borderlands e-journal
|
|
- James Stone
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 borderlands e-journal VOLUME 9 NUMBER 3, 2010 REVIEW ARTICLE Anouar Majid, We Are All Moors: Ending Centuries of Crusades against Muslims and Other Minorities, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, Vineeth Mathoor Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India Anouar Majid has produced one of the most striking and theoretically challenging books to recast the history of minorities across Europe and America. This is achieved by factually challenging the mainstream and academic conception of minorities as dangerous elements in the society. The fear of minorities is a baseless myth, and the social psychology behind such myths, according to Majid, is a cluster of various socio-political factors. Further, the book challenges the theories arguing for separation of human beings on various grounds, and shows that as humans we all are knotted together with inseparable bonds of shared love and respect. Anouar Majid s new book, We Are All Moors: Ending Centuries of Crusades against Muslims and Other Minorities contributes to the debates examining the legacy of cultural and political aspects of minorities in Europe and America. As one could sense from the title, the book aims to strengthen inclusiveness among the various streams of human civilization. In the book, Majid argues that until we stop rediscovering the strangers in religious, cultural or ethnic minorities, the day is not very far when everyone will shrink to the smallest unit of human society, that is, me (Mam 2007, p. 201). By offering a brilliant and scintillating examination of how the identity of Moor served the Western imagination of enemies for centuries, the book provides a critical history of xenophobia and the persecution of minorities in Europe and America. This study is inspired by many factors, both personal memories and the rapidly changing political and cultural conditions in the West (2009, p. 1). However, the most important factor that inspired the book is Western Europe s recent re-discovery of the old Muslim problem. In this context, Majid takes up a very 1
2 serious challenge in the book to present the historical reality that Muslims, Jews or Blacks can be Moors at any point in time, and in this sense, it is a continuing legacy which needs to be politically and theoretically understood. Opening the debate with historical analysis, Majid shows how the expansion of European power across the Atlantic, Asia and Africa had redrawn the political map of the globe in the middle-ages. He then discusses how the present decline of the native-born European population and the increase of immigrants to Europe have acquired political flavour, bringing the issue of minorities to the forefront of debates. The book is organised into four sections with a clear introduction and conclusion, inviting the reader to consider the problems of cultural stereotypes and Euro-centric thought. In Western Europe and the United States, two issues presently get maximum political attention the anxiety about coexisting with Islam and the problem of illegal immigrants (2009, p. 3). In seriously examining this political turmoil, the book argues that these developments are of recent origin and Islam has been coexisting with Europe for a long time (2009, p. 4). Therefore, it is suggested that Europe s long history of living with Islam must also enable scholars to conceive that socio-political and cultural anxieties always change, and the current European concern about Islam is of historical origin. It is important to note that Majid does not follow a partisan agenda, and agrees with the view that Islam and Christianity have been at war hot or cold since the birth of the younger faith (2009, p. 8). However, according to the book, this does not imply that they cannot co-exist. The author asserts that the recent anti-islamic sentiments in Europe are a relatively new phenomenon, linked more with economic anxieties. At certain points, the book does use a Marxist approach to examine how cultural or religious sentiments take dominant roles under particular social conditions (Caudwell 1990). However, in general Majid uses the concept of culture wars (Huntington 1996). In its overall understanding, the book suggests that there are various factors that contributed to the development of anxieties about living with Islam in Europe, but these are not permanent or eternal issues, and can be solved by changing attitudes and political policies. As we could agree, Europe has had many issues with Islam since the two faiths became politicized and began attempting to dominate Europe, and Majid examines two important events to locate how the problem of faith acquired larger political twists. The first of these was the Crusades. In November 1095, Pope Urban II directed the Knights of France to liberate the Holy Land the city of Jerusalem from the heinous Muslims to protect the stability of Christian Europe. Thus the era of religious war began, by which the Roman Church sought political supremacy. Secondly, four hundred years after the Crusades Spain expelled all its citizens of Moorish/Muslim origin to purify Christian Europe and establish a Christian identity, abandoning nine hundred years history of living with Islam. Majid takes these two 2
