KALMUN 2018 CHAIR REPORT. The question of Yemen SECURITY COUNCIL AGENDA ITEM 2: KALMUN JUNE 2018 Page 1

Transcription

1 KALMUN 2018 CHAIR REPORT SECURITY COUNCIL AGENDA ITEM 2: The question of Yemen KALMUN JUNE 2018 Page 1

2 Topic: The Yemeni Civil War Committee: United Nations Security Council Position: President Name: Kaan Özdemir Introduction Welcome Letter Esteemed Delegates, It is my utmost honor to welcome you to KALMUN I take special pride in being able to serve you as the President of the United Nations Security Council. I would like to rather begin by introducing myself. I am Kaan Özdemir, a junior at the St. Georg Austrian High School Istanbul. I have been attending MUN conferences actively for the past three years. This will be my 8 th time chairing. I can openly say that debating is a passion of mine. Trying to solve real world conflicts by putting myself in bureaucrats shoes please me. Being a delegate I enjoyed MUN. Now, as your chair, I am eager to meet you and hope to be good role models to you in the committee, and of course friends. MUN is a tool for you to initiate change. We do not live in the world that we wish to and in MUN you get to make a difference among highly intellectual minds. You now have the chance to enter the committee room and come up with creative and productive resolutions. You get to approach the issue at hand from a different standpoint. I am certain that during our discussions, you delegates will come up with new ideas and tackle the issues the ones before us could not tackle. As a representative of your country s delegation in the United Nations Security Council, you will be debating the Yemeni civil war. As the student officers, we expect the delegates to carefully read this guide, conduct further research, pour energy and enthusiasm into committee, collaborate with others, and devise innovative solutions. If you have any questions or concerns about the committee or the agenda item, please feel free to contact me via . My address is as follows: mkaanozdemir@hotmail.com. I will be delighted to answer your questions.

3 Having said these reminders, I would like to conclude by stating that it gladdens me to be working with you during the course of this conference. I have no doubt that KALMUN 2018 is going to be an educational conference, furthermore an indelible experience for all of us. As you will read necessary information about our committee and topics in the following pages, I want to once again welcome you to the United Nations Security Council. I am looking forward to meeting you all in person. Prepare yourself to be challenged, excited and inspired! Best regards, Kaan Özdemir President of the United Nations Security Council Introduction to the United Nations Security Council After the devastating consequences of two world wars and numerous brutal conflicts throughout the history, the international community decided to establish the United Nations (UN) in 1946 as an intergovernmental organization with the primary responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. According to the UN Charter, the United Nations has four purposes: 1. to maintain international peace and security; 2. to develop friendly relations among nations; 3. to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights; 4. and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. The Security Council was established as one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. Composed of fifteen member states, the United Nations Security Council is one of the six primary has extended powers, compared to the other organs such as the General Assembly, as outlined in Chapter VII of the Charter. Ten of whom are non permanent members, which are granted membership for a term of two years until a new elected member replaces them and takes their seat. Five members, which are also referred as the P5 countries, are however permanently represented. These countries are the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, France, the Republic of China, the United States of America and the Russian Federation. The permanent five member states also reserve the right to veto any UNSC resolution. The Security Council held its first session on 17 January 1946 at Church House in London and after its first meeting, the Council relocated to its permanent residence at the UN Headquarters in New York City. Back then, five permanent members and six non-permanent members comprised the membership

