1 Crusades 1095 forward Shellie Hochstadt 2 Chaos in the Islamic World

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1 1 Crusades 1095 forward Shellie Hochstadt 2 Chaos in the Islamic World 3 by 1000 CE Abbasid Caliphate has diminished power breakup of power with several areas: Almohads = North Africa Almoravids= North Africa, pressure Umayyads Fatimids =909 Tunisia, 969 Egypt (Shi ia), controls important trade routes Buyids= share power with the Abbasids in eastern Iraq and Western Iran Safavids = Eastern Iran (Shi ia) Seljuk Turks= 1030 establish from Anatolia through Syria, capture Baghdad in Press in on Byzantine territory Baghdad is failing due to environmental damage and collapsed canal systems 4 Seljuk Turks Turko-Persian Empire homeland is the Aral Sea conquer through Khorasan, Persia, and Anatolia highly Persianized leader is Tughril Beg. His grandfather was Seljuk Beg capture Baghdad from Buyids 5 Manzikert because of changing power the Islamic world is less unified in 1050 Seljuk Turks begin gaining territory from the Byzantines Battle at Manzikert, under Alp Arslan allows the Turks to gain 30,000 sq. miles of Anatolia capture land to the Aegan Sea scare the Byzantines because of lost lands establish a capital in Isfahan Seljuk leadership will merge with Persians Malikshah I dies in 1092, warring factions in the empire his four sons fight for control of the empire Kilij Arslan I establishes the Sultanate of Rum and Syria

2 Kilij Arslan I establishes the Sultanate of Rum and Syria Tutush takes part of Syria. He dies and his two sons fight over control Mahmud establishes in Persia Barkiyaruq establishes control in Iraq 7 Fatimids Dynasty that is Shi a Muslims Fatima was the daughter of Muhammad, and the bloodline for Ali they try to unify the Shi a into this area control Palestine and parts of Syria that are taken from the Seljuk Turks 8 Church of the Holy Sepulchre built by St. Helena, Constantine s mother in 326 some attacks on it over the years 1009 the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-amr Allah destroys the church to the bedrock. Only great columns remain standing attacks other Christian sites 1027 Caliph Ali az Zahir forges an agreement to rebuild the church 9 Church Byzantines raise money. Complete it in 1048, but not as grand. Main altar space still in ruins. agreements are made that the mosque in Constantinople will reopen also Christians forced to convert to Islam can return to Christianity control of Jerusalem moves between Fatimids and Seljuk Turks/Abbasids Christians can enter territory to visit holy sites 10 Concerns of the Christian World protection of the Altar of Golgotha becomes the concern of the Christian World As Cluniac bishops and followers continue to grow stronger, unifying Christendom, the concerns for Christian sites in the hands of infidels (non-chrisitans : Muslims and Jews) grows 11 Cluniacs under Pope Gregory VII Followers of the Cluny monastery grow in power through Pope Gregory VII ( ) Vicar on earth, authority over all Christendom Pope has the power to depose emperors through excommunication Challenges Henry IV of Holy Roman Empire (Germany) over lay investiture and wins after excommunicating the king there is a break with Orthodox Christianity over the role of the Pope in 1054 Byzantines remain firmly in the Greek Orthodox Church

3 there is a break with Orthodox Christianity over the role of the Pope in 1054 Byzantines remain firmly in the Greek Orthodox Church Pope Gregory will form the Knights of St. Peter to liberate Jerusalem - they never go 12 Pilgrimage 13 Cluny sets a standard for pilgrimage that it is essential, much like Islam difficulty going to Jerusalem, so European sites gain importance Santiago de Compostela stories of apostles coming to Europe journey is suppose to realign your faith, penitential pilgrim must give up stability, safety, and family in the image of Jesus, and now the monks, for this journey 14 development of the Crusades 15 Christendom is vying with Kings and nobles for political control Western European knights were constantly killing each other, brutish existence. From the perspective of the pope and Europeans monarchs, the crusades offered a way to rid Europe of contentious young nobles who disturbed the peace and wasted lives and energy fighting each other. Spielvogel second and third sons had not reason to exist. Usually the second son went to the clergy, the rest had to fend for themselves: marry well, become a knight in the service of a nobleman, or kill their brother. alliances where convoluted, and there wasn t a standing army to serve the king. Our times = resurrect Afghanistan-ing. Divert to a foreign problem to avoid the local issues Crusades will redirect the fight Franks resurrect the image of Charlemagne as a holy warrior, one who fights the Moors and becomes the Song of Roland need an enemy that is not their neighbor, this becomes the Saracens. They create an enemy knowing nothing about them or about Islam as a religion 16 Call to Crusade 1095 Emperor Alexis I (Comneni Dynasty) is fighting the Seljuk Turks he sends a letter to Pope Urban II for financial help to hire mercenaries to fight the Turks Pope Urban II (Cluniac) sees an opportunity to unite Europe under his banner to eradicate the threat to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre the threat is long passed ( ) the unity of Christendom would equal the Islamic Empires and supercede the monarchies