3 events to show that the expulsion and torture of minorities is something essential in the European mind, and the recent Islamophobia has roots in these medieval issues. Tracing back the historical roots of nation states to the medieval period, the first chapter, Pious Cruelty, examines the long history of Spanish influence on the development of the modern nation state and the subsequent creation of exclusive state policies. The attitude of Spain towards Granada, the last refuge of Muslims in Spain (Zaimeche 2004), is historically examined (Majid 2009, p. 50). The book demonstrates how the genocide against Spain s Jewish neighbourhoods in 1391 forced Spanish Jews to convert to Christianity, and how it influenced the reduced Jewish community to convert to Christianity or accept expulsion in 1492 (Pasachoff & Littman 2005, p. 145). Further, the study shows, as a result of these developments, the Moriscos had been stamped as traitors who conspired with the Turks to invade Spain. This, the invented Turkish connection, gave ideological justifications for Spain to conduct holocausts and torture and expel the Moriscos. The final result of torture, forced conversion and expulsion was the emergence of Muslims and Jews as an interchangeable synonym of enemy/stranger in the European Catholic imagination. The United States current Middle-East policy is examined in comparison to sixteenth-century Spain (2009, p. 45), and the book argues for more detailed examination of culture as the basis for identity. As we have seen, Majid argues that medieval Spain accelerated the process of creating national (religious) identities and locates the birth of Western liberalism as the product of absolutism and exclusion. Apart from this historical discussion, Majid takes a radical turn and argues that our contemporary issues with religious minorities have connections with the old Spanish policies. He keeps central the notion that economic factors are the reason for present-day migration to the West, but depicts as cultural oppression, and a continuation of the policies of medieval rulers, the attempts of the United States and Western European countries to tackle migration. The New Worlds of Moor, the second chapter of the book, is about the growing anxieties of new Moors the African Muslims in America. Majid asserts that in Western Europe and the United States many people are interested in the path of the Holy Quran as they are convinced of the richness of Islam as a vehicle for changing one s inner-self. The example of Rodrigo de Lepe s conversion to Islam, and the subsequent failure to recognize his contribution in discovering the West Indies, is interpreted as Islam s capacity to become a vehicle for contest (2009, p. 69). Furthermore, drawing from the work of Richard Brent Turner, Majid argues that the development of capitalism succeeded in surpassing global Islam (2009, p. 75). However, it is not clear why modern industrial capitalism is described as triumphing over Islam when available historical data seem to suggest the opposite! Though this chapter has many such methodological issues, at the end of the chapter Majid comes up with a wonderful insight about the term Moor: that not only Muslims but also Jews, Berbers, Moriscos and 3
4 others have identified themselves with the Moorish identity, escalating their confidence in a rapidly changing political atmosphere. The book takes up a very interesting twist in European history as its theme in the third chapter, titled Muslim Jews. The book examines the development of Jewish and Muslim identities as identical categories in the European imagination (2009, p. 92). The development of Jewish cultural heritage within the Islamic nations shows, the book demonstrates, the inclusiveness of both religions and the reason for this relation is theorised to be their geographical proximity (2009, p. 94). The treatment of Jews in the Muslim lands till the fifteenth century was far better than in Christian countries, and this analogy is taken by Majid to show the historically rooted relationship between Jews and Muslims. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Jews and Muslims further cooperated and contributed to the development of a common culture. This trend was identified by many political leaders, writers, philosophers and artists who expressed similar views, emphasizing their belief in the common Jewish-Islamic culture and social life. Conversely, political changes led to the establishment of Arab nationalism and Zionism and, as a result, Jewish-Islamic shared cultural roots were down-played as the two cultures became polarised. As modern ideas of nationalism, cultural purity, and new trends in international relations developed, culminating in the creation of Israel, Jews became collaborators of European and American policies, overlooking the historical reality that Jews and Muslims had once constituted the common enemy of Christian Europe. Since the Jewish hostility towards Arab Muslims is a modern phenomenon, the book also espouses hopes of peaceful coexistence between Jews and Muslims. Looking at the religious minorities in Islamic countries and the second-class status conferred on Christians and Jews, referred to as Dhimmitude, Majid examines how Jews coexisted with Muslims (2009, p. 99) at certain historical periods and how such coexistence is still possible. Thinking along this line, the author suggests at the end of chapter that, provided the modern day encounters between Muslims and Jews are examined in light of the history of such encounters, there is no reason to believe that Zionism could not coexist with full Palestinian rights (2009, p. 121). In the final chapter, Undesirable Aliens: Hispanics in America, Muslims in Europe, Majid gives a very interesting historical examination of the recent political developments in the United States to show the similarities between their attitude to Hispanics and Europe s attitude to Muslims. Majid brings to examination the theoretical works of scholars who argue for racial purity and homogeneous identity for America, and shows how this theoretical work is linked with the United States policies towards migrants and illegal immigrants (2009, pp ). Further, the chapter shows the ways in which Chicanos and Hispanics discover their roots in Islam despite American and European Islamophobia. The book seeks to understand why the presence of Cubans and Hispanics worries the American middle-class, and states that these fears are linked to both 4