4 of the Council. Over subsequent years, discussions regarding the structure of the Council began to take place. In 1965, the number of non-permanent members increased to ten, and although membership has not changed since, discussions regarding a change in configuration take place frequently. The UNSC is the main UN body tasked with ensuring international peace and security. The Security Council has the privilege to issue both binding and nonbinding resolutions, may authorize humanitarian missions and peacekeeping operations, commission reports by the Secretary-General, may also release presidential statements, and enact economic sanctions. Introduction to the Agenda Item What causes a change of regime? "No one but the revolutionary can know," responds Enrique Yanniraldi, a respective political philosopher from the University of Erasmus. "Until we see the aftermath of the revolution, the motive is a secret. We only can know what a government does to trigger it." (Simons, 137) The unrest in Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world, began in 2011, as a reflection of the Tunisian revolution, which sparked the fire of Arab Spring. The current wave of uprisings in most countries in the Arab region is a live proof of what Yanniraldi said around six decades ago. The Jasmine Revolution, the revolts in Tunisia that aimed to overthrow the long-time government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, was set off by the self-immolation of a Tunisian street vendor called Mohamed Bouazizi, whose goods and trolley was routinely confiscated by police officers. Being sick of the abuse, he set himself on fire in front of the government building. His protest created a disastrous uproar among Tunisian citizens and ended up triggering a cataclysmic string of incidents: Arab Spring. We may not fully know how the demonstration of Mohamed Bouazizi resulted in the overthrowal of the Tunisian government. However, the poor decisions of the government were out in the open. His action against the corruption, authoritarianism, sectarianism on every level of the regime and in every stage of the government of Tunisia then acted as a symbol of defiance for the entire Arab world. The consequences of the Arab Spring were followed by the Arab Winter, which includes the crisis in Yemen. Yemen is a country on the verge of fall. The civil war has been ripping the country apart since The Houthi insurgency escalated rapidly in the past two years.

5 Definition of Key Terms Arab Spring: The Arab Spring, also referred to as Arab revolutions, was a series of anti-governmental unrest consisting of a revolutionary wave of both violent and non-violent demonstrations, protests, uprisings, riots, coups, and civil wars in North Africa and the Middle East that began on December 17th, 2010 in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution. Arab Spring had a tremendous influence on the Arab world in many aspects. Arab people were inspired by the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi, to summon together to make their voices heard against the oppression of the authoritarian governments. However, it is undeniable that many countries in the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa are derived from a chain of events that mainly started with the Arab Spring. The aftermath of the Tunisian Revolution was strongly witnessed in five other countries being Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Syria and Bahrain, where either the regime faced a transition or non-governmental uprisings and social violence occurred, including civil wars or insurgencies. Arab Winter: The Arab Winter is a term for the resurgence of authoritarianism and Islamic extremism evolving in the aftermath of the Arab Spring protests in Arab countries. It refers to the violent or nonviolent incidents across Arab countries in the Mid-East and North Africa, including the Syrian Civil War, the Iraqi insurgency and the following civil war, the Egyptian crisis, the Libyan crisis and the crisis in Yemen. The Arab Spring is considered to be fully devolved into the Arab Winter four years after its onset. A study of the American University of Beirut shows that as of the summer of 2014 the Arab Winter had lead to nearly a quarter of a million casualties and millions of refugees. Houthi flag reading Allah is Greater, Death to America, Death to Israel, Curse on the Jews, Victory to Islam Houthis: The Houthis, officially called Ansar Allah, which means "Partisans of God," are members of an Islamic religious-political-armed movement that emerged in northern Yemen in the 1990s by members of Houthi family. The religious group had no intentions in politics until the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 took place. Houthis then began to protest again the U.S. and Israel. They are predominantly Shia-led and belong to the Zaidism sect, which is one of the Shia sects theologically closest to the Hanafi Sunni Islam. The protests angered then-president Ali Abdullah Saleh, an ally of the U.S. since the Houtis demanded equality, improved services and infrastructure, democratically initiated elections and modern reforms; briefly an end to the rampant

6 corruption of the government. Ali Abdullah Saleh: Ali Abdullah Saleh was the president of Yemen between, whose rise to power was after the former President Ahmad al-ghashmi was assassinated. In 1978, he was elected as the President of Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) when he was only 31and after the unification with South Yemen, he became the first ever president of Yemen. He was in office for nearly two decades and during his presidential time, he was always criticized for money laundering and corruption. In wake of the Arab Spring that spread across nearly all Arab countries including Yemen, his time in office was coming to an end and eventually he was succeeded by Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi. After his removal, he developed close ties with the Houthis, which is partly one of the biggest reasons that lead to the Yemeni Civil War. With his political power and influence, he played a great role in the capture of Yemen s capital city, Sana a, which then resulted in the resignation and flee of the President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi. Just a month ago, in December 2017, he declared his retraction from the Houthi-led Supreme Political Council and decided to side with Hadi-led coalition, which ended up being his obituary notice, since he was murdered with a sniper rifle on December 4 th, 2017, just days after he announced his treason to the Houthis. General Overview Military situation in Yemen on 4 January 2018 Green: Controlled by the Supreme Political Council Red: Controlled by the Hadi government and loyal militants White: Controlled by Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Gray: Controlled by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Blue: Controlled by local, non-aligned forces