4 the unity of Christendom would equal the Islamic Empires and supercede the monarchies Council of Clermont 1095, excerpt :Robert the Monk version From the confines of Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople a horrible tale has gone forth and very frequently has been brought to our ears, namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians, an accursed race, a race utterly alienated from God, a generation forsooth which has not directed its heart and has not entrusted its spirit to God, has invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by the sword, pillage and fire; it has led away a part of the captives into its own country, and a part it has destroyed by cruel tortures; it has either entirely destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of its own religion. They destroy the altars, after having defiled them with their uncleanness. They circumcise the Christians, and the blood of the circumcision they either spread upon the altars or pour into the vases of the baptismal font. When they wish to torture people by a base death, they perforate their navels, and dragging forth the extremity of the intestines, bind it to a stake; then with flogging they lead the victim around until the viscera having gushed forth the victim falls prostrate upon the ground. Others they bind to a post and pierce with arrows. Others they compel to extend their necks and then, attacking them with naked swords, attempt to cut through the neck with a single blow. What shall I say of the abominable rape of the women? To speak of it is worse than to be silent. Pope Urban promises remission of all sins, forever. It is a ticket to Heaven wear the crusader s cross on your clothing and become a pilgrim to the Holy Land to free Jerusalem from the infidels, especially Golgotha this is an awesome offer! You are now guaranteed heaven if you are a nobleman of any rank you have the opportunity to go to heaven and conquer and claim new lands. Increase your power and wealth if you are a serf you can leave the land to which you are bound and get a guarantee for heaven. You are freed it is an unexpected turn out 20 First Crusade: pt.1 Peter the Hermit Peasants crusade 60,000 peasants armed with pitchforks take up the crusade lead by Peter the Hermit, an inspired holy man who will actually whip up the people in different villages to join him those who follow him, and are peasants, are totally unprepared provisions will be expected from towns they encounter kill a great deal of Christians who look different 21

5 21 kill a great deal of Christians who look different 22 Crusades originally call themselves pilgrims not crusaders there are two waves, peasants with some knights followed by 5 armies of fully armored knights (100,000) With Peter the Hermit is 10,000 nobles, knights and foot soldiers and 50-60,000 peasants They will leave in late March/early April of 1096 from Lorraine 23 First Crusade relatively no provisions, they expect the towns to support their endeavor leads to chaos Enter Holy Roman Empire at Cologne, to Speyer, Mainz, Worms,Regensburg begin the massacre of Jews 24 Pogroms of the Crusades The HREmperor Henry IV as well as local nobility try to protect the Jewish communities to no avail Pope Urban does not want the Jews killed. Inferior position in Christian society, but not one of elimination. two different groups at work: Peter the Hermit and Count Emich of Leiningen Peter = anti-semitic and rallies the pilgrims to kill the infidel within their communities. Count Emich believes his is the fulfillment of the ancient Last Emperor foretold by the ancient prophecy. He must convert or kill the Jews so that he can kill the anti-christ and bring about the second coming of Christ. the German Jewish communities will be slaughtered the idea of the infidel will be attached to these communities over the next few centuries official anti-semitism by the Roman Catholic Church does not appear until the 16th century expulsion orders will begin in Europe institutionalized anti-semitism in Europe 28 Constantinople After Germany some of the disciplined troops would head to Constantinople arriving in July many of the peasants will find difficulty reaching Constantinople in August The larger armies arrive by both land and sea in Constantinople Alexius was not expecting an army, and certainly not 60,000 peasants