5 economic and cultural factors. Within this context, the book demonstrates how concerns about racial purity lie within the cosmopolitan culture of America, and how these ideas can dominate the public sphere (2009, p. 131). As Majid has shown in the book, the rediscovery of Moors in Europe and the United States indicates the intricate legacies of culture wars and race theories. The book argues that if political leaders constantly attempt to rediscover the racial origins of nations and uphold notions of cultural superiority, then the world will remain ever divided on the basis of race, religion, colour and many other lines. As the book ends, we realize that we are all minorities living in a world of plurality we are all Moors. Though the author gives a humanist-positivist analysis of history and is essentially hermeneutic in approach, the seriousness of the theme is very relevant. Over all, by offering an insightful historical examination of the West s perception of and attitude to various minority cultures, the book shows how the concept of the Moor serves as an effective metaphor for depicting all minority peoples in the West. Vineeth Mathoor is working on a PhD on social consciousness in Kerala at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi and is an active reviewer of books. He has presented various papers on colonial modernity of South Asia in several international seminars. Avenel Publishers, Kolkata will publish two of his articles on social theorists and modernity in South Asia respectively in two edited volumes in References Caudwell, C 1990, Further studies in a dying culture, People's Publications, New Delhi. Huntington, SP 1996, The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order, Simon and Schuster, New York. Mam, S 2007, The road of lost innocence, Virago Press, London. Pasachoff, NE & Littman, RJ 2005, A concise history of the Jewish people, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Zaimeche, S 2004, Granada the last refuge of Muslims in Spain, Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilization, viewed 18 November, 2010, 5
6 borderlands ejournal
Unit 3. World Religions
Unit 3 World Religions Growth of Islam uislam developed from a combination of ideas from the Greeks, Romans, Persians, Indians, and Byzantines to create its own specialized civilization. ØEarly in Islamic
More informationTolerance in Discourses and Practices in French Public Schools
Tolerance in Discourses and Practices in French Public Schools Riva Kastoryano & Angéline Escafré-Dublet, CERI-Sciences Po The French education system is centralised and 90% of the school population is
More informationChapter 10: From the Crusades to the New Muslim Empires
Chapter 10: From the Crusades to the New Muslim Empires Guiding Question: How did the Crusades affect the lives of Christians, Muslims, and Jews? Name: Due Date: Period: Overview: The Crusades were a series
More information1. What key religious event does the map above depict? 2. What region are the arrows emanating from? 3. To what region are 3 of the 4 arrows heading?
Name Due Date: Chapter 10 Reading Guide A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe The postclassical period in Western Europe, known as the Middle Ages, stretches between the fall of the Roman Empire
More informationStudent Number: Programme of Study: MSc Nationalism & Ethnic Conflict. Module Code/ Title of Module: Nationalism & Ethno-Religious Conflict
Department of Politics COURSEWORK COVER SHEET Student Number:12700368 Programme of Study: MSc Nationalism & Ethnic Conflict Module Code/ Title of Module: Nationalism & Ethno-Religious Conflict Essay Title:
More informationCOPYRIGHTED MATERIAL ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Book Reviews 131 THE COLOR OF CHRIST: THE SON OF GOD AND THE SAGA OF RACE IN AMERICA, by Edward J. Blum and Paul Harvey. Pp. vi + 340. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 2012.
More informationWorld History Grade: 8
World History Grade: 8 SOC 220 World History I No graduation credit 5 days per week; 1 school year Taught in English This is a required course for 8th grade students in the Mexican/U.S. Programs. This
More informationAFS4935/08CA & ANT4930/062E ISLAM IN THE WEST Tuesday: period 8-9 (3:00pm to 4:55pm) Thursday: period 9 (4:05pm to 4:55pm) Room: TUR 2305
Dr. Abdoulaye Kane Office: Grinter Hall 439 Tel: 352 392 6788 E-mail: akane@anthro.ufl.edu Office Hours: Thursday from 1:00pm to 3:00pm AFS4935/08CA & ANT4930/062E ISLAM IN THE WEST Tuesday: period 8-9
More informationTreatment of Muslims in Canada relative to other countries
TREATMENT OF MUSLIMS IN CANADA Treatment of Muslims in Canada relative to other countries Most Canadians feel Muslims are treated better in Canada than in other Western countries. An even higher proportion
More informationFALL 2016 COURSES. ENGLISH ENGL 264: The Bible as Literature Pg. 2 LANGUAGES & CULTURES
FALL 2016 COURSES ENGLISH ENGL 264: The Bible as Literature Pg. 2 LANGUAGES & CULTURES HISTORY HEBR 101: Modern Hebrew Level I Pg. 2 HEBR 201: Modern Hebrew Level III Pg. 2 HEBR 121: Biblical Hebrew Level
More informationMULTICULTURALISM AND FUNDAMENTALISM. Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism Hoffman and Graham identify four key distinctions in defining multiculturalism. 1. Multiculturalism as an Attitude Does one have a positive and open attitude to different cultures? Here,
More informationFARMS Review 19/2 (2007): (print), (online)
Title Author(s) Reference ISSN Abstract In the Forecast: Global Christianity Alive and Well Ted Lyon FARMS Review 19/2 (2007): 89 93. 1550-3194 (print), 2156-8049 (online) Review of The Next Christendom:
More informationIstituto Lorenzo de Medici Summer Program. HIS 120 Introduction to World History. Course Outline
Istituto Lorenzo de Medici 2019 Summer Program HIS 120 Introduction to World History Course Outline Term: June 17-July 19, 2019 Class Hours: 10:00-11:50AM (Monday through Friday) Course Code: HIS 120 Instructor:
More informationBOOK CRITIQUE OF OTTOMAN BROTHERS: MUSLIMS, CHRISTIANS, AND JEWS IN EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY PALESTINE BY MICHELLE CAMPOS
BOOK CRITIQUE OF OTTOMAN BROTHERS: MUSLIMS, CHRISTIANS, AND JEWS IN EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY PALESTINE BY MICHELLE CAMPOS Kristyn Cormier History 357: The Arab-Israeli Conflict Professor Matthews September
More information* Muhammad Naguib s family name appears with different dictation on the cover of his books: Al-Attas.