7 The state of Yemen has been suffering from an armed civil war between three major parties being the Houthi rebel forces named Supreme Political Council, Hadi-led government supported by military forces loyal to his side and Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). The conflict has been going on since the 19th of March 2015, for around two years, ten months. Although the first signs of unrest emerged in 2011 with the Arab Spring, the conflict began officially on March 19th, 2015, in the Battle of Aden Airport, where the Hadi troops, faithful to the government of then-president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, and armed rioters who don t recognize the Hadi authority clashed. Another organization involved in the crisis is ISIL, which exerts influence on some territories. While Supreme Political Council is allegedly backed up by Iran and the Hezbollah, the recognized Hadi-led government is supported by the Saudi-led coalition, consisting of some other Arab states such as United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Sudan, Egypt, Morocco and Senegal. The assistance of the United States of America, United Kingdom and France have been observed throughout time. Each faction involved in the conflict claim to rule Yemeni state as the rightful government. The Yemeni civil war may seem like a political conflict, nevertheless the historical religious aspect also plays an important role. The first incidents that triggered the whole current chaotic armed conflict date from the year In 2009, the AQAP increased its impact on local people and the presence of such a threat disturbed the government. AQAP and the Yemeni government were engaged in warfare, when the effects of Arab Spring began to spread. Following, in January 2011, the ruling party removed president s power and announced to end term limits for Saleh. Between the years 2012 and 2014, Hadi became the interim president and during his time, he was backed up by many supporters. When the Houthi rebels, who are inspired by the Arab Spring wave and its revolutionary successes in Tunisia and Egypt, captured the capital city Sana a and overthrew the Hadi government in 2014, forces loyal to President Hadi showed resistance against the Houthi insurgency. Both opposition factors have formed alliance with rather interesting parties. Houthis have the support of Iran and Hezbollah, on the other side of the ring, the Hadi-led government receives massive amount of monetary assistance, arms sales, military advisors, intelligence aid and air force support predominantly from Saudi Arabia and the West. There is also a humanitarian perspective of the issue, which is being heavily discussed and criticized. The Yemeni people are suffering from a humanitarian crisis. The population highly decreased with the latest Cholera epidemic. The exact number can hardly be determined but investigators estimate that around 8,000 people have been killed and over 50,000 people have been either wounded or injured. Major Parties Involved

8 The conflict in Yemen is not just between two sides, many parties are involved and a closer look to each is provided below. The Supreme Political Council Before the establishment of The Supreme Political Council, the religious group Zaidiyyah Shia Ansar Allah, also known as Houthis, has formed an interim council with the name of The Supreme Revolutionary Committee. The objective of this committee was to come up with a new parliament to initiate an election phase of a new government by granting them to vote. This new formation was called the General People's Congress in Yemen. The congress then formed The Supreme Political Council and they came to power after The Supreme Revolutionary Committee handed its power of rule to President Saleh. Ali Abdullah Saleh gained all dictatorial force on August 15th, The following year, in October 2016, the Council declared a new government and Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour was appointed as the head of the government, as Prime Minister. This government is still not internationally recognized since the new government opposed the idea of the UN, which was to establish a transitional unity government. The new government was considered as a new and an unnecessary obstacle from the standpoint of the UN. The Hadi-led Government The government of Hadi is the government that is officially internationally recognized government of Yemen, on the other side the opposition government formed by the Houthi rebels is not. The capital city of Yemen Sana a was captured by the Houthi rioters in 2014 and president Hadi had to flee to Aden to ensure his security. Later he was forced to leave the country and was hosted by Saudi Arabia. In 2015, forces loyal to president Hadi helped him claim to rule the country by protecting him from the Houthi insurgents. As mentioned before, the Hadi-led government is internationally recognized, however president Hadi struggles to gain dominance over the Houthis because of insufficient resources and especially lack of control in the capital. Hadi gives importance to healthy relationship between UN by working cooperatively and closely to put an end to this problem. The Secretary-General Antonio Guterres stated in a speech that the Hadi-led government is supported by UN. Islamic Terrorist Organizations