6 29 Constantinople Alexius was not expecting an army, and certainly not 60,000 peasants he cannot provision the rabble and quickly ships them across the Bosporus to continue their journey When the nobles arrive in 1097, he makes the nobles swear on oath of fealty, and that the lands won are under his jurisdiction and will remain as Byzantine lands. They unwillingly take an oath the Byzantines feel they are being invaded by barbarians as in the old sacking of Rome they find the Western Europeans to be crude, uneducated and unrefined the Western Europeans are astonished by Constantinople. The architecture, dress, wealth, gardens was like nothing they have every seen great collections of religious relics The Byzantines have skills to negotiate with the caliphates, and have been doing so for 400 years keeping them as a controlled threat The Western Europeans see negotiation as a sign of weakness Byzantines could not put holiness with war. One could not take communion on the battlefield in the site of blood being spilled Western Europe had firmly put the sword in the hand of the pilgrim, the crusader. They found the Byzantines cowardly the peasant crusade will be wiped out in Western Anatolia by able soldiers, famine, heat and deserts. Peter the Hermit survives in Constantinople when he temporarily deserts the fighting armies of Godfrey of Bouillon, Baldwin of Boulogne (his brother), Behemond (Norman), Raymond of Toulouse and Hugh of Vermandois will pose real battles with the Seljuk Turks Nicea (Iznik)is a victory for the Latin armies because the Turks were complacent thinking the fighting force would be like the peasants Stephen of Blois writes that it is 5 weeks to Jerusalem, it will be 2 years 32 First Crusade Baldwin will leave the others and go to Edessa where he ingratiates himself to Thoros. Thoros adopts him and makes him an heir Thoros dies a few days later Baldwin creates the County of Edessa, the first Crusader state 33 Antioch There is a major siege at Antioch (Antakya). Crusaders will be trapped there. They stare, hallucinate, feel all will be lost. Some desert which was apostasy. down to 200 horses

7 There is a major siege at Antioch (Antakya). Crusaders will be trapped there. They stare, hallucinate, feel all will be lost. Some desert which was apostasy. down to 200 horses Qawan ad-daula Kerguqa is the Turkish Emir of Mosul in Syria. Bring a large army to Antioch he makes mistakes in his strategy which will allow the crusaders a victory. Arab historians find him responsible for the loss of Jerusalem Quarrels among the crusaders, especially Behemond and Godfrey Progress is slowed 34 Cannibalism Muslim peasants won t supply food crusaders are desperate and resort to cannibalism in Ma arrat al-numan Radulph of Caen writes In Ma arrat our troops boiled pagan adults in cooking pots, they impaled children on spits and devoured them grilled. 35 Islam Islamic lands are in disarray the Seljuks are temporarily divided between brothers who fight for control Fatimids control the area of Palestine weakened as a power the people fear the cruelty of the crusaders and get out of their way after Antioch 36 Jerusalem 37 Crusaders arrive in 1099 and lay siege to the cities main gates only 12,000 men left they fast and march around the walls to recreate Joshua and Jericho Fatimids are sending troops to fight breach the walls on July 15 after several days it was written that blood ran deep in the streets, up to their horses knees They will find the beauty of the mosques an affront to God since they are not Christian Crusaders have nothing with that much splendor at home they will massacre the populations of Muslims and Jews The will promise safety in synagogues and mosques. They will kill everyone in the Al-Asqa mosque and burn the synagogues with the people inside They declare the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Raymond is asked to be king, he declines and waits for group to request him.