ALATAS, Syed Farid Syed Farid Alatas (June 1961-) is a contemporary Malaysian sociologist and associate professor of sociology at the National University of Singapore. He is the son of Syed Hussein Alatas
More informationSaturday, September 21, 13. Since Ancient Times
Since Ancient Times Judah was taken over by the Roman period. Jews would not return to their homeland for almost two thousand years. Settled in Egypt, Greece, France, Germany, England, Central Europe,
More informationA TIME FOR RECOMMITMENT BUILDING THE NEW RELAT IONSHIP BETWEEN JEWS AND CHRISTIANS
A TIME FOR RECOMMITMENT BUILDING THE NEW RELAT IONSHIP BETWEEN JEWS AND CHRISTIANS In the summer of 1947, 65 Jews and Christians from 19 countries gathered in Seelisberg, Switzerland. They came together
More informationCOURSES FOR RELIGIOUS STUDIES
Courses for Religious Studies 1 COURSES FOR RELIGIOUS STUDIES Religious Studies Courses REL100 Intro To Religious Studies Various methodological approaches to the academic study of religion, with examples
More informationReligions and International Relations
PROVINCIA AUTONOMA DI TRENTO Religions and International Relations Background The role of religions in international relations is still misconceived by both the scientific and the policy community as well
More informationcorrelated to the North Carolina Social Studies Standard Course of Study for Africa, Asia and Australia and Skills Competency Goals
correlated to the North Carolina Social Studies Standard Course of Study for Africa, Asia and Australia 6/2002 2003 Introduction to World Cultures and Geography: Eastern Hemisphere World Cultures and Geography:
More informationThe Mediterranean Israeli Identity
The Mediterranean Israeli Identity Abraham B. Yehoshua. Writer Currently, there are several reasons why Israel must remember that, from the geographical and historical point of view, it is an integral
More informationRudolf Böhmler Member of the Executive Board of the Deutsche Bundesbank. 2nd Islamic Financial Services Forum: The European Challenge
Rudolf Böhmler Member of the Executive Board of the Deutsche Bundesbank 2nd Islamic Financial Services Forum: The European Challenge Speech held at Frankfurt am Main Wednesday, 5 December 2007 Check against
More informationTolerance in French Political Life
Tolerance in French Political Life Angéline Escafré-Dublet & Riva Kastoryano In France, it is difficult for groups to articulate ethnic and religious demands. This is usually regarded as opposing the civic
More informationThis article forms a broad overview of the history of Judaism, from its beginnings until the present day.
History of Judaism Last updated 2009-07-01 This article forms a broad overview of the history of Judaism, from its beginnings until the present day. History of Judaism until 164 BCE The Old Testament The
More informationKey Terms and People. Section Summary. The Later Middle Ages Section 1
The Later Middle Ages Section 1 MAIN IDEAS 1. Popes and kings ruled Europe as spiritual and political leaders. 2. Popes fought for power, leading to a permanent split within the church. 3. Kings and popes
More informationTreatment of Muslims in Broader Society
Treatment of Muslims in Broader Society How Muslims are treated in Canada Muslims are a bit more positive than in 200 about how they are viewed by mainstream society, and most agree they are better off
More informationMotion from the Right Relationship Monitoring Committee for the UUA Board of Trustees meeting January 2012
Motion from the Right Relationship Monitoring Committee for the UUA Board of Trustees meeting January 2012 Moved: That the following section entitled Report from the Board on the Doctrine of Discovery
More informationConflicts within the Muslim community. Angela Betts. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
1 Running head: MUSLIM CONFLICTS Conflicts within the Muslim community Angela Betts University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 2 Conflicts within the Muslim community Introduction In 2001, the western world
More informationName: Period 4: 1450 C.E C.E.
Chapter 22: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Chapter 23: The Transformation of Europe 1. Why didn't powerful countries like China, India, and Japan take a concerted interest in exploring?
