for major works of art. The Medici patronage had a huge impact on the Renaissance, allowing artists to focus on their work without having to worry about money. A significant amount of the art and architecture that was produced in Florence at the beginning of the Renaissance was due to the Medici. Early on they supported the painter Masaccio and helped pay the architect Brunelleschi to rebuild the Basilica of San Lorenzo. Other famous artists that the Medici supported include Michelangelo, Raphael, Donatello, and Leonardo da Vinci. The Medici didn't just support the arts and architecture. They also supported science. They supported the famous scientist Galileo Galilei in his scientific efforts. Galileo also worked as a tutor for the Medici children. Bankers The Medici owed much of their wealth and power to the Medici Bank. It made them one of the richest families in all of Europe. It was the largest bank in Europe at its peak and was very well respected. The bank made notable improvements in accounting procedures including the development of the double-entry bookkeeping system.

26 Important Members Giovanni de Medici ( ): Giovanni was the founder of the Medici Bank, which would make the family wealthy and allow them to support the arts. Cosimo de Medici ( ): Cosimo began the Medici dynasty as the first Medici to become leader of the city of Florence. He supported the famous sculptor Donatello and the architect Brunelleschi. Lorenzo de Medici ( ): Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, Lorenzo de Medici ruled Florence through much of the peak of the Italian Renaissance. He supported such artists as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Sandro Botticelli. Pope Leo X ( ): The first of four Medici to become Pope, Leo commissioned many works from the artist Raphael. Questions 1. How did the Medici family become wealthy? a. Selling weapons b. Farming land c. Banking and wool d. Selling art e. Real estate 2. What city did the Medici family rule? a. Florence b. Rome c. Milan d. Naples e. Venice 3. Why was the Medici family important to the growth of the Renaissance? a. Because they were talented artists b. Because they invented humanist philosophy c. Because they helped to invent the printing press d. Because they supported the arts and artists e. Because they made it legal to paint in Italy 4. Besides painting, what other subjects did the Medici support? a. Music b. Science c. Architecture d. All of the above e. None of the above 5. Which member of the Medici family ruled during the height of the Renaissance and supported such artists as Leonardo da Vinci and

27 Michelangelo? a. Giovanni d. Cosimo b. Marie e. Catherine c. Lorenzo Italian City-States At the time of the Renaissance Italy was governed by a number of powerful citystates. These were some of the largest and richest cities in all of Europe. Some of the more important city-states included Florence, Milan, Venice, Naples, and Rome. What is a city-state? A city-state is a region that is independently ruled by a major city. Italy wasn't one unified country, but a number of small independent city-states. Elected leaders and others ran some of these cities by ruling families. Often times these cities fought each other. Why were they important? The wealth of the Italian city-state played an important role in the Renaissance. This wealth allowed prominent families to support artists, scientists, and philosophers spurring on new ideas and artistic movements. Florence Florence is where the Renaissance first began. It was ruled by the powerful Medici Family who used their money to support artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. One of the early architectural achievements of the Renaissance was the massive dome on the Florence Cathedral. Florence was known for its textile production as well as a banking center. Milan In the early 1400s Milan was still a Middle Ages city focused on war and conquering Florence. However, the Sforza family took over in They brought peace to the region and with peace came the new ideas and art of the Renaissance. Milan was famous for its metalwork, which included suits of armor. Venice The island city of Venice had become a powerful city-state through trade with the Far East. It imported products such as spices and silk. However, when the

28 Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople, Venice's trade empire began to shrink. Venice controlled the seas around the east coast of Italy and was famous for its artistic glassware. Rome The pope ruled both the Catholic Church and the city-state of Rome. Much of the city of Rome was re-built under the leadership of Nicholas V beginning in Rome became a patron of the arts and supported the Renaissance through commissions to artists such as Raphael and Michelangelo. Michelangelo worked as architect on St. Peter's Basilica and painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Naples The city-state of Naples ruled much of southern Italy at the time of the Renaissance. It was one of the last city-states to embrace the movement, but in 1443 Alfonso I conquered the city. He supported Renaissance artists, writers, and philosophers. Naples also became known for its music and is where the mandolin was invented. Naples was captured by Spain in Interesting Facts about the Italian City-States of the Renaissance Guilds were powerful institutions in the city-states. In some city-states you had to be a member of a guild to run for public office. The small city-state of Ferrara was known for its music and theatre. The city-state of Urbino was known for its library as well as its beautiful ceramics. Most of the people who lived in the city-states were craftsmen and merchants. This was a growing class of society during the Renaissance. Milan, Naples, and Florence signed a peace treaty called the Peace of Lodi in This helped to establish boundaries and peace for around 30 years. Questions 1. In which city-state did the Italian Renaissance begin? a. Venice b. Rome c. Naples d. Florence e. Milan 2. Which of the statements below best describes a city-state? a. An independent region ruled by a powerful city b. A powerful city that is part of a larger country

29 c. A section of a state similar to a county d. Any city that is part of a larger state e. All of the above 3. What wealthy family ruled the city-state of Florence? a. Ferrara b. Sforza c. Nicholas d. Alfonso e. Medici 4. Which city-state ruled the southern region of Italy? a. Florence b. Venice c. Naples d. Milan e. Rome 5. The trading power of Venice was affected when this city was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. a. Rome b. Milan c. Florence d. Constantinople e. Paris 6. True or False: The wealth of the Italian city-states played an important part in the development of the Renaissance. a. TRUE b. FALSE 7. This city-state was conquered by Spain in 1504? a. Milan b. Rome c. Naples d. Venice e. Florence

30 7.49 Gather relevant information from multiple sources about Henry V, Hundreds Year War, and Joan of Arc. Henry V Henry V (5) was born in the tower above the gatehouse of Monmouth Castle and for that reason is sometimes referred to Henry of Monmouth. He is also known as the Star of England. Henry V was king of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 34 in He was the second English monarch who came from the House of Lancaster. Soon after his accession, Henry V laid claim to the French crown. Stern and ruthless, Henry was a brilliant general who had gained military experience in his teens, when he fought along side his father at the battle of Shrewsbury. In 1415, Henry set sail for France, capturing Harfleur. His offer to the French Dauphin of personal combat (Richard I and Edward III had made similar offers in their time) was, like those of his predecessors, refused; he went on to defeat the French at the Battle of Agincourt. In alliance with unreliable Burgundy, and assisted by his brothers (the Dukes of Clarence, Bedford and Gloucester), Henry gained control of Normandy in subsequent campaigns. By the Treaty of Troyes (1420), he gained recognition as heir to the French throne, and married Charles VI s daughter Katherine. Well educated, Henry had a particular interest in liturgical music; he gave pensions to well-known composers of his time, and a hymn of praise to God, which he ordered sung after Agincourt, still exists. However, Henry s success was short lived and he died of dysentery in 1422 in Bois de Vincennes, France. Question: Summarize who Henry V was and why he is remembered. The Hundred Years War The Hundred Years War was fought between England and France and lasted from 1337 to The war was a series of battles with long periods of peace in between. How did it start? Small disputes and battles had been going on between the French and the English for years. However, in 1337, King Edward III of England claimed that he was the rightful king of France. This began the long battle between the two countries. Other disputes kept the fighting going for over one hundred years. These included the control of the valuable wool trade, disputes over certain areas of