8 The will promise safety in synagogues and mosques. They will kill everyone in the Al-Asqa mosque and burn the synagogues with the people inside They declare the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Raymond is asked to be king, he declines and waits for group to request him. Godfrey takes it and calls himself Princep and Advocate of the Holy Seplchre He rules one year and dies. Baldwin (his brother) takes the throne and uses the term king 38 Jerusalem create the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitallers to control and protect Jerusalem four crusader states are founded: County of Edessa, Principality ofantioch, County of Tripoli and Kingdom of Jerusalem This move will motivate the Islamic world to settle all differences of caliphates and religion to unite against the Crusader Jerusalem is the third holy site of Islam, and it s importance will be highlighted at this time. It cannot be in the hands of the Crusaders. 39 Second Crusade called by Pope Eugene III and preached by Bernard of Clairvaux, promising indulgences lead by Kings Louis VII of France (and Eleanor) and Conrad III of Germany (HRE) try to take Damascus and fail against Saif-ad-Din, Ghazi I of Mosul and Nur al -Din of Aleppo much distrust amongst the Crusader nobles Europeans called this failure the work of the devil Salah-a-Din will take power, surround the crusader states, and Jerusalem will fall to him 40 Third Crusade Salah-a-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyab known to the West as Saladin He is a Kurd, and born in Tikrit establishes the Ayyabid dynasty and controls Egypt and Syria He will be the Muslim leader during the Third Crusade he captures most of the Crusader states, Tiberius and Jerusalem in 1187 the third Crusade is known as the Kings Crusade: Richard I of England (Lionhearted), Philip II (Augustus) of France, and Fredrick Barbarossa of Germany (HRE) Fredrick will drown in a river, Richard will be held captive in Germany on his journey back to England Great distrust amongst all the crusaders as they now have holdings in the Mediterranean and Middle East Also, there is dissension in the caliphates

9 42 43 Third Crusade after much fighting and bloodshed a treaty will be signed Jerusalem will remain Muslim Christian pilgrims and traders will be allowed to visit more favorable terms than the Christians offered the Muslims Christians will retake a few cities including Acre Richard will become ill, Saladin will ask his court physician, Maimonides, to see him. Richard will ask him to come to England, but Maimonides declines 44 other crusades th Crusade is a final breakdown of all relations between East and West Europe. The crusaders sack Constantinople on Easter Sunday the Children's Crusade. Their purity will provide the victory to retake Jerusalem. Most will be sold into slavery in the Mediterranean seaports there are 8 crusades. Acre fails in outcomes for Muslims Oghuz Turks will have a powerful leader names Othman I, and that will begin the rise of the Ottoman Empire They will conquer Constantinople, and the Byzantine Empire will end in 1453 the area of Jerusalem will be under the Ottoman Turks until 1918 when their empire is broken up following their defeat in WWI 48 outcomes continued warfare over the control of holy sites including the Crimean War increase importance of Jerusalem to the Muslim people. Europeans would not be allowed to hold any paart of the city again until the formation of the State of Israel. Jerusalem can be used as a call to unity within the Islamic world Islamic empires will fall prey to the Mongols in early 1200s 49 outcomes: Church Papal influence will grow and then recede because of the Crusades Popes become a head of state as their political power is magnified Roman Catholic Church will dominate Western Europe until the Reformation Popes will exert power over nobility as a way to vie for power until 1600s

10 Roman Catholic Church will dominate Western Europe until the Reformation Popes will exert power over nobility as a way to vie for power until 1600s The pope s power will begin to decrease in 1378 with the Western Schism 50 Outcomes of the Crusades broadened the perspective of Latin Europeans: exposed to wealth, architecture, spices, trade adopt Islamic technologies and knowledge to move out of the Dark Ages and into the Renaissance Roman numerals give way to Arabic (Indian) numerals. increase use of paper and recording information translations of ancient pagan literature into Italian building techniques, geometry and algebra desire for spices and other exotic trade expanded their lands into Italy, Sicily, and Mediterranean islands Malta, Majorca, etc. retaking areas from the Muslims that are crucial to trade economic growth of the Italian seafaring cities: Genoa, Pisa, and most importantly Venice which will dominate the Mediterranean. 54 outcomes killed off the knights which restructured political power of Europe, and enhanced the kings. They could have direct standing armies under their control taxation flows directly to the kings coffers land under the domain of a king will increase in size 55 outcomes power struggle between the Roman Catholic Church and Kingship will continue through the reformation, as example; Henry VIII still issues of who decides what is acceptable between canon and civil law (the film Spotlight) nobility and land holdings will continue to control power in Europe power until WWI Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, the three monotheistic religions, will see differences that lead to wars. Those differences are present today in culture and discourse. in 2000 the Pope will ask forgiveness for the hatred they inspired during the last thousand years, starting with the crusades

11 in 2000 the Pope will ask forgiveness for the hatred they inspired during the last thousand years, starting with the crusades

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