More informationSection 3. Objectives
Objectives Identify the advanced civilizations that were flourishing in 1050. Explain the causes and effects of the Crusades. Summarize how Christians in Spain carried out the Reconquista. Terms and People
More informationHUMAN SOLIDARITY AND INTERDEPENDENCE IN RESPONSE TO WARS: THE CASE OF JEWS AND MUSLIMS
HUMAN SOLIDARITY AND INTERDEPENDENCE IN RESPONSE TO WARS: THE CASE OF JEWS AND MUSLIMS On one level it s quite strange to be talking about human solidarity and interdependence as a response to war. Wars
More informationMDiv Expectations/Competencies ATS Standard
MDiv Expectations/Competencies by ATS Standards ATS Standard A.3.1.1 Religious Heritage: to develop a comprehensive and discriminating understanding of the religious heritage A.3.1.1.1 Instruction shall
More informationAPWH Chapter 27.notebook January 04, 2016
Chapter 27 Islamic Gunpowder Empires The Ottoman Empire was established by Muslim Turks in Asia Minor in the 14th century, after the collapse of Mongol rule in the Middle East. It conquered the Balkans
More informationCarleton University Learning in Retirement Program (Oct-Dec 2017) Israel/Palestine: Will it ever end? Welcome. Peter Larson
Carleton University Learning in Retirement Program (Oct-Dec 2017) Israel/Palestine: Will it ever end? Welcome Peter Larson Introductory videos 1. Rick Steve's The Holy Land: Israelis and Palestinians today
More informationChapter 4: The Spread of Islam
Chapter 4: The Spread of Islam Objectives of this Unit: You will learn how Islam spread initially after Muhammad s death. You will learn how conquest and trade led to the spread of Islam, blending of cultures,
More informationFrederick Douglass Academy Global Studies
Frederick Douglass Academy Global Studies 1. One impact Gutenberg's printing press had on western Europe was A) the spread of Martin Luther's ideas B) a decrease in the number of universities C) a decline
More informationCURA Fellows
CURA Fellows 2018-2019 Christopher Boyd Brown, Associate Professor, School of Theology and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Christopher Boyd Brown is Associate Professor of Church History at Boston
More informationFALL 2017 COURSES. ENGLISH ENGL 264: The Bible as Literature Pg. 2 LANGUAGES & CULTURES
FALL 2017 COURSES ENGLISH ENGL 264: The Bible as Literature Pg. 2 LANGUAGES & CULTURES HISTORY HEBR 101: Modern Hebrew Level I Pg. 2 HEBR 201: Modern Hebrew Level III Pg. 2 HEBR 121: Biblical Hebrew Level
More informationSummary Christians in the Netherlands
Summary Christians in the Netherlands Church participation and Christian belief Joep de Hart Pepijn van Houwelingen Original title: Christenen in Nederland 978 90 377 0894 3 The Netherlands Institute for
More informationAn Introductory to the Middle East. Cleveland State University Spring 2018
An Introductory to the Middle East Cleveland State University Spring 2018 The Department of World Languages, Literature, and Culture and the Department of Political Science Class meets TTH: 10:00-11:15
More informationStruggle between extreme and moderate Islam
EXTREMISM AND DOMESTIC TERRORISM Struggle between extreme and moderate Islam Over half of Canadians believe there is a struggle in Canada between moderate Muslims and extremist Muslims. Fewer than half
More information1 Early U.S. History. Chapter 1 The Three Worlds Meet
ACOS Chapter 1 1 Contrast and contrast effects of economic, geographic, social, and political conditions before and after European explorations, American colonies, and indigenous Americans. 1 Early U.S.