9 The militant extremist Islamist group named Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (referred as AQAP) was formed with the coalition of branches of Al-Qaeda in Yemen and Saudi Arabia. They managed to exert influence on considerable land of Yemen. According to the US security intelligence, AQAP is the most effective branch of the organization formed by Osama bin Laden. It is estimated that AQAP has around 4500 members. The tension has been rising since AQAP was first established, through the merge of al-qaeda brances of Yemen and Suadi Arabia. Before the civil war broke out, the main objective of AQAP was rather far different from today s. They focused on carrying out attacks on Western countries and encourage uprisings against the Western world. They claimed responsibility for many terrorist attacks in Europe, for example the magazine Charlie Hebdo attack in Paris. However, with the internal war the course of their focus have changed heavily. AQAP is one of the most influential and powerful actors participating in the conflict. Timeline of Key Events January 2011 November 2011 February 2012 September 2012 November 2012 January 2014 As Mr. Bouazizi sets himself on fire, the street demonstrations in Tunisia encourage similar uprisings in other countries in the region, including Yemen. The protests end up forcing President Saleh to pledge not to run for office in 2013 or to hand his power to his son. President Saleh hands his power over to Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi, his deputy. A unity government including prime minister from the opposition party is formed. In result of uncontested elections Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi is inaugurated as president. Muhammad Nasir Ahmad, Defense Minister of Yemen, survives a bombing in Sana a, which caused 11 deaths and the next day, the deputy head of AQAP is reportedly killed. Tension rises, violence grows. A Saudi diplomat and his bodyguard are assassinated in Sana a. Perpetrators are reportedly dressed in police uniforms. National Dialogue Conference concludes after ten months of consideration. In the end, a document is agreed upon, according to which the new constitution will be determined.

10 August 2014 September 2014 February 2015 President Hadi sacks his cabinet. A controversial fuel price rise is presented. The decision is followed by two weeks of protest against the government by Houthi rioters. Houthis seize control of the capital city Sana a. Houthis appoint a presidential council to replace President Hadi. 25 March 2015 President Hadi flees from the Yemeni capital Sana a to Aden, as Houthi rebels begin to advance towards south. 26 March 2015 Saudi Arabia gets involved, the Saudi-led coalition of Gulf Arab states launches airstrikes on strategic locations such as Sana a International Airport, causing 17 casualties. March 2015 The Islamic terrorist organizations target Shia mosques in Sana a with two suicide bombings, leaving 137 people dead. This is considered to be the first major attack carried out by the Islamic State. 2 April 2015 Al-Qaeda frees 270 prisoners from a jail in Al Mukalla. 11 April 2015 WHO announces the numbers as 648 dead and 2,191 wounded during the airstrikes. 14 April 2015 United Nations Security Council decides to apply sanctions on Houthis, votes as follows: 14 in favor, 0 against with 1 abstention from the Russian Federation. 16 April 2015 AQAP takes control of the Riyan Airport in the city of Al Mukalla, southern Yemen. September 2015 AQAP leader Nassar al-wuhayshi is reportedly killed in US drone strike. April 2016 UN-sponsored negotiation talks take place between the Houthis and former President Saleh s General People s Congress. May 2016 Islamic State claim responsibility for numerous attacks, killing 40. October 2016 January 2017 January 2017 May 2017 Saudi-led coalition continues launching airstrikes. This time a crowded funeral is hit, leaving 140 dead, 500 injured. US s first military move under the presidency of Donald Trump: Several suspected Al-Qaeda members are killed. Hadi forces gain dominance over the Houthis by seizing the port of Mokha, which had been under Houthi control since Houthis keep on firing missiles into Saudi Arabia, claiming even one ballistic missile was fired to the capital Riyadh.