More informationDepartment of Religious Studies. FALL 2016 Course Schedule
Department of Religious Studies FALL 2016 Course Schedule REL: 101 Introduction to Religion Mr. Garcia Tuesdays 5:00 7:40p.m. A survey of the major world religions and their perspectives concerning ultimate
More informationAP World History Mid-Term Exam
AP World History Mid-Term Exam 1) Why did the original inhabitants of Australia not develop agriculture? 2) Know why metal tools were preferred over stone tools? 3) Know how the earliest civilizations
More informationChapter 10. Byzantine & Muslim Civilizations
Chapter 10 Byzantine & Muslim Civilizations Section 1 The Byzantine Empire Capital of Byzantine Empire Constantinople Protected by Greek Fire Constantinople Controlled by: Roman Empire Christians Byzantines
More informationDARKNESS CAN ONLY BE SCATTERED BY LIGHT JOHN PAUL II
DARKNESS CAN ONLY BE SCATTERED BY LIGHT JOHN PAUL II IN THE LAND OF ITS BIRTH, CHRISTIANITY IS IN SAD DECLINE Roger Hardy, BBC Middle East, 15 Dec 2005 5% Christians are fleeing from all over the Middle
More informationDBQ Unit 6: European Age of Exploration
Name Date Part A DBQ Unit 6: European Age of Exploration Directions The task below is based on documents 1 through 5. This task is designed to test your ability to work with the information provided by
More informationSchool of History. History & 2000 Level /9 - August History (HI) modules
School of History History - 1000 & 2000 Level - 2018/9 - August - 2018 History (HI) modules HI2001 History as a Discipline: Development and Key Concepts SCOTCAT Credits: 20 SCQF Level 8 Semester 2 11.00
More informationAdlai E. Stevenson High School Course Description
Adlai E. Stevenson High School Course Description Division: Special Education Course Number: ISO121/ISO122 Course Title: Instructional World History Course Description: One year of World History is required
More informationText 5: The Crusades. Topic 7: Medieval Christian Europe ( ) Lesson 4: Economic Expansion and Change: The Crusades and After
Text 5: The Crusades Topic 7: Medieval Christian Europe (330-1450) Lesson 4: Economic Expansion and Change: The Crusades and After BELLWORK Why did Pope Urban II agree to help Byzantine emperor Alexius
More informationThe Crusades: War in the Holy Land
The Crusades: War in the Holy Land By Encyclopaedia Britannica, adapted by Newsela staff on 07.18.17 Word Count 1,094 Level 970L Richard I leaving England for the Crusades in 1189. Painted by Glyn Warren
More informationDepartment of. Religion FALL 2014 COURSE GUIDE
Department of Religion FALL 2014 COURSE GUIDE Why Study Religion at Tufts? To study religion in an academic setting is to learn how to think about religion from a critical vantage point. As a critical
More information1. Base your answer to the question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.
1. Base your answer to the question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies. Which period began as a result of the actions shown in this cartoon? A) Italian Renaissance B) Protestant
More informationDEPARTMENT OF RELIGION
DEPARTMENT OF RELIGION s p r i n g 2 0 1 1 c o u r s e g u i d e S p r i n g 2 0 1 1 C o u r s e s REL 6 Philosophy of Religion Elizabeth Lemons F+ TR 12:00-1:15 PM REL 10-16 Religion and Film Elizabeth
More informationIn the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful. Address by DR HUSSEIN A. GEZAIRY REGIONAL DIRECTOR WHO EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION.
In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful Address by DR HUSSEIN A. GEZAIRY REGIONAL DIRECTOR WHO EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION at the EIGHT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE ISLAMIC ORGANIZATION
More informationA CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF SECULARISM AND ITS LEGITIMACY IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRATIC STATE
A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF SECULARISM AND ITS LEGITIMACY IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRATIC STATE Adil Usturali 2015 POLICY BRIEF SERIES OVERVIEW The last few decades witnessed the rise of religion in public
More informationMartin Kramer. Bernard Lewis. Martin Kramer. US (British-born) historian of Islam, the Ottoman Empire, and the modern Middle East
"! Bernard Lewis, Bernard Lewis, Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing (London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999), vol. 1, pp. 719-20. Lewis, Bernard 1916"! US (British-born) historian of Islam, the
More informationArabic sciences between theory of knowledge and history, Review
Reference: Rashed, Rushdi (2002), "Arabic sciences between theory of knowledge and history" in philosophy and current epoch, no.2, Cairo, Pp. 27-39. Arabic sciences between theory of knowledge and history,
More information1. What Ottoman palace complex serves as a useful comparison with the Forbidden City? Describe one way that the Hongwu emperor sought to
What Ottoman palace complex serves as a useful comparison with the Forbidden City? 2. Describe one way that the Hongwu emperor sought to centralize the Ming government. 3. Name the most highly centralized
More informationReligious Diversity in Bulgarian Schools: Between Intolerance and Acceptance
Religious Diversity in Bulgarian Schools: Between Intolerance and Acceptance Marko Hajdinjak and Maya Kosseva IMIR Education is among the most democratic and all-embracing processes occurring in a society,
More information7) Finally, entering into prospective and explicitly normative analysis I would like to introduce the following issues to the debate:
Judaism (s), Identity (ies) and Diaspora (s) - A view from the periphery (N.Y.), Contemplate: A Journal of secular humanistic Jewish writings, Vol. 1 Fasc. 1, 2001. Bernardo Sorj * 1) The period of history
More informationUnit: The Rise and Spread of Islam
Unit: The Rise and Spread of Islam Lesson Title: The Cultural Achievements of Muslims (See textbook pages 94-98) Muslims over the centuries made important advances in science, literature, and art. They
More informationChapter 8 Reading Guide: African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam
Chapter Summary. Africa below the Sahara for long periods had only limited contact with the civilizations of the Mediterranean and Asia. Between 800 and 1500 C.E. the frequency and intensity of exchanges
More informationProgramme Specification
Programme Specification I. Programme Details Programme title Final award (exit awards will be made as outlined in the Taught Degree Regulations) Near and Middle Eastern Studies Near and Middle Eastern
More informationIntegration versus separation from Canadian society
MUSLIM IDENTITY AND INTEGRATION Integration versus separation from Canadian society Remain distinct or integrate? Most Canadians believe Muslims in Canada wish to remain distinct from the wider society,
More informationWelcome to AP World History!
Welcome to AP World History! About the AP World History Course AP World History is designed to be the equivalent of a two-semester introductory college or university world history course. In AP World History
More informationFaculty Details. Contact Details
Faculty Details Name : Designation : Department: Contact Details Email Id : Office Address : Shamir Hasan Professor Centre of West Asian Studies Shamir2010@gmail.com Department of West Asian Studies, AMU,
More informationOxford Centre for Islamic Studies. DIALOGUE OF CIVILIZATIONS and the Need for a World Ethic. Kofi Annan Secretary-General of the United Nations
Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies DIALOGUE OF CIVILIZATIONS and the Need for a World Ethic a lecture given in the Sheldonian Threatre, Oxford on 28 June 1999 by Kofi Annan Secretary-General of the United
More informationIslam AN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS ( )
Islam AN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS (600 1450) Throughout most of its history, the people of the Arabian peninsula were subsistence farmers, lived in small fishing villages, or were nomadic traders
More informationA BRIEF HISTORY Of ANTI-SEMITISM
A BRIEF HISTORY Of ANTI-SEMITISM Definition of Anti-Semitism Anti-Semitism means discrimination against Jews as individuals and as a group. Anti-Semitism is based on stereotypes and myths that target Jews
More informationFALL 2015 COURSES ENGLISH LANGUAGES & CULTURES HISTORY JEWISH STUDIES PHILOSOPHY RELIGIOUS STUDIES SOCIOLOGY
FALL 2015 COURSES ENGLISH ENGL 462: The Hebrew Bible as Literature Pg. 2 LANGUAGES & CULTURES HEBR 101: Modern Hebrew Level I Pg. 2 HEBR 201: Modern Hebrew Level III Pg. 2 HEBR 121: Biblical Hebrew Level
More informationLarge and Growing Numbers of Muslims Reject Terrorism, Bin Laden
Large and Growing Numbers of Muslims Reject Terrorism, Bin Laden June 30, 2006 Negative Views of West and US Unabated New polls of Muslims from around the world find large and increasing percentages reject
More informationCosmopolitan Theory and the Daily Pluralism of Life
Chapter 8 Cosmopolitan Theory and the Daily Pluralism of Life Tariq Ramadan D rawing on my own experience, I will try to connect the world of philosophy and academia with the world in which people live
More informationIslam and Culture Encounter: The Case of India. Natashya White
Islam and Culture Encounter: The Case of India Natashya White How Islam Entered India/ Arab invasion Islam entered into India through Arab trade slowly. But the conquest of Sind was what lead the way to
More informationWorld Cultures and Geography
McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company correlated to World Cultures and Geography Category 2: Social Sciences, Grades 6-8 McDougal Littell World Cultures and Geography correlated to the
More informationThe Renaissance and Reformation Quiz Review Questions
The Renaissance and Reformation Quiz Review Questions What economic conditions were brought about by a surplus in food? What economic conditions were brought about by a surplus in food? Food prices declined
More informationThe Power of the Church
Questions 1. How powerful was the Roman Catholic Church? 2. What were the Crusades? 3. What caused the Crusades? 4. Why was the First Crusade unsuccessful? 5. Which Muslim leader took over Jerusalem during
More informationNation, Science and Religion in Nehru s Discovery of India
Journal of Scientific Temper Vol.1(3&4), July 2013, pp. 227-231 BOOK REVIEW Nation, Science and Religion in Nehru s Discovery of India Jawaharlal Nehru s Discovery of India was first published in 1946
More informationReligion (Christianity)
Religion (Christianity) The Distribution of Christianity in America Map is mid-leading, overstating the strength of Catholicism Shows dominant religion in each county, but the county is overall more Protestant
More informationA History Of Christianity PDF
A History Of Christianity PDF First published in 1976, Paul Johnson's exceptional study of Christianity has been loved and widely hailed for its intensive research, writing, and magnitude. Weaving a great
More informationDartmouth Middle School
Dartmouth Middle School 2015-2016 Gr. 7 Social Studies Syllabus Mrs. Snyder Room 405 psnyder@hemetusd.org August 10, 2015 Dear Parents and Guardians and Students, Welcome to the new school year! I hope
More informationRequirements for a Major in Religious Studies
Religious Studies 1 Religious Studies Dr. Robert Geraci Chair of the Department Departmental Mission Religion is everywhere. It is a vital force in human experience and bears critical historical, cultural
More informationFuture of Orthodoxy in the Near East
Future of Orthodoxy in the Near East An Educational Perspective Introduction Georges N. NAHAS SJDIT University of Balamand September 2010 Because of different political interpretations I will focus in
More informationcorrelated to the Missouri Grade Level Expectations Grade 6 Objectives
correlated to the Missouri Grade 6 Objectives McDougal Littell 2006 World History: Medieval Early 2006 correlated to the Missouri PRINCIPLES OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY World History: Medieval Early 1.