11 June-November 2017 Cholera disease appears, killing around 2,100 and influencing almost 900,000 according to the medical experts. 28 November 2017 Battle of Sana a breaks out in the capital city between pro-saleh supporters and Houthi forces. December 2017 Former President Ali Abdullah Saleh is reported shot by a sniper bullet after vehement chaos in the capital of Sana a. Previous Attempts to Resolve the Issue The reactions to the conflict have had a wide range from backing up the Houthi insurgency to making sure that they are further suppressed. The United Nations Security Council and United Nations Human Rights Council have also made their positions very clear and drafted multiple resolutions with the aim of resolving this issue by bringing peace to the region. Resolution A/HRC/RES/30/18 adopted by the Human Rights Council on 2 October 2015, requested the High Commissioner of Human Rights to provide Yemen technical assistance in the field of human rights and to assist a national commission of inquiry. United Nations Security Council has passed eight resolutions on the issue: Resolutions 2014, 2051, 2140, 2201, 2204, 2216, 2266 and By the text of resolution 2051 (2012), adopted unanimously, the Council called on all sides in Yemen immediately to deny the use of violence to achieve political goals and, at the same time, expressed deep concern at the growing number of attacks carried out or sponsored by terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula, and its determination to address that threat. In 2014, sending a glimpse of hope to the Government and people of Yemen, the Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution welcoming recent positive progress in the country s political transition and expressed strong support for the implementation of next measures, among them drafting a new constitution, and holding a referendum as well as general elections. This was before the civil war broke out. In the resolution 2201 adopted by UNSC, the council condemned the actions of Houthi rebels for the first time and called upon the arrangement of peaceful negotiations to stop violence. With the issued resolution 2216, the Security Council decided to impose sanctions and embargo on individuals that were undermining the stability of Yemen and further demanded that all parties in the embattled country, in particular the Houthis, immediately and unconditionally end violence. The Security Council extended with the adoptions of resolution 2266 its sanctions on those threatening stability in Yemen for one year and with the issued resolution 2342 the Council renewed the decisions about sanctions that had been agreed upon before.

12 Possible Solutions The crisis in Yemen has taken a complicated shape over time. In order to resolve the issue in a realistic way, a stabilized area needs to be provided. It is essential that further uprisings, protest and violent riots in Yemen are prevented. The region is already under a large amount of pressure and the civilians are traumatized by the constant brutality around them. Another important point would be to promote democracy by assuring the initiation of a fair and free public referendum, in which the freedom of speech is thoroughly respected and all of the political parties, including the opposition parties would have the opportunity to express their opinions under proper conditions without being criticized, judged or targeted. You must remember that the military intervention guided by the United Nations Peacekeeping Forces should better be the last option in your hands. If you have a slight chance to solve this matter without any military actions, that chance must be used. This action can only be implemented as a last resort. The tension needs to be eased and deploying peacekeeping troops in the territory could have two consequences, one being the perfect solution of the problem which is

13 warning the two sides in a serious way, taking the situation under control and the other one, in the worst-case scenario, complicate things even more, increasing tension, anger and hatred between the two sides. The peacekeeping missions always carry a heavy risk. They can either go successfully as planned or backfire with disastrous consequences. Furthermore, delegates must try to protect the rights of the civilians and manage a possible refugee crisis in the best way. They must focus on cooperating with other UN bodies to work more efficiently. In a satisfactory resolution, some specific questions have to be encompassed. Delegates have to discuss the issue from a variety of aspects. The legal perspective of the situation is still uncertain, whether it is confirmed that the government in Yemen have committed any crimes against his own public, against humanity. The role of military is another matter to discuss, bearing in mind that the military aspect of the issue is already very heated at the moment after the assassination of former president Ali Abdullah Saleh. A peacekeeping operation was indeed carried out during the Yemeni civil war in 1962 and it didn t turn out to be efficient enough, seeing that the history insists on repeating itself. The ongoing conflict in Yemen has led to a stream of refugees leaving the country and the neighbor countries are overstrained with the massive influx of refugees and are struggling. Delegates must focus on what can be done for the refugees and endangered civilians. If delegates approach the ongoing crisis in Yemen reasonably, they very well may find solutions to end the sufferings, once and for all. So, as mentioned before, there are two possible strategies the UN can follow: First one being the initiation of democratic elections in the country to form a fresh government through the stabilization in the region by removing and denying all kind of terrorist organizations in the region that want to fulfill their selfish, inhumane interests; the second solution being the more active, more aggressive way by establishing a UN task force. However, just to remind you again, the stakes are very high and it can go very wrong. Bibliography Simons, Andreas. "A Conversation with Enrique". Bloomsbury Yemeni Civil War (2015 Present). Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Jan Web. (last accessed: 17 Jan. 2018) <en.wikipedia.org/wiki/yemeni_civil_war_%282015%e2%80%93present%29> Houthis. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 13 Jan Web. (last accessed: 17. Jan. 2018) <en.wikipedia.org/wiki/houthis>

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