More informationNW: So does it differ from respect or is it just another way of saying respect?
Multiculturalism Bites Nancy Fraser on Recognition David Edmonds: In Britain, Christmas Day is a national holiday, but Passover or Eid are not. In this way Christianity receives more recognition, and might
More informationMISSOURI SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE LEVEL EXPECTATIONS
Examine the changing roles of government in the context of the historical period being studied: philosophy limits duties checks and balances separation of powers federalism Assess the changing roles of
More informationUC Berkeley Working Papers
UC Berkeley Working Papers Title Global Salafi Jihad & Global Islam Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/16c6m9rp Author Sageman, Marc Publication Date 2005-09-07 escholarship.org Powered by the
More informationIs there a connection between the Islamic past and present?
Book Review Is there a connection between the Islamic past and present? By Muhammad Mojlum Khan Islamic History: A Very Short Introduction, by Adam J. Silverstein, New York: Oxford University Press, pp157,
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Cambridge International Level 3 Pre-U Certificate Principal Subject
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Cambridge International Level 3 Pre-U Certificate Principal Subject www.xtremepapers.com HISTORY 9769/21 Paper 2a European History Outlines, c. 300 c.
More information10. What was the early attitude of Islam toward Jews and Christians?
1. Which of the following events took place during the Umayyad caliphate? a. d) Foundation of Baghdad Incorrect. The answer is b. Muslims conquered Spain in the period 711 718, during the Umayyad caliphate.
More information476 A.D THE MIDDLE AGES: BIRTH OF AN IDEA
People use the phrase Middle Ages to describe Europe between the fall of Rome in 476 A.D and about the year 1500 A.D. Many scholars call the era the medieval period instead! Middle Ages, they say, incorrectly
More informationIs Extremist Violence in the West Caused by the Clash of Cultures?
Is Extremist Violence in the West Caused by the Clash of Cultures? by Tyler Lester, Kyle Ruskin, Skylar Lambiase, and Thomas Creed, POSC 490 Senior Seminar in the Department of Political Science Motion:
More informationApproach Paper. 2-day International Conference on Crisis in Muslim Mind and Contemporary World (March 14-15, 2010 at Patna)
Approach Paper 2-day International Conference on Crisis in Muslim Mind and Contemporary World (March 14-15, 2010 at Patna) Contemporary times are demanding. Post-modernism, post-structuralism have given
More informationThe Crusades. Chapter 9 2/1/13. The Fall of the Holy Land. A. The Fall of the Holy Land. The Crusades, Military Orders and The Inquisition
Chapter 9 The Crusades, Military Orders and The Inquisition In no way is the Church to be confused with the political community... But, this said, we should not conclude that the message of salvation entrusted
More informationEurope Recovers. Putting it all together: Look carefully at the three completed graphic organizers. Use them to answer these questions:
Student Handout 5.1 Europe Recovers Graphic Organizer 1: The pace of change in Europe accelerated greatly from 1300 to 1500. Some of the events and facts associated with this acceleration are listed in
More informationWorld History Unit 6 Lesson 1 Charlemagne & Feudalism
Unit 6 Lesson 1 Charlemagne & Feudalism 1. After the fall of Rome, the migrations of Germanic peoples created several Germanic kingdoms in Europe. 2. The Franks had the strongest of these kingdoms, and
More informationSeparate and compatible? Islam and democracy in five North African countries
Dispatch No. 188 14 February 2018 Separate and compatible? Islam and democracy in five North African countries Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 188 Thomas Isbell Summary Islam and democracy have often been described
More informationIntroduction. Special Conference. Combating the rise of religious extremism. Student Officer: William Harding. President of Special Conference
Forum: Issue: Special Conference Combating the rise of religious extremism Student Officer: William Harding Position: President of Special Conference Introduction Ever since the start of the 21st century,
More informationHistory 3613/Medieval Studies 3610: History of the Crusades David Perry Course Description:
History 3613/Medieval Studies 3610: History of the Crusades David Perry Course Description: The Crusades represent one of the most fascinating, odd, troubling, and astounding episodes in the history of
More informationTimothy Peace (2015), European Social Movements and Muslim Activism. Another World but with Whom?, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillian, pp
PArtecipazione e COnflitto * The Open Journal of Sociopolitical Studies http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/paco ISSN: 1972-7623 (print version) ISSN: 2035-6609 (electronic version) PACO, Issue 9(1)